What was once Westward What was once Westward migration . . . migration . . .
. . . Is now urban migration.. . . Is now urban migration.
Age of steel and glassAge of steel and glass
Produced skyscrapersProduced skyscrapers 11stst metal framed building metal framed building
in Chicago (1885, Homein Chicago (1885, Home
Insurance CompanyInsurance Company Built after the Great Fire Built after the Great Fire
of 1871.of 1871. Electricity added elevatorsElectricity added elevators
Private City vs. Public CityPrivate City vs. Public City
Most residents had small town Most residents had small town expectationsexpectations
Build up of waste, pollution, disease, Build up of waste, pollution, disease, crimecrime
Reformers slowly make changesReformers slowly make changesWater
PurificationSewageSystem
WasteDisposal
Street Lighting
ZoningPolice
DepartmentsFire
Departments
TenementsTenements and and OvercrowdingOvercrowding
Dumbbell Dumbbell TenementsTenements
Meant to be four Meant to be four apartments each apartments each floorfloor
Whole families Whole families lived in each roomlived in each room
Population Growth: Foreign Population Growth: Foreign ImmigrationImmigration
1850
23.2 million
1900
76.2 million
1901 – 19108.8 millionMore Immigrants
Immigration 1865- 190016.2 million
““Pushes”Pushes”
Negative factors from which people are Negative factors from which people are fleeingfleeing Poverty resulting from mechanization on Poverty resulting from mechanization on
farmsfarms Overcrowding and joblessnessOvercrowding and joblessness Religious persecution of Jews in RussiaReligious persecution of Jews in Russia
““Pulls”Pulls”Positive attractions of the adopted Positive attractions of the adopted
countrycountry Political and religious freedomPolitical and religious freedom Economic opportunitiesEconomic opportunities
Agriculture in the westAgriculture in the west Industry in the northIndustry in the north
Cheaper transportationCheaper transportation
““Old” ImmigrantsOld” Immigrants
Through the 1800sThrough the 1800s Northern and Western EuropeNorthern and Western Europe
Great Britain Great Britain Germany Germany ScandinaviaScandinavia
Mostly ProtestantMostly Protestant Mostly English speakingMostly English speaking Easily assimilatedEasily assimilated
““New” ImmigrantsNew” Immigrants
1890s – 19141890s – 1914 Southern and Eastern EuropeSouthern and Eastern Europe
GreeceGreece PolandPoland RussiaRussia
Poor and illiteratePoor and illiterate Unaccustomed to democracyUnaccustomed to democracy Roman Catholic, Orthodox, JewishRoman Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish
Nativist RestrictionsNativist Restrictions
Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Restrictions on “undesirables”Restrictions on “undesirables” Prohibiting contract labor – 1885Prohibiting contract labor – 1885 Entry tax and rigorous medical and Entry tax and rigorous medical and
document examinationsdocument examinations
Supporters of RestrictionsSupporters of Restrictions
Labor Unions (Protect Jobs)Labor Unions (Protect Jobs) American Protective Association American Protective Association
(nativist)(nativist) Social Darwinists Social Darwinists (inferior)(inferior)
Statue of Liberty remains a beaconof hope until the 1920s withthe passage of Quota Acts
Between 1897 and 1920Between 1897 and 1920Over 1 million African Americans Over 1 million African Americans
movedmoved
from the rural South to large cities in from the rural South to large cities in thethe
North and West.North and West.
Bosses and Political Bosses and Political MachinesMachines
Started as social clubsStarted as social clubs Power centers to coordinate Power centers to coordinate
businesses, immigrants and businesses, immigrants and underprivilegedunderprivileged
Tammany HallTammany Hall Boss (William) TweedBoss (William) Tweed
Positive EffectsPositive Effects
Brought services to the cityBrought services to the city Crude form of welfareCrude form of welfare
Negative EffectsNegative Effects
Often stole millions Often stole millions from their fundsfrom their funds
65% of Tammany 65% of Tammany Hall’s money Hall’s money wound up in Boss wound up in Boss Tweed’s PocketTweed’s Pocket
Literature of Social CriticismLiterature of Social Criticism
Henry George Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879)
Effects of Laissez-faire economicsEffects of Laissez-faire economics Inequalities of industrializationInequalities of industrialization
Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy Looking Backward (2000-1887)
Future society Eliminates poverty, greed and crime
Social GospelSocial Gospel
Importance of applying Christian Importance of applying Christian principles to social problemsprinciples to social problems
Walter Rauschenbusch, New York Walter Rauschenbusch, New York ministerminister
Families and WomenFamilies and Women
Isolation from extended Isolation from extended familiesfamilies
Divorce rates increaseDivorce rates increase Reduction in family sizeReduction in family size National American National American
Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage AssociationAssociation
Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton
TemperanceTemperance
Women’s Christian Women’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union
Antisaloon LeagueAntisaloon League Carrie NationCarrie Nation Society for the Society for the
Suppression of ViceSuppression of Vice
Public SchoolsPublic Schools
New compulsory lawsNew compulsory laws Literacy rate grew by 90%Literacy rate grew by 90% KindergartenKindergarten Tax-supported public schoolsTax-supported public schools
Higher EducationHigher Education
Land grant colleges as a result of the Land grant colleges as a result of the Morrill Act of 1863Morrill Act of 1863
Universities founded by wealthy Universities founded by wealthy philanthropistsphilanthropists
New colleges for women (Bryn Mawr, New colleges for women (Bryn Mawr, Smith)Smith)
Introduction of elective coursesIntroduction of elective courses Emphasized research and free inquiryEmphasized research and free inquiry Became more socialBecame more social
ArchitectureArchitecture
Henry Hobson Richardson
Louis Sullivan
Daniel Burnham
Frederick Law Olmstead
New Orleans JazzNew Orleans Jazz
Jelly Roll MortonJelly Roll Morton Buddy BoldenBuddy Bolden Scott JoplinScott Joplin
AmusementsAmusements
Reduction in the hours people workReduction in the hours people work Improved transportationImproved transportation Promotion and advertisingPromotion and advertising Decline in Puritan restrictionsDecline in Puritan restrictions
Victorian Manners and Victorian Manners and MoralsMorals
Victorian MoralityVictorian Morality Strict standards of Strict standards of
dress, manners, dress, manners, and sexual and sexual behavior.behavior.
Children seen but Children seen but
not heardnot heard EveryoneEveryone
completelycompletely
covered.covered.
Washington vs. DuBoisWashington vs. DuBois
Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Founded Tuskegee
InstituteInstitute Believed that African Believed that African
Americans should Americans should concentrate on concentrate on economic freedom economic freedom first.first.
W.E. B. DuBoisW.E. B. DuBois First African American First African American
to earn doctorate from to earn doctorate from HarvardHarvard
Urged training of Urged training of talented 10% and aim talented 10% and aim for professions.for professions.
Leaders of the “settlement house” Leaders of the “settlement house” movement tried tomovement tried to
a.a. Help immigrants to learn American Help immigrants to learn American history and languagehistory and language
b. Reduce school dropouts and b. Reduce school dropouts and regulate child laborregulate child labor
c. Create for the city small-town values c. Create for the city small-town values and communityand community
d. All of the aboved. All of the above
Educational changes in the years 1877 Educational changes in the years 1877 to 1900 did not includeto 1900 did not include
a.a. A decrease in literacyA decrease in literacy
b. Education as a field of university b. Education as a field of university studystudy
c. Development of the kindergartenc. Development of the kindergarten
d. Compulsory school attendance in all d. Compulsory school attendance in all states.states.
e. Higher education for womene. Higher education for women
Who was the most Who was the most important “city boss” of the important “city boss” of the
day?day?a. Louis Sullivana. Louis Sullivan
b. William Tweedb. William Tweed
c.c. ““Honest” John KellyHonest” John Kelly
d.d. Ira B. SankeyIra B. Sankey
e.e. E. Henry GeorgeE. Henry George
Victorian moralityVictorian morality
a.a. Focused exclusively on womenFocused exclusively on women
b.b. Emphasized strict codes of behaviorEmphasized strict codes of behavior
c.c. Was unconcerned with sexualityWas unconcerned with sexuality
d.d. Encouraged comfortable clothing for Encouraged comfortable clothing for womenwomen
e.e. Stressed childhood as a particular Stressed childhood as a particular time in life.time in life.
W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois
Fully supported Washington.Fully supported Washington. Was a white segregationist.Was a white segregationist. Worked for immigration reform.Worked for immigration reform. Wanted blacks to pursue higher Wanted blacks to pursue higher
education and political equality.education and political equality. Worked against the women’s Worked against the women’s
suffrage movement.suffrage movement.
Two major forces which Two major forces which reshaped American society reshaped American society between 1870 and 1920 between 1870 and 1920
a.a. Environmentalism and women’s Environmentalism and women’s rightsrights
b.b. Women’s rights and urbanizationWomen’s rights and urbanization
c.c. Urbanization and industrializationUrbanization and industrialization
d.d. Immigration and temperanceImmigration and temperance
e.e. Temperance and women’s rightsTemperance and women’s rights
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