The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution
David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”David Siquieros Mural: “Poeple in Arms”
3
Mexico Under Porfirio Diaz
Diaz became President in 1877, and Diaz became President in 1877, and imposed order by suppressing opposition.imposed order by suppressing opposition.
He attracted foreign investors, especially He attracted foreign investors, especially the United Statesthe United States
By 1908 the United States controlled ¾ of By 1908 the United States controlled ¾ of Mexican miningMexican mining
By 1913 more than ½ of Mexico’s $2 Billion By 1913 more than ½ of Mexico’s $2 Billion in foreign investments came from the in foreign investments came from the United StatesUnited States
David Siquieros Mural: David Siquieros Mural: "Don Porfirio [Diaz] and his "Don Porfirio [Diaz] and his
Courtesans". 1957-65Courtesans". 1957-65 A Mural by Diego RiveraA Mural by Diego Rivera
The Decadence of the PorfiriatoThe Decadence of the Porfiriato
6
The seeds of revolution
Diaz’s policies were not popular with all Diaz’s policies were not popular with all Mexicans, especially the workers and the poorMexicans, especially the workers and the poor
Emiliano Zapata wanted land for the American Emiliano Zapata wanted land for the American Indian peasant populationIndian peasant population
Diaz resigned in May of 1911 after rebel troops Diaz resigned in May of 1911 after rebel troops were victorious in northern and central Mexican were victorious in northern and central Mexican citiescities
14
Fransisco Madero
Madero was elected President in 1911Madero was elected President in 1911
The United States supported Madero’s attempt to The United States supported Madero’s attempt to create a democratic government by placing an create a democratic government by placing an embargo on arms sales to his opponentsembargo on arms sales to his opponents
February 1913 = rebels, led by his own military February 1913 = rebels, led by his own military chiefs, attack Madero’s forces to gain control of chiefs, attack Madero’s forces to gain control of Mexico Mexico
Victoriano Huerta, Madero’s commanding general, Victoriano Huerta, Madero’s commanding general, took control of the countrytook control of the country
Madero was imprisoned and killed while Madero was imprisoned and killed while supposedly trying to escapesupposedly trying to escape
General Bernardo Reyes
Félix DíazGeneral Vitoriano HuertaGeneral Vitoriano Huerta
Henry Lane WilsonHenry Lane Wilson FrainciscFraincisco Maderoo Madero
Madero fell to Madero fell to a military a military
coup in coup in February of February of
19131913
16
Huerta’s Mexico
Most European governments recognized Most European governments recognized Huerta as the new leader of MexicoHuerta as the new leader of Mexico
The United States did NOT recognize Huerta The United States did NOT recognize Huerta because of how he had come to power. because of how he had come to power. President Wilson began his “watchful President Wilson began his “watchful waiting” for a chance to take Huerta out of waiting” for a chance to take Huerta out of powerpower
Huerta also faced opposition from 4 rebel Huerta also faced opposition from 4 rebel armies led by Venustiano Carranza, Fransisco armies led by Venustiano Carranza, Fransisco ‘Pancho’ Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro ‘Pancho’ Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro ObregonObregon
18
The Dolphin Incident
the US ship was stationed near Tampico, a the US ship was stationed near Tampico, a town controlled by Huerta. Several crew town controlled by Huerta. Several crew members were arrested by Huerta loyalists members were arrested by Huerta loyalists when they went ashore. They were when they went ashore. They were released, and an apology was offered by released, and an apology was offered by the arresting soldiers’ superiors BUT the the arresting soldiers’ superiors BUT the United States demanded a formal apology United States demanded a formal apology and a 21 gun salute to the American flagand a 21 gun salute to the American flag
April 22-Congress gave Wilson permission April 22-Congress gave Wilson permission to use armed forces against Mexicoto use armed forces against Mexico
19
United States Intervention
Wilson got his opportunity to act quicklyWilson got his opportunity to act quickly
The United States seized the port city of The United States seized the port city of Veracruz because they had learned a German Veracruz because they had learned a German ship was landing there with arms for Huertaship was landing there with arms for Huerta
19 marines and over 300 Mexican civilians were 19 marines and over 300 Mexican civilians were killed during the capture of the city. Huerta’s killed during the capture of the city. Huerta’s troops had already left the citytroops had already left the city
April 1914: President April 1914: President Wilson sends U.S. Wilson sends U.S. troops to occupy troops to occupy
VeracruzVeracruz
Monuments to the Defenders of Veracruz Monuments to the Defenders of Veracruz against U.S. troopsagainst U.S. troops
U.S. troop ship
22
Other countries intervene
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile– the ABC powers Argentina, Brazil, and Chile– the ABC powers convened a conference about the crisis in convened a conference about the crisis in MexicoMexico
They called for Huerta’s resignation and the They called for Huerta’s resignation and the creation of a provisional governmentcreation of a provisional government
Huerta refused until July 1914 when he Huerta refused until July 1914 when he resigned and fled to Spainresigned and fled to Spain
23
The End of the Revolution
In March 1915 Venustiano Carranza became the provisional president of Mexico after he re-entered Mexico City. The United States recognized his government six months later
2/3 of Mexico was still under the control of rebel leaders Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa until April 1915 when Villa was defeated
30
Pancho Villa
Villa was upset the United States had Villa was upset the United States had recognized Carranza’s government because recognized Carranza’s government because he believed the United States should not he believed the United States should not have interfered in Mexican politicshave interfered in Mexican politics
Villa raided a small New Mexican town-- 17 Villa raided a small New Mexican town-- 17 Americans and over 100 of Villa’s men were Americans and over 100 of Villa’s men were killedkilled
Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico to capture Villa “dead or alive”Mexico to capture Villa “dead or alive”
32
The Pursuit of Pancho Villa
15,000 US troops tried to capture Villa in his 15,000 US troops tried to capture Villa in his home state, but they were unsuccessfulhome state, but they were unsuccessful
Pershing’s troops battled Mexican soldiers Pershing’s troops battled Mexican soldiers when the US troops entered the city of when the US troops entered the city of Carrizal instead of going around itCarrizal instead of going around it
When Wilson realized a war between the When Wilson realized a war between the 150,000 US troops on Mexico’s border and 150,000 US troops on Mexico’s border and the Mexicans was imminent, Wilson ordered the Mexicans was imminent, Wilson ordered the troops to withdraw in January 1917the troops to withdraw in January 1917
34
Venustiano Carranza in Power
Carranza called for a Constitutional Carranza called for a Constitutional Convention in December 1916 Convention in December 1916
Villa was still in hiding and Zapata’s only Villa was still in hiding and Zapata’s only stronghold was in the Southstronghold was in the South
A new constitution was ratified in February A new constitution was ratified in February 19171917
The constitution put the common welfare The constitution put the common welfare above that of individual rights; protected above that of individual rights; protected workers with an 8 hour day, the right to workers with an 8 hour day, the right to establish unions, and collectively bargain; and establish unions, and collectively bargain; and established national ownership of most of established national ownership of most of Mexico’s natural resourcesMexico’s natural resources
Between 1910 and 1920, between 1.5 and 2 million Between 1910 and 1920, between 1.5 and 2 million Mexican lost their lives in the Revolution.Mexican lost their lives in the Revolution.
The census takers in 1920 counted The census takers in 1920 counted almost a million fewer Mexican than they almost a million fewer Mexican than they
had found only a decade before.had found only a decade before.
Top Related