NG911: Time to dispatch = 15 years and counting
NG911: Time to dispatch = 15 years and countingHenning SchulzrinneColumbia University & FCC (with usual disclaimers)7/23/16TEMU 20161
Emergency communication in the United States
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VoIP emergency communications7/23/16
emergency calldispatchcivic coordinationemergency alertTEMU 20163
90 characters(360 in the future?)wireless emergency alerts(WEA)
phone & SMS-based (local)AM/FMTVcable
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Quick history of 911 in the US7/23/16TEMU 20164proposal for national emergency number by NAFC1957Presidential Commission recommends single numberfirst 9-1-1 call in Haleyville, AL17% of US has 9-1-119671968selective call routing trials1970s197650% of US has 9-1-1198719982001Jan2013Phase I for cellular: deliver tower & sector to PSAPPhase II for cellular: handset or network location (carrier req.)NENA NG911 i3 spec.20111999National 911 Act (Congress)2015Carriers must support text-to-911June2013Text-to-911 bounce-backAug.2016Location test bed50/67%, 150m/80% (handset)Feb.2017NEAD privacy & security planApr.201750 m for 40% of callsApr.201850 m for 50% of callsAug.2018barometric data PSAPs
Apr.202070% 50m
Sep 2010: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-176A1.pdf location accuracyDec 2012: https://www.fcc.gov/document/text-911-further-notice-proposed-rulemakingMay 2013: https://www.fcc.gov/document/text-911-bounce-back-message-orderJan 2015: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-15-9A1.pdf
text-to-911: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-14-118A1.pdf (December 31, 2014)
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What distinguishes US 911 from elsewhere?5,894 PSAPs (in 3,135 U.S. counties)some very large (NYC, LA, Chicago), some tinytechnical services provided by contractors and system service providers240 million 9-1-1 calls per year70% cellularEmphasis on location delivery98.6% of population have some Phase II (July 2016)most carriers use hybrid location (GPS + network-based such U-TDOA)Funded by variety of add-on 9-1-1 charges on phone bills, not taxessome of these charges are diverted to other purposesLimited regulatory authority for national regulator (FCC)Mostly, iVoIP and cellular providers, not PSAPssome oversight by state public utilities commission or state 911 officeStrong professional associations (APCO & NENA), with standard setting efforts and training7/23/16TEMU 20165
TEMU 2016What do we need for emergency calling?
Identify emergency call
Route call to PSAP
Dispatch first responder
numbers depend on location
at least cell & sector, preferably full geo (say, 100 m)
indoor & outdoor dispatchable locationlocation7/23/16TEMU 20166
E911 NG911
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TEMU 2016E911 vs. NG911
Identify emergency call
Route call to PSAP
Dispatch first responder
112, 911 (in SIM)E911NG911
dial number from ECRFsos URN
ALI + MSAG selective router (SR)based on street address
location ECRFESRP
landline: ALI civic (static)wireless: ALI geo (dyn.)
SIP Geolocation header
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E9-1-1 for wireline
EO Switch
Selective Routeror 911 Tandem
LECnetwork555-1234313 Main StALI100-500 Main Street ESN 1789555-1234 PSAP #1, 313 Main StCAMA or PRIdelivers ANI(555-1234)CAMA or SS7ANI: 555-1234 313 Main555-1234 PSAP #1PSAP #1verify addressvalidityprovisionedupdatesprivatedata linkMSAG7/23/16TEMU 20169
TEMU 2016Different sources for emergency calls7/23/16SourceLocationChallengesTDM landlinecivic, staticrapidly fading; equipment obsoleteinterconnected VoIP(OTT or cable/FTTH)currently, user-configuredor similar to landlineVoIP (OTT)noneno locationCellulargeo, separate pathlocation accuracyindoor dispatchable locationTelematics(car, alarms, )mostly geoadditional dataindoor & outdoor location
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TEMU 2016US landline phone service11
FCC Voice Telephone Services: Status as of December 31, 2014 7/23/16TEMU 2016
About half of households are wireless-only7/23/16TEMU 201612
Wireless 911Phase I (April 1998)Route all call to the appropriate PSAP based on call sectorProvide cell/sector location data to PSAPProvide call back number to PSAPPhase II (October 2001)Phase I + latitude and longitude
67%95%handset50m150mnetwork100m300m
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TEMU 2016Text-to-911 architecture14
Intrado, Text-to-9-1-1 saves Lives, 20137/23/16TEMU 2016
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NG911 architecture (US, Canada)
Brian Rosen, 2012SIP proxyLoSTHELDprivate (shared) IP network
PIDF
PIDF
also, NG112(Europe)7/23/16TEMU 201616
Emergency Call Routing FunctionQueried using LoST ProtocolLocation and Service in, URI outExternal ECRF provided by 9-1-1 AuthorityLocation Information ServerStores location against some kind of keyProvided by Access NetworkUses either DHCP or HELD to give location to end deviceBorder Control FunctionSecurity barrier between origination/access networks and ESInetCombination of firewall and Session Border ControllerEmergency Services Routing ProxyCall Router for ESInetUses ECRF to get next hop routePolicy Controlled RoutingLegacy Network GatewayLooks like SR/ALI to legacy networkRoutes using ECRF to ESInetLegacy PSAP GatewayLooks like SR/ALI to unupgraded PSAP7/23/16TEMU 201617
Insanity is Doing something 6,200 times and expecting a speedy result.(Einstein + Heisenberg)
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TEMU 2016US NG911 status2011(27 responses)2013(39 responses)Statewide NG911 plan915Concept of operations312Request for proposals released13Contracts13Testing parts, functions and components at state level9
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What are the causes?Bottom up: small groups of PSAPs get togetherbuild (have built) their own ESInetDeploy their own ESRP, ECRF, LNGEach requires educating the late adopters, consultants, RFP, negotiation with carriers, coordinated funding, Engineered as one-offsCustom interconnect, equipment, configuration, 600 selective routersCapital investmentBut 911 entities typically cannot issue bondsNo significant national funding sourcesDiversion of 911 fees collected by many U.S. statesExpertise uneven (GIS, IP networks, cybersecurity, )Carrier obligations make PSAPs pay for legacy services7/23/16TEMU 201620
Alternative network modelsCurrent deployment modelnetwork islands with SBC moatsone county, one network, one server rack, one purpose, one decadeSimilar to early academic Internet Internet2initially custom, then re-use dark fibermembership model?
Suomenlinna
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Alternative network models
national network(s)
LoST
LIS
VPNs
major network interconnect points:SEA, LAX, SJC, DEN, CHI, BOS, DC, NYC 7/23/16TEMU 201622
911 apps emerging7/23/16TEMU 201623Offer advanced featuresNotify family & friendsShare imagesAvoid delays in the carrier PSAPs system service provider dependency circleChallengesAre 911 calls delivered to the right PSAP?911 features on handsetsFunding model consumer pays? PSAP pays?Privacy concerns
https://www.apcointl.org/doc/advocacy/623-the-status-of-9-1-1-apps/file.htmlhttp://appcomm.org/23
Locating emergency callers
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Caller location25Builds on long history of FCC location accuracy requirementsimplicitly outdoor: 50m (67%)/150m (80%-90%) circles (1996), with geographic exclusionsdispatchable location or x/y within 50 m~70% calls are wirelessunknown % indoorresidential indoor may allow GPSz axis:3 years: uncompensated barometric6 years: 80% of top 25 CMAsopen issues:nomadic iVoIPseparation of location & call deliveryreliable location w/o power
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Overall system architecture
GPS
Accelerometer
Magnetometer
GyroscopeInertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
Activity Manager
Infrastructure Monitor
Analysis ModulesSensor Array
ElevatorModule
EscalatorModule
StairwayModuleData Sampling for DetectionData Sampling for Analysis
Detected Activity
Anchor Location
InfrastructureUser DeviceBuilding Information
Indoor-outdoor transition
GPS Trace
Building Database Server
Entrance Beacon
Location Beacons
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TEMU 2016Indoor location
NEAD
indoor oroutdoor?7/23/16TEMU 201627
crowdsourced database
commercial Wi-Fi databasebuilding/streetWiFi APfloor, apartment, office
GPS or GNSSknown location?location = f(observed APs, barometer)where are you?record common locations?
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Indoor location challenges7/23/16TEMU 201628AdvantageChallengesPossible approachesGNSSnear-universal in handsetsno infrastructurefails in dense urban canyonssteel frame buildingsLong-term: L2C & L1C GPSWi-Finear-universal in handsetsexisting infrastructureground truth (room-level)movescrowdsourcingBlueToothuniversal in newer handsetsmapping beacons to locationmaintenancecrowdsourcingbuild into infrastructureBarometriccheap to addlimited handset availabilityindoor air pressureweather compensationmapping elevation to floorbuilding-level calibrationcombine with Wi-FiAccelerometer (dead reckoning)near-universal in handsetsno infrastructureaccuracy & mode detectionmapping elevation to flooruse in hybrid systems
Using accelerometer to measure floors
Errors when traveling 1-9 floors without stopping using elevatorErrors when traveling 9 floors making 1-4 stops using elevator
Landing counting errors in 50 trials of walking 4 floors on stairwayCDF of errors when traveling 2 floors (7.3m) using escalatorW. Song, J. Lee, B. Lee, and H. Schulzrinne:Finding 9-1-1 Callers in Tall Buildings
Location services beyond Wi-Fi
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Conclusion7/23/16TEMU 201631US 911: slow & fastscale advantage + large citiesbut resource-challenged and entrenched interestscontinuous improvement as technologies become availableoften, layered on top of existing technology: ALI, SMS, TTYface more fundamental changes: 911 apps, indoor location
Backup
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E911 location accuracy requirements (9/2010)7/23/16TEMU 201633Handset-basedNetwork-based50 m/67%150m/80-90%100m/67%300m/90%Year 1 Jan. 201260% of counties covering 70% of popsYear 2 Jan. 201350 m/67% ea. county150m/80% ea. countyCarriers must provide confidence and uncertainty data on a per call basis upon PSAP request Year 3 Jan 201470% of counties covering 80% of pops (can use blended data)60% of counties with 70% pops (can use blended data) Year 5 Jan 2016100% of counties(can use blended or handset data) 70% of counties with 80% of pops(can use blended data)Year 8 Jan 2019150m/90% ea. county85% of counties(can use blended or handset data) ExclusionsMay exclude 15% of counties w/forestation(no sunset)May exclude counties where triangulation not feasible (< 3 sites) sunsets after Year 8
47 CFR 20.18(h)
https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/20.1833
TEMU 2016US voice telephony connections34
FCC Voice Telephone Services: Status as of December 31, 2014 7/23/16TEMU 2016
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-338629A1.pdf
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