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Introduction: What is
Personality?Personality derives from the Latin wordpersona, which translates into Englishas mask.
A persons general style of interactingwith the world
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What is Personality? An individuals unique and relativelyconsistent patterns of thinking, feeling,and behaving
Personality an attempt to describe andexplain how people are similar, how they
are different, and why every individual isunique?
Tries to explain the whole person
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Personality
Four major perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations
Trait - specific dimensions of personality
Humanistic - inner capacity for growth
Social-Cognitive - influence of environment
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The PsychoanalyticPerspective
From Freuds theorywhich proposes that
unconsciousmotivationsinfluence personality
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Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious
Unconscious
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
Informationwhich can
easily bemade
conscious
Thoughts,feelings,urges, and other
informationthat is difficult
to bring toconscious
awareness
Informationin your
immediateawareness
Rational,planful,mediatingdimensionof personality
Moralistic, judgmental,perfectionistdimension of
personality
Irrational,illogical,impulsivedimension of personality
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Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious -
all thingswe areaware of at
any givenmoment
Conscious
Unconscious
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
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Psychoanalytic Approach
Preconscious -
everything that can, with a littleeffort, bebrought into
consciousness
Conscious
Unconscious
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
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Psychoanalytic Approach
Unconscious -
inaccessiblewarehouse of anxiety-producing
thoughts anddrives
Conscious
Unconscious
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
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Psychoanalytic
Divisions of the MindId - instinctual drives present at birth
does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
operates according to the pleasure principle
Ego - develops out of the id in infancyunderstands reality and logic
mediator between id and superego
Superegointernalization of societys moral standards
responsible for guilt
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Defense Mechanisms
Id
SuperEgo
EgoWhen the inner war
gets out of hand, the
result is Anxiety
Ego protects itself via
Defense Mechanisms
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality
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The Trait Perspective on
PersonalityThe trait approach to personality focuses primarily ondescribing individual differences
Trait theorists view the person as a unique combination of
personality characteristics or attributes, called traits A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in acertain way
Trait theory is a theory of personality that focuses onidentifying, describing, and measuring individual differences
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Personality Structure:The Big Five Personality Factors*
(Each factor is a continuum of many related traits)
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The Humanistic Perspective
Maslow¶sMaslow¶s
Self Self--ActualizingActualizing
PersonPerson
Roger¶sRoger¶s
PersonPerson--CenteredCentered
PerspectivePerspective
³Healthy´ rather than ³Sick´
Individual as greater than the sum of test scores
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Maslow & Self-Actualization
Physiological
Safety
Love Needs
Esteem
Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential
Studied healthy, creative people
Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &Eleanor Roosevelt
Self-Aware & Self-Accepting
They love to perform
Loving & Caring
Problem-Centered not Self-Centered
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oger s erson- enterePerspective
People are basically goodwith actualizing tendencies.
Given the right environmentalconditions, we will develop
to our full potentials
Genuineness, Acceptance, EmpathySelf ConceptSelf Concept - central feature
of personality (+ or -)
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation
What we think about our situation
affects our behavior
Interaction of
Environment & Intellect
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Reciprocal Determinism
Personal/Personal/CognitiveCognitiveFactorsFactors
BehaviorBehaviorEnvironmentEnvironmentFactorsFactors
Internal World + External World = Us
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Personal ControlInternal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of Control
Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of StudyMethods of Study
Correlate feelings of control with behavior Correlate feelings of control with behavior Experiment by raising/lowering people¶s sense of Experiment by raising/lowering people¶s sense of
control and noting effectscontrol and noting effects
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Self-Efficacy
Belief
you will dowell
Greater
effort &
persistence
Success
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Self-Efficacy
Belief
you will dopoorly
Less
effort &persistence
Failure
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