Maintaining Healthy Landscapes
IPM/PHC
Integrated Pest Management
IPM– an environmentally sensitive approach to
controlling pests that does not rely totally on pesticides.
– Focus is on the pest rather than on the plant.
– PROPER PLANT CARE IS PART OF IPM
Plant Health Care
PHC– A holistic system that focuses more on
healthy landscapes rather than the pest.– Coined by the International Society of
Arborists.
Pest Management
NO MATTER WHAT YOU CALL IT, MAINTAINING A HEALTHY LANDSCAPE REQUIRES MUCH MORE THAN SPRAYING PESTS.
PHC
1. Know your plants– Culture/Care/Siting– Start right (soil
preparation)
Black plastic under rock
PHC
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Black plastic under rock
Down spout
Study the landscape ecosystem– How does the
soil/site influence the plant and/or pest?
PHC
Determine key problem– Monitor, Scout– Identify/Diagnose
Pest• Insect, Disease,
Weed vs. Abiotic
PHC
Optimize plant health– What’s being done
wrong in the culture of plant? Fertility, water, etc.
– If pest is present, is it primary or secondary?
IPM
Step 0: Grow plant the right way (assumption)Step 1: Monitor, ScoutStep 2: Identify pestStep 3: Manage pest using the knowledge of– why is pest present– life cycle of pest
Pest Management (IPM)
Cultural controlMechanical control (Physical control)Biological controlChemical control– pesticide use
• used as a last resort IN CONJUCTION WITH CULTURAL, MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS
Cultural Control (IPM)
Same as PHC steps of– know your plants– study landscape ecosystem– optimize plant health
Cultural Control (IPM)
Sanitation - removal of insect infested, diseased plant parts. Clean up plant debris.Modify the environment (so pest is not favored, plant health is)
Cultural Control (IPM)
Modification of environment– Induced competition
• ie encourage dense ground covers to reduce weeds by competition
– Water management• ie avoid over watering, avoid water on leaf
surface by watering – Selective pruning/spacing
• to open up plantings and allow for more air circulation
Mechanical Control (IPM)
Physically removing a pest or infested plant– Washing off aphids
with a garden hose– pulling a weed
Physical barriers– using row covers,
screen, etc.
Biological Control (IPM)
Natural controlPredatorsParasitesDiseasesBioantagonists
Biocontrol
Natural control– Weather extremes
• freeze• wind• rain
Biocontrol
Predators (insect control)– insects or spiders that require several prey
to complete their development• Predatory beetles• Lacewings• Flies• True bugs• Wasps• Spiders and mites
Eggs
Biocontrol
Examples of predators– Ladybird beetles
Larva
Adult
Eggs
Biocontrol
Examples of predators– Green lacewing
AdultLarva
Biocontrol
– Hunting waspExamples of predators– Predatory stinkbug
Biocontrol
Parasites– Require one host to complete
development.– Adults lay eggs in or on host.
Biocontrol
Examples of parasites– Wasps
– Aphid parasites
Adult wasp
Larva
Aphid mummy
Biocontrol
Parasitic nematodes– Parasitic nematodesFigure
1: Life cycle of Steinernemanematodes. 1, 2: invasion and colonization of insect. 3,4: development within insect. 5: exit from dead insect and invasion of new host. Drawing courtesy of University of Illinois
.
Biocontrol
• Tree and shrub insects• Tent caterpillars. • Fall webworm.• Leafrollers. • Red-humped
caterpillar. • Spiny elm
caterpillar. • Western spruce
budworm. • Pine budworm. • Pine butterfly.
Diseases– BT (Bacillus
thuringiensis) for insect control
– Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide, etc.):
Biocontrol
Diseases– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control– Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Dipel, MVP,
Steward, Thuricide, etc.):• Vegetable insects
• Cabbage worms (cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth, etc.).
• Tomato and tobacco hornworm.
Biocontrol
Diseases– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control– Israelensis strains (Vectobac, Skeetal,
Gnatrol, Bactimos, etc.) • Mosquito. • Black fly. • Fungus gnats
Biocontrol
Diseases– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control– San diego/tenebrionis strains (Trident, M-
One, M-Trak, Foil, Novodor, etc.) • Colorado potato beetle. • Elm leaf beetle. • Cottonwood leaf beetle.
Bioccontrol
Use of plant pathogens for weed control??– Potential is being explored– Pathogens are harder to manipulate– Don’t give high mortality rates
Biocontrol
Bioantagonists or biofungicides (plant disease control)4 mechanisms of action– Direct competition– Antibiosis– Predation or parasitism– Induced resistance
Biocontrol
Bioantagonists or biofungicides (plant disease control)– For soilborne
diseases– Are preventive– Do not work well at
high pathogen levels
– Trade names• Deny• Kodiak• MycoStop• Root Shield/Plant
Shield• SoilGard
Chemical Control (IPM)
Pesticides– Any chemical (natural or synthetic) that
mitigates (kills, controls) a pest (animal or plant, etc)
Chemical Control (IPM)
Herbicide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable plants.• Will kill any plant not just weeds
Chemical Control (IPM)
Insecticide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable insects.
Chemical Control (IPM)
Fungicide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable fungi.
Chemical Control (IPM)
Miticide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable mites.Acaracide– is a broader way to define this…..
• Kills spiders, ticks and mites
Chemical Control (IPM)
Bactericide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable bacteria.
Chemical Control (IPM)
Molluscicide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable pest mollusks.• Slugs• Snails
Chemical Control (IPM)
Nematicide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable pest nematodes.• Slugs• Snails
Chemical Control (IPM)
Rodenticide– a chemical substance used to kill
undesirable rodents.
Chemical Control (IPM)
Pesticides– SO WHAT’’S THE BIG DEAL????