Communicable Diseases
History- Know the following and their contributions
Leeuwenhoek
He was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms which we now refer to as microorganisms
He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels)
Father of Microbiology
Jenner
Developed Smallpox Vaccine which has irradicated smallpox
Highly contagious often fatal- caused by Pox Virus – Blisters, Pustules
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'Father of Immunology’
Pasteur
He created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax.
He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization.
Koch
A Prussian Physician • He is considered one of the founders of microbiology
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905.
•He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis
Lister
Lister was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds
Father of Modern Antiseptic Surgery
Salk
Best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. (1955)
Vaccine killed Polio Virus of 3 types
Sabin
Developed Oral Polio Vaccine In 1957-1959 first tested outside of US
Chain of Infection
Methods of Spreading Infection
1. Contact 1. Direct Contact – Person to person2. Indirect Contact – Person to object to
person.
2. Droplet – Carry in air, three feet3. Airborne – Remain suspended in air
Spreading of Infection
Vehicle Mode of transmission of a microorganism
from one reservoir to susceptible host
VECTOR Insect, rodent, mosquito that transmit disease
FOMITE An object that transmits pathogens
List methods of controlling Infections:Breaking the chain of infection
Hand wash Use of PPE Use of correct isolation precautions Wearing no jewelry Wearing hospital scrubs
Immunization Antiseptics – Disinfectant - Sterilization
List 5 typical Microorganisms
Describe each and name at least two diseases caused by each
Bacteria Classified according to shape
Cocci Bacilla Spirilla
Diphtheria Pertussis Lyme Disease
Virus Virus
Can only be seen with electron microscope
Must live in another living cell to survive Measles Mumps Cold Hepatitis HIV
Rickettsia
Typhus Rocky Mount Spot Fever
Protozoa
Malaria Mosquito born disease caused by a
parasite Symptoms include:
Fever Chills Flu-like illness
Helminth
Worm Types include:
Flukes Tapeworms Roundworms
Fungi
Ringworm Thrush Yeast
Antiseptic Any agent that retards growth of
microorganisms
Disinfectant
Destroys microorganisms Process of destroying microorganism
by chemical means
Types of Disinfection
Concurrent disinfection Daily handling and disposing of
contaminated material or equipment
Terminal disinfection Cleansing of equipment and rooms when
patient is discharged
Communicable Disease Progression Communicable period
Time span when disease is contagious Incubation period
Time between exposure to a disease and the appearance of symptoms
Prodrome / Prodromal In medicine, a prodrome is an early symptom (or set
of symptoms) that might indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur
Terms
ResistanceAbility to fight off a disease
CarrierPerson who harbors germs, transmits germs to others while not showing signs/symptoms
HostAn organism (may be himan) from which another obtains nourishment
Terms Parasite
Organism that lives in or on another at their expense
Pathogen An organism capable of causing disease
Virulent Strength of an organism to cause disease
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of patterns of health and illness and associated factors at the population level. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment
Types of “demics” Endemic
Usual number of cases of a disease in an area (expected)
Epidemic Occurrence of a large number of cases of a
disease in an area at a time (sudden unexpected)
Pandemic World wide high incidence of a communicable
disease
Mortality Rate Mortality rate is a measure of the
number of deaths in some population Mortality rate is typically expressed in
units of deaths per 1000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 in a population of 100,000 would mean 950 deaths per year in that entire population
Morbidity Rate
Morbidity rate, which refers to the number of individuals in poor health during a given time period or the number of newly appearing cases of the disease
Disease rate or number of cases of a specific disease
Terms Antigen
Foreign substance that invades body and stimulates immune response
Antibody Immune substance produced in the body in
response to specific antigen
Immunity When antigen enters body, specific antibody
neutralizes invading antigen
Types of Immunity Active
Natural-catching a cold Artificial-vaccine
Passive Natural-antibodies cross the placenta to
the fetus Passive-antibodies are injected into a
person (gamma globulins)
Gamma Globulin
Gammaglobulin is a type of protein found in the blood.
When gammaglobulins are extracted from the blood of many people and combined, they can be used to prevent or treat infections.
Toxin
A poisonous substance, especially a protein, that is produced by living cells or organisms and is capable of causing disease when introduced into the body tissues but is often also capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies or antitoxins.
Anti-toxin
An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms.
Types of Vaccines
Live-attenuated Inactivated Subunit Toxoid Conjugate DNA Recombinant vector
Live-attenuated Vaccine Weakened (attenuated) or killed antigen
developed to create immunity to a certain disease
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins.
Weakened, diluted, thinned, reduced, diminished.
An attenuated virus is a weakened, less vigorous virus.
Toxoid Vaccine
Toxoid a bacterial toxin whose toxicity has been
weakened or suppressed either by chemical or heat treatment
Toxoids are used in vaccines to produce immunity-secretes a toxin that is the main cause of the illness
Tetnus toxoid
Inactivated Vaccine
The disease is killed in this vaccine These vaccines are more stable and
safer than live vaccines The dead microbes cannot mutate
back to their disease producing state Easily stored and transportable Stimulate a weaker immune response
than live vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
Include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system
Chemists grow the microbe in a lab, break it apart and only gather the antigens that are important
Example:Hepatitis B vaccine
Conjugate Vaccines If a bacterium possesses an outer coating of
sugar molecules called polysaccharides, as many harmful bacteria do, researchers may try making a conjugate vaccine for it.
Polysaccharide coatings disguise a bacterium’s antigens so that the immature immune systems of infants and younger children can’t recognize or respond to them.
Conjugate vaccines, a special type of subunit vaccine, get around this problem
DNA Vaccines Still in experimental stages Once the genes from a microbe have been analyzed,
scientists could attempt to create a DNA vaccine against it.
Researchers have found that when the genes for a microbe’s antigens are introduced into the body, some cells will take up that DNA. The DNA then instructs those cells to make the antigen
molecules. The cells secrete the antigens and display them on their surfaces. In other words, the body’s own cells become vaccine-making factories, creating the antigens necessary to stimulate the immune system.
Recombinant Vector Vaccines
Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccines, but they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body. “Vector” refers to the virus or bacterium used as the carrier.
Macule
Flat red Freckles
Papule
Papule a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin
with no visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to 1 cm.
They can be either brown, purple, pink or red in color.
The papules may open when scratched and become infected and crusty.
Vesicle
A vesicle and be visualized as a bubble of liquid
Fluid filled papule
Pustule
Elevated Pus filled
Types of Tests Dick Test
A skin test formerly used for determining susceptibility or immunity to scarlet fever
Inject toxin of Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus The Dick test is named after George Dick and Gladys Dick, American
bacteriologists who worked on the diagnosis and treatment of scarlet fever in the 1920s.
The Dick test involves administering two different injections, one into each arm of a patient.
In one arm, toxin (poison) taken from a culture of scarlet fever bacteria is injected.
In the other arm, neutralized toxin is injected to act as a control (a standard of comparison).
If the toxin causes redness, tenderness and swelling after 24 hours, the person is not immune to scarlet fever. The control normally shows no swelling for comparison.
Types of Tests
Schick test invented between 1910 and 1911 is a
test used to determine whether or not a person is susceptible to diphtheria.
Inject dilute diphtheria toxin A small amount of diphtheria toxin is injected into the skin; the
injection will produce an area of redness and swelling in individuals with low levels of antibody (i.e., little immunity) against the toxin.
If the individual is immune to diphtheria, the antibody in the system will neutralize the toxin and no skin reaction will occur.
Types of Tests
Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening
test, Tuberculin Sensitivity Test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for Purified Protein Derivative) is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis.
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