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Chapter 13
HW
Honors
When I let go of what I am,
I become what I might be
Laozi
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Electronegativity and BondPolarity
Electronegativityis a measure of an atoms
attraction for e
in a bond.
It tells how much a particular atom wants e.
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+
C O
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Electronegativity and BondPolarity
If the electronegativities of two bonded atoms
are e&ualor similar' the bond is nonpolar.
(he electronsin the bond are being shared
e&ually )*+between the two atoms.
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Polar Molecules
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Molecular Shape
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Molecular Shape
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Polarity of Molecules
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Likedissolveslike
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Heats of Solution an Solution C!cles
solute )aggregated+ , heat solute )separated+ Hsolute- "
solvent )aggregated+ , heat solvent )separated+ Hsolvent- "
solute )separated+ , solvent )separated+ solution , heat Hmi/ "
Hsoln" Hsolute# Hsol$ent# Hmi%
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Hsoln" Hlattice# Hh!r
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Equilibriuin asaturated solution!
solute )undissolved+ solute )dissolved+
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Sodiu acetate crystalli"ing fro a supersaturatedsolution!
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#he relation bet$een solubility andteperature for several ionic copounds!
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#he e%ect of pressure on gas
solubility!
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Henr!&s law
Sgas= kHx Pgas
(he solubility of a gas )Sgas+ is directly proportional to
the partial pressure of the gas )Pgas+ above the solution.
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'sing Henr!&s Law to Calculate (as Solubilit!
S)L'*I)+
-.)/L0 (he partial pressure of carbon dioide gas inside
a bottle of cola is 0 atm at 2o. hat is the
solubility of 32* (he #enrys law constant for
32dissolved in water is 4.4 1"52mol678atm at
2o.
".1 mol67S 9 )4.4 1"52mol678atm+)0 atm+ 932
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Concentration 'nitsolarit!
$olarityis the number of moles of solute per liter ofsolution' abbreviated as $.
moles of solute )mol+
liter of solution )7+$olarity 9 $ 9
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Concentration 'nits 2 olarit!
alculate the molarity of a solution made
from 2"." g of :a3# in 2" m7 of solution.
2"." g :a3#
2" m7 solution
;nown &uantities
* $ )mol67+
desired &uantity
2"." g :a3# 1 mol
0"." g :a3#9 "."" mol :a3#
2" m7 solution 1 71""" m7
9 ".2 7 solution
moles of solute )mol+ "."" mol :a3#
V)7+ ".2 7 solution$ 9
-.)/L0
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Concentration 'nits 2 olarit!hat volume in milliliters of a ".4" $ solution of
glucose contains "."2 mol of glucose*
".4" $
"."2 mol glucose
;nown &uantities
* V)7+
desired &uantity
"."2 mol glucose
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Concentration 'nitsolalit!
$olalityis the number of moles of solute per ;ilogram ofsolution' abbreviated as m.
moles of solute )mol+
;g of sol$ent);g+$olality 9 m 9
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Calculating olalit!
S)L'*I)+
-.)/L0 hat is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 42." g
of al2in 2=1 g of water*
9 ".2
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Concentration 'nits-arts -er illion
hen a solution contains a very small concentrationof solute' it is often epressed in parts per million.
mass of solute )g+
mass of solution )g+ 1">
or
volume of solute )m7+
volume of solution )m7+ 1">
ppm 9
ppm 9
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% sample of seawater contains 1.4 g of
calcium ions in 4'1"" ;g of solution. hatis the calcium ion concentration of this
solution in units of ppm*
%+ 0.2 1"50ppm a2,ions
@+ ".02 ppm a2,ions
+ 02" ppm a2,ions
A+ 0." ppm a2,ions
E+ 0." 1"4ppm a2,ions
i5clic;er