UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Plant mucilage is found in almost all classes of plants, usually in very small
amount. Mucilage and gums are water soluble polysaccharides found in a widespread
number of plants and also in some microorganisms. It has different purposes ranging
from water storage and seed germination in plants to membrane thickener and food
reserve to adhesive, in some cases.
Okra is one of the many plants which contain mucilage. It is widely distributed in
tropical regions around the world. Its mucilaginous properties are used as thickening
agent for food particularly in soups. On the other hand, some people use it for medicinal
purposes. The upper part of the okra pods are commonly remove or cut and thrown prior
to cooking. This part of okra pod also contains mucilage which gives its slimy
characteristic. Okra pods specially when heated produce more sticky mucus. This
mucilage has a good potential to be an alternative adhesive in the laboratory.
Egg white is commonly used in the histopathology section in the laboratory as
adhesive for fishing out tissues from the flotation water bath. However, early studies have
shown that okra mucilage solution is similar to egg white at higher concentrations
forming threads and stabilizing foams. Both okra mucilage and egg white have proteins
that have functional properties such as gel and foam formation (Alleoni, 2006). These
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 2
properties are very important in the effectiveness of an adhesive. Furthermore, okra
mucilage has been found to have potential uses as an extender for serum albumin and as
an additive to dried egg white.
A good tissue adhesive must promote tissue attachment to the glass slides when
use in histological preparation. It must retain tissue transparency and may not cause any
tissue shrinkage. It must not damage or distort any cellular structure which may affect the
diagnosis of certain disease. Tissue adhesives in histopathology are essential for methods
that require the exposure of tissue sections it must retain its adhesiveness even after
exposure to acids and alkalis during staining. Mayer’s egg albumin is the most commonly
used tissue adhesive because it is easy to make, convenient, and relatively inexpensive
(Gregorios, 2006). Moreover, it is composed of egg white and glycerol mixed together.
Processing of adhesives depends mainly on rheological parameters and the quality
of the final product is determined by the interaction between the adhesive and adherent
(Azeez, 2005). Since viable tissues are involved, certain characteristics of adhesives must
be met to be considered effective. The tissue adhesives must be permeable to both
fixative and stain and must not retain the stain.
The purpose of this study is to prove the effectiveness of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
as substitute adhesive for egg albumin in tissue preparation. This topic is being pursued
so that the readers, students and lastly people who work at the hospitals will be able to
expand their knowledge about the use of adhesive in the laboratory.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 3
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the
binding capacity of the mucilage obtained from the plants of Okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus) as an alternative adhesive of egg albumin in histopathology section.
Specific objectives:
1. What are the properties of Okra that can be a source of a good adhesive in the
laboratory?
2. Does okra’s pod have potential to be permeable to fixative and stain in the
histopathology procedure?
3. Does the lady’s finger upper portion do not retain the stain after being applied to
the tissue ribbons or specimens?
4. How can okra be new effective and cheaper mucilage like egg albumin?
5. How the findings in this study can make recommendations on the improvement of
adhesive in the histopathology section in the laboratory of hospitals?
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be beneficial to the scientific community because it can provide new
information regarding the adhesive capabilities of the Abelmoschus esculentus. This
development can be used as a basis for future study or experimentation related to the topic of
mucilage. Since science always want to progress, this type of study will help the people in
the scientific community like doctors, pathologists and medical technologies to increase their
awareness that a plant specifically okra or lady’s finger can be an alternative adhesive like
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 4
egg albumin that is commonly use in the histopathology procedures.
To the general public, their awareness about the study of okra as adhesive will help them
to use it as source of income. Since okra usually grows in warm areas and Philippines is
considered as a tropical country, letting the people know about the benefits of okra will
persuade them to plant. However, some people are not aware about the good properties of the
okra; this study will allow them to know the importance of okra particularly as source of
mucilage.
To the medical technology field, this study will allow them to have a substitute adhesive
that is cheaper and has good properties like egg albumin. This experimentation will help the
medical technologists identify a new source of mucilage that can be used in the
histopathology procedure. This study will inform the people in the laboratory to consider that
okra has qualities of a good adhesive agent.
1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
The coverage of the study is about the effectiveness of okra’s upper portion as an
alternative adhesive. The (lady’s finger) plants that will be use in this experiment are
purchased only on local market and the number of okra’s that will be used in this experiment
is only 20-40 pieces or enough number to let the tissue ribbons stick to the glass slide after
fishing out.
The site of the experimentation of this topic is only inside the laboratories of University
of Santo Tomas. Moreover, the tissue ribbons that will be used in testing the adhesive are
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 5
from the University of Santo Tomas Hospital only. Lastly, this research is about the
helpfulness of okra as adhesive in the tissue ribbon in the histopathology procedure only.
This study does not cover the effectiveness of the other parts of okra as adhesive like its
leaves, seeds and flowers. In addition, this study is limited in using only local plants; other
okra’s from other countries are not included. Our group will avoid using okras that are too
much for tissue ribbons to meet the group’s budget. Doing the experimentation outside the
university is not applicable in this study. Likewise, there will be no specimens that will be
used in this study from other hospital. The experimentation will not cover some external
factors that may affect the result of the test like temperature and contamination.
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. adhesive – refers to the substance used for attachment of tissues to glass slides in tissue
preparation
2. effectiveness – refers to the ability of the okra mucilage to adhere tissues to glass slides
with certain criteria met
3. egg albumin – the standard tissue adhesive used in histopathology section in the
laboratory
4. extender – refers to a substance added to a product especially in the capacity of a diluent,
adulterant, or modifier
5. fishing out- refers to the process of getting the tissue ribbon with the use of slides in a
warm water.
6. fixative- refers to the reagent or combination of reagents used to fix the tissue.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 6
7. foam – refers to a colloid in which particles of a gas are dispersed throughout a liquid
8. gel – refers to the cross-linking among polymeric molecules which make an
intermolecular network within a liquid medium
9. germination- refers to the beginning of the spore or seed of the plant.
10. histopathology- refers to the study of microscopic anatomical changes in diseased tissue
in the laboratory.
11. permeability- refers to the ability of substance to penetrate to fixative and stain of the
specimen.
12. mucilage – refers to a complex glutinous carbohydrate secreted by certain plants.
13. specimen- refers to a small fragment of tissue for microscopic study.
14. stain- refers to a dye or mixture of dyes used to impart color to the substance during the
procedure in the laboratory.
15. tissue ribbon – refers to thin, long slices from paraffin blocks where the specimen is
embedded.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 7
This chapter will show the different journals, books and articles that will provide
additional information related to the study of the researches entitled the Effectiveness of
Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) Fruit Extract as Substitute for Egg Albumin in
Histopathology Procedure.
Vernacular names
Okra’s scientific names are Abelmoschus esculentus and also Hibiscus
esculentus . It is known in different parts of the world, it is commonly called as Okra,
Ochro, Okoro, Quimgombo, Quingumbo, Ladies Fingers, Gombo, Kopi Arab, Kacang
Bendi, Bhindi in Malaysia and other parts of South East Asia. However, in Middle East it
is known as Bamia, Bamya or Bamieh and Gumbo in Southern USA. On the other hand,
in Portugal and Angola, okra is known as Quiabo , and known as Quimbombo in Cuba
and in Japan it is known as Okura. Lastly, it is also found in Taiwan, where it is called
Qiu Kui" pronounced Cheeoh Kway. (Seed To Supper,2000)
There are three general types of okra: tall green, dwarf green, and ladyfinger.
Each of these is again divided according to length and color of the pods. Varieties in most
common use are known to the seed trade as Perkins Mammoth, Long Green, Dwarf
Green, and White Velvet. Clemson Spineless is of the same type as Perkins Mammoth
Podded but has spineless pods and somewhat sparse foliage, making it less troublesome
to harvest than other varieties.
Structure and Physiology
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 8
The okra plants are fast growing, heat loving, annual or perennial species, and can
grow up to 2 meters tall, usually not branched. The leaves are coarse, palmately lobed
with 5 to 7 lobes, and ranges from 10 to 20 cm long. Flowers are 4 to 8 cm in diameter,
cream colored and have the shape and form of a hibiscus blossom but do not splay flat.
Okra pods are capsule-like that are up to 18 cm long. Most are green, some are red
pigmented. Pods also mature quickly, regardless of shape or color.
Okra plants are cultivated throughout the warm and temperate regions of the
world for its fibrous pods containing round, white seeds. The seeds are soaked overnight
prior to planting. Germination occurs between 6 days and 3 weeks. The seed pods rapidly
become fibrous and woody and must be harvested within a week of the fruit being
pollinated to be edible. After that, the walls of the pod quickly lignified and become
inedible. It is an easy vegetable to grow in any average garden soil. Its seeds can be saved
from late season pods because it is self-pollinated (Klingaman, 2005).
Mucilage is a thick, glutinous substance, related to natural gums. It is a water
soluble polysaccharide found in a widespread number of plants (Woolfe, et al). It is
secreted by the seed covers of various plants, and form slippery, aqueous colloidal
dispersions. In plants, it sometimes serves to check the loss of water to aid germination,
to facilitate seed dispersal, and to store food. Mucilage occurs in nearly all classes of
plants in various parts of the plant, usually in moderately small percentages, and is not
occasionally associated with other substances.
Okra mucilage has a relatively narrow range of molecular weight distribution for
both protein and carbohydrate. Electrophoresis of the mucilage indicates that it is highly
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 9
negatively charged specie. Neutral sugars identified with qualitative carbohydrate
analysis are rhamnose, galactose and glucose. It also contains galacturonic acid. The
viscosity of okra mucilage is at maximum in the neutral pH range, similar to the other
acidic polysaccharides, such as gum arabic. Also, boiling the mucilage caused a marked
decrease in viscosity (Woolfe, et al,).
Okra mucilage is like a thick, slime. Its consistency is good for use as thickening
agents in soups, and is very popular in Middle East countries. Popular dishes around the
world use okra mucilage to make their food thick. For instance, a typical Ghanaian okra
soup would contain approximately 0.2-0.3 % mucilage by weight.
Okra seeds should be planted in areas which are constantly exposed to sunlight.
Temperatures of 60 degrees during night and 85 degrees in the morning in the soil are
preferred by the seeds. Sandy loam is the best soil, but clay soil suffices if it contains
organic matter and formed into high, stable rows for drainage. Okra grows best at soil pH
levels of 6.0 to 7.0 and dislikes excessively acidic soils. Okra seeds will root in the soil
and will sprout in three to four weeks (Jones, B. 2008).
The seeds can tolerate poor soils with heavy clay and intermittent moisture. The
seed pods rapidly become fibrous and woody and must be harvested within a week of the
fruit being pollinated to be edible. The seedlings of okra possess taproots that are not
easily damaged. Okra is among the most heat-tolerant vegetables in the world and it can
survive severe drought conditions. Okra reaches up to 6 feet in height with proper care
(Opapo, L. 2009).
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 10
Mucilage is defined as a sticky substance obtained from certain plants which are
used as an adhesive (American Heritage Dictionary, of the English Language, 4 th Ed.,
2000). According to Collins English Dictionary, it is a complex glutinous carbohydrate
secreted by certain plants (2003). An example of plant which secretes mucilage is the
okra fruit.
The physical composition of the okra mucilage is that it mainly pertains to its
viscosity. According to Woolfe, M., the okra mucilage has varied viscosity depending on
different factors: concentration, pH and temperature. The relationship between the
concentration and the viscosity of the okra mucilage is that when it is increased, the
viscosity is also increased.
In terms of pH, the viscosity of the okra mucilage is at maximum in neutral pH
range. It has a slightly broad maximum (pH 6-9). Lastly, having the okra mucilage in a
high temperature condition will decrease the viscosity of it. Therefore, the mucilage is
not stable to heat.
The appearance of the okra mucilage is cloudy and opaque at neutral or acid pH
conditions (El-Mahdy). Okra extracts has the mucilage property that is used as a
pharmaceutical adjuvant and other pharmaceutical applications such as a gelling and
emulsifying agent, furthermore, it has a bulk laxative qualities which is mainly
manifested by its ability to lubricate and adhere (Kumar, 2009).
However, according to BeMiller , okra mucilages are complex macromolecules
composed of acidic polysaccharides, proteins and minerals. The acidic polysaccharide of
it is composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose and glucose (1.3: 1.0: 0.1: 0.1)
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 11
(Whistler and Conrad). Okra mucilage has also found to have potential uses as an
extender for serum albumin and as an additive to dried egg white (Kelkar, et al.). Below
is a table showing the different chemical composition of crude and purified okra
mucilage (percentage of wet wt.), Woolfe, M., 1977:
Table 1. The Different Chemical Composition of Crude and Purified Okra
Mucilage (Percent of Wet Wt.):
The table showed that there is a small change of protein content in a process of
purification. This could indicate a fairly strong interaction of protein with the
polysaccharide. Ash content is accounted by calcium, magnesium, potassium and
phosphate ions. In a purification process, there is an alteration in the distribution of ions,
which showed an increase in concentration.
Okra Mucilage
Crude Purified
Moisture content 9.35 9.37
Protein (N x 6.25) 9.42 7.31
Ash 5.95 4.81
Magnesium 0.51 0.41
Calcium 2.02 2.83
Potassium 0.68 0.11
Phosphorus 0.18 0.14
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 12
Origin and Distribution
Okra originated somewhere around Ethiopia, and was cultivated by the ancient
Egyptians by the 12th century B.C. Its cultivation spread throughout North Africa and the
Middle East. The seed pods were eaten cooked, and the seeds were toasted and ground,
used as a coffee substitute (Ehler, J. 2010).
Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench), it is grown in different parts of the
world, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. This crop can be grown on large
commercial farm or could be a garden crop.
It is grown commercially in India, Turkey, Iran, Western Africa, Yugoslavia,
Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Burma, Japan, Malayasia, Brazil, Ghana, Ethiopian,
Cyrpus and the Southern United States. 70% of total production came from India with 3.5
tonnes. (FAOSTAT 2008).
Abelmoschus esculentus is found all around the world from Mediterranean to
equatorial areas as may be seen from the geographical distribution of cultivated and wild
species.
There are Eight Abelmoschus species occur in India. Out of these, esculentus is
the only known cultivated species. Abelmoschus moschatus is cultivated for aromatic
seeds and also occur as wild species, while the rest six are truly wild types. The wild
species occupy diverse habitats. The species Abelmoschus ficulneus and Abelmoschus
tuberculatus is spread over the semi-arid areas in northwestern India and north India;
Abelmoschus crinitus and Abelmoschus manihot (tetraphyllus and pungens types) in tarai
range and lower Himalayas; Abelmoschus. manihot (tetraphyllus types), Abelmoschus
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 13
angulosus, and Abelmoschus moschatus in western and eastern ghats; and Abelmoschus
crinitus and Abelmoschus manihot (mostly pungens types) in the northeastern region
depicts their broad range of distribution in different regions of the country.
Existence of different Abelmoschus species in different areas of India observed in
a recent survey is presented in the following: Abelmoschus angulosus can be found in
Tamil Nadu and Kerala while Abelmoschus cancellatus can be found in Uttaranchal,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Abelmoschus criniturs are distributed in
Uttranchal, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Abelmoschus ficulneus is well distributed in
Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Andrah Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Abelmoschus manihot ssp. Tetraphyllus var.
tetraphyllus can be found in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa and Chhattisgarh. Abelmoschus manihot ssp. Tetraphyllus var. pungens in
Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, Adaman and Nicrobar
Islands.Abelmoschus moschatus spp. moschatus inUttranchal, Orissa, Kerala, Karnataka,
Adaman and Nicobar Islands. Other species of Okra, Abelmoschus moschatus spp.
tuberosus can be found in Kerala and parts of Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. Last Specie
is found in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra this Specie is
known as Abelmoschus tuberculatus. (Bhist and Bhat, 2006)
Properties
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 14
The okra mucilage has a light pungent flavour and a soft to mucous texture. The
mucous texture comes from over cooked okra. The mucous texture can be averse by
adding lemon juice or another acidic liquid (like vinegar). Okra contains vitamins A and
C and is a good source of iron and calcium. It also contains starch, fat, ash, thiamine and
riboflavin (Kochar, R. 2006).
The superior fiber found in okra helps stabilize blood sugar by curbing the rate at
which sugar is absorbed from the intestinal tract. Okra helps lubricate the large intestines
due to its bulk laxative qualities. The okra fiber absorbs water and ensures bulk in stools.
This helps prevent and relieves constipation. Okra's mucilage soothes and facilitates
elimination more comfortably by its slippery characteristic (Wilson J. 2006).
Okra binds excess cholesterol and toxins. Okra is used for healing ulcers and to
keep joints limber. It helps to neutralize acids, being very alkaline, and provides a
temporary protective coating for the digestive tract. Protein and oil contained in the seeds
of okra serves as the source of first-rate vegetable protein. It is enriched with amino acids
on the likes of tryptophan, cysteine and other sulfur amino acids (Kochar, R 2006).
Uses
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 15
Okra pods were commonly use as source of food. It is one of plants that is known
for its mucilaginous quality. Due to its mucilage it is used as soup binder which gives
soup its desired slimy consistency. It is also use as binder and adhesives (Ameena, 2010).
Not only okra pods were used in an okra plant but also leaves and stem of okra were
often used as source of fibers and ropes. Morever, the plant has been used medicinally in
treatment of several disorders, anti-cancer, anti-microbial and hypoglycemic activities of
the plant have been reported. Okra mucilage binds cholesterol and bile acid carrying
toxins dumped into it by filtering liver, thus might act as a hepatoprotective agent
(Ameena,2010).
The ripe seeds of okra are sometimes roasted and ground as a substitute for
coffee. In the 1800s, slaves from Africa used ground okra as part of their diet, and this
apparently led to the use of ground okra seeds as a coffee substitute by other southerners
during the American Civil War blockades of the 1860s. The Austin State Gazette noted:
“An acre of okra will produce seed enough to furnish a plantation of 50 Negroes with
coffee in every way equal to that imported from Rio” (Another Medicinal Vegetable,
2009).
Today, okra is widely used in a thick stew made with vegetables and meat in
Egypt, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Yemen and other parts of the
Mediterranean. In Indian cooking, okra is sautéed or added to gravy-based preparations
and is very popular in South India. In the Caribbean islands, okra is cooked up and eaten
as soup, often with fish. Okra became a popular vegetable in Japanese cuisine. It is served
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 16
with soy sauce and katsuobushi or as tempura. Breaded, deep fried okra is served in the
southern United States. The immature pods may also be pickled.
Okra remains an important ingredient throughout the American South, where it is
blanched and sauced, made into succotash with ham hocks, cornmeal-coated and deep
fried, pickled, cooked with tomatoes, lettuce, cheese, mint and corn,
steamed and frittered. When it is sliced
CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 17
3.1 IntroductionThe primary objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the binding
capacity of the mucilage obtained from the plants of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as
an alternative adhesive of egg albumin in histopathology section. This chapter will
provide the description of the site where the study is being conducted, the kind of the
research design, flowchart of the procedure, target of the study and the instrumentation.
3.2 Research / Study Design
The Research design is experimental, so that the researchers will be able to prove
the effectiveness of okra as an alternative adhesive of egg albumin in histopathology
section.
3.3 Flowchart of the Procedure
Schematic Diagram
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 18
The group researchers will conduct the experiment at the fourth floor laboratory in the
University of Santo Tomas. The okra pods that will be using in this study are purchased
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 19
at the local department store. To obtain the Okra extracts, the fruit is cut into two, the
lower portion will be disregarded and the upper portion is will be collected. The collected
portion is then pound to extract the mucilage needed. To separate the mucilage from the
pounded portion, there is a need of filter paper. The pounded portion will be discarded
while the extract will be collected in a small beaker. While performing the extraction of
the Okra mucilage, the flotation water bath is being prepared, and will be filled half way
with water, and turned it on.
After the flotation water bath is being prepared, and the okra extract is collected,
the tissue ribbons from the hospital of the University of Santo Tomas are made floating
on the water. The ribbons are cut into a single tissue ribbon. A small amount of okra
extract will be smeared on the center of a glass slide using an applicator stick. When the
okra extract is already smeared, place the tissue ribbon on the smeared part of the glass
slide using the “fish out” technique.
Adhering of the tissue ribbon on the okra extract smeared part of the glass slide indicates
that the Okra extract has the ability to be an adhesive using its mucilage property.
3.4 INSTRUMENTS
A knife will be used to cut the okra into two portions. The upper portion will be
pounded with the use of mortar and pestle. Filter papers will be used for separating the
extracts from the whole portions and a beaker for the storage of the extracts. The tissue
ribbons will be prepared by using a microtome. Glass slides are where the extracts from
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 20
okra will be smeared with the use of an applicator stick. The fish out technique will be
used on the tissue ribbon to get it from the floatation water bath.
3.5 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Most people are removing the upper portion of the fruit when cooking. In this
experiment, the researchers will make use of that part as a substitute for an adhesive in
histopathology. Hence, no bit of the okra pod will be put to waste. Furthermore, this
experiment will encourage farmers to plant and cultivate okras because of their useful
benefits. Lastly, no animals will be used or harmed at the expense of this experiment.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOURNAL:
I-Min Liu, Shorong-Shii Liou, Ting-Wei Lan, Feng-Lin Hsu, Juei-Tang Cheng (2005). Myricetin as the active principle of Abelmoschus moschatus to lower plasma glucosein streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med. 71 (7), 617-621.Myricetin as the active principle of Abelmoschus moschatus to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med. 71 (7), 617-621.
Kahlon.(2007) In vitro binding of bile acids by okra, beets, asparagus, eggplant, turnips,green beans, carrots, and cauliflower. Food chemistry. 103 (2), 676-680.Lengsfeld, C., Titgemeyer, F., Faller, G., Hensel, A. (2004) . Glycosylated compounds from okra inhibit adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 (6), 1495–1503.
Odeleye, F. O., O. M. O. Odeleye, O. A. Dada and A. O. Olaleye (2005). The response of okra to varying levels of poultry manure and plant population density under sole cropping. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 3(3,4):68-74.
Olasotan, F. O. (2001). Optimum population density for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) in a mixture with cassava (Manihot esculentus) and its relevance to rainy season-based cropping system in south-western Nigeria. Jr. of Agric. Sc. 136:207-214.
World Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2006). 2 (1):119-122.
THESIS:
Akanbi, W. B. (2002). Growth, nutrient uptake and yield of maize and okra as influenced by compost and nitrogen fertilizer under different cropping systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Akande MO, Oluwatoyinbo FI, Adediran JA, Buari KW, Yusuf IO (2003).Soil amendments affect the Release of P from rock phosphate andthe development and Yield of Okra. J. Vegetable Crop Prod. 2: 3-9.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS: Department of Medical Technology PAGE 22
Yasmeen Siddiqui, (2006). Bio-efficacy of compost extracts for the control of Choanephora wet rot disease of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). PhD Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Top Related