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Major minerals are required in the diet &present in the body in large amountscompared to trace minerals
Trace minerals are minerals required in thediet & present in the body in very smallamount (less than 100mg)
Animal foods contain more reliable sourceof minerals than plant are.
Drinking water can sometimes be asignificant source of sodium, magnesium &fluoride.
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Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sulfur
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Functions
Major caption in extracellular fluid & critical
electrolytes in regulation of body fluids Maintain proper body H2O distribution and
blood pressure
Nerve & muscle transmission
Control the body acidity
Aids the absorption of glucose
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RDA
No RDA for sodium
Min 500mg/day (1 tea spoon of table salt or2 teaspoon of baking soda)
Severe diarrhea electrolytes solution is thebest source of sodium replacement
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Source of sodium
Table salt & soy sauce are high in sodium
Salty or smoked meals and fish, salted snackfoods
Kidney retain the sodium the body need &excrete the excess sodium in urine.
Taking too much sodium & not enough H2O dehydration
Taking salt tablets before or water exercise isunnecessary & harmful.
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Hypoatremia
Low blood sodium as a result of severe
diarrhea, vomiting or intense prolongedsweating.
Treatment replacement of fluid andmineral through liquids & food or intravenous
solution. Not treated headache, confusion, seizure
or coma.
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Hyperatremia
Abnormally high [sodium] in blood due to
rapid intake of large amounts of sodium (e.g., drinking sea water)
Result edema (swelling) and raise in BP
Usually seen in patients with congestive heart
failure or kidney disease.
Contribute to hypertension, osteoporosis
increase calcium loss in urine)
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Functions
Important component of muscle contraction
Transmission of nerve impulses Help regulate BP
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RDA
Min requirement 2000-3000mg/day
Source Major - Fresh vegetables & fruits e.g.,
potatoes, spinach, melons & banana.
Fresh meat, milk, coffee & tea
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Hypokalemia
Low blood potassium cause by vomiting,
diarrhea or diuretic. Symptoms muscle weakness, loss of
appetite, confusion
Severe disrupt heart rhythms (fatal)
High risk people with poor diet, alcoholics,anorexia or bulimia nervosa.
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Hyperkalemia
High [potassium] in blood
Excess potassium due to kidney malfunctionto remove excess potassium.
Severe stop the heart
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Functions
Maintain body fluid balance
Combine with H+ to form hydrochloric acid(HCI) in the stomach help kills manydisease causing bacteria & help prepareprotein for enzymatic digestion.
WBC use chloride ions to form a powerfulchemical to kill invading bacteria.
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RDA
3400mg/day
Consumption of excess sodium & chloridemay aggravate hypertension
Source
Natural source fruit & vegetables
salt
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Hypochloremia
Chloride deficiency due to vomiting.
Risk anorexia & bulimia. Can cause dehydration and metabolic
alkalosis (high blood pH)
Treatment oral or intravenous fluids
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Regulation of blood calcium Vitamin Dx Increase calcium absorption
Parathyroid hormonex When plasma calcium levels are too low, the
parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone(PTH).
PTH activate bone-resorbing osteoclasts that
break down bone & release calcium into theblood
PTH increase kidney re-absorption of calcium &stimulate calcitriol production enhancecalcium absorption.
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Enhancer of Ca Absorption
Stomach acid
Vitamin D Lactose
Growth Hormone
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RDA
AI 1000mg/day adults (19-50 years)
Adolescents need more calcium tomaximize peak bone mass. AI 1300mg/day(9-18 years)
AI older adults (above 51 years) 1200mg/day
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Source
Non fat milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheese,
spinach, tofu, Hypocalcemia
Low calcium in blood
Causes kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency
Hypercalcemia Cause by cancer & overproduction of PTH
Symptom fatigue, confusion, loss ofappetite, and constipation.
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Common in many crucial metabolic systems
Used to activate & deactivate enzymes, &essential component of ATP, the energy sourceof the cell
About 85% of phosphorus found in bone
Milk & meat are major sources of dietaryphosphorus
RDA for adults is 700mg / day
Increasing 1,250mg / day for teens
Diets high in phosphorus & low in calcium cancontribute to bone loss
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Functions
Participates in enzyme mediated reaction
(e.g., DNA & protein synthesis). Essential for ATP production via the ETC &
glycolysis
Participate in muscle contraction
Blood clotting.
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RDA
Adults (19-30 years) is 400mg/day (men);
310mg (women) Adults (31-70 years) is 420mg/day (men); 320
(women)
Source
Spinach, potatoes, legumes, tofu, & sometype of sea food.
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Hypomagnesemia
Magnesium deficiency occurs with variety of
diseases kidney disease, alcoholism &diuretic drugs.
Risks prolonged diarrhea, alcoholic.
Hypermagnesemia
Abnormal high [magnesium] in blood.
Symptom nausea & general weakness.
UL not more than 350mg/day
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Is a component of the amino acids
methionine & cystine, as well as of the
vitamins biotin & thiamin Important in drug detoxication & in
maintaining acid-base balance
A diet sufficient in protein containsadequate sulfur
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Hypertension
High sodium intake, low intake of potassium,
calcium, magnesium, excess weight,alcoholism can contribute to thedevelopment of hypertension.
Eating a diet with lots of fresh foods &
avoiding processed food reduce the risk
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Osteoporosis
Primarily affect post-menopausal women.
Adequate calcium intake early in life helpsmaximize peak bone mass.
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