1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK2 School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK3 Singapore Meteorological Service, Changi Airport, Singapore 9181414 101 Media Ltd, Keswick Hall, NR4 6TJ, Norwich, UKAcknowledgements: Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong Civil Engineering Office, Hong Kong Prof. Muneki Mitamura, Osaka Carolyn Sharp, University of East AngliaHolocene Marine Deposits: modelling self-weight consolidation
N.Keith Tovey1 , Mike Paul2, Yap Chui-Wah3, and Simon Tovey 4
1. Background to self-weight consolidation issues2. Site Locations3. Equilibrium Self-Weight Compaction4. Existence of Omega Point?5. True Sedimentation Rates6. Modelling pore-pressure dissipation7. ConclusionsHolocene Marine Deposits: modelling self-weight consolidation
What effect does self-weight consolidation (auto-compaction) have on our understanding of Marine Sequences?What processes are involved?What are the magnitudes of such effects?How easy is it to correct for these effects?
The Problem
Why are such studies of relevance?Interpretation of sequences is often done on a linear length basis.i.e. two points in a sequence may be dated and a sedimentation rate estimated from dates and distances between the two points.This does not allow for self-weight consolidation - strictly it should be done using a linear mass interpolation - rarely is this the case.This is of particular importance in unravelling Holocene sequences where the apparent deposition rate is of the order of 0.5 - 5 mm per year.It is of significance in dating studies and also estimation of palaeo-water depths in tidal modelling etc.
1. Background to self-weight consolidation issues2. Site Locations3. Equilibrium Self-Weight Compaction4. Existence of Omega Point?5. True Sedimentation Rates6. Modelling pore-pressure dissipation7. ConclusionsHolocene Marine Deposits: modelling self-weight consolidation
Bothkennar Site, Scotland
Simplified Sequence of DepositionDuring last inter-glacial deposition of unit M2When sea level fell, surface layer was exposed to desiccation, oxidation, pedogenesis, etc.In the Holocene, the sea probably covered the area around 6000 - 8000 years ago deposition of unit M1M1T1M2~10m
From core record, several different sequences have been identifiedPresent work models Holocene sequence Classification after Yim
1. Background to self-weight consolidation issues2. Site Locations3. Equilibrium Self-Weight Compaction4. Existence of Omega Point?5. True Sedimentation Rates6. Modelling pore-pressure dissipation7. ConclusionsHolocene Marine Deposits: modelling self-weight consolidation
Consolidation in Marine SedimentsTwo pore pressures to consider
Assumes sand body is continuous and daylights to sea bed -i.e. two-way drainage.Hydrostatic pressure changes from sea level changes are insignificant with regard to sediment compression. Excess pore pressures are of critical importance.Single drainage - implies sand body is discontinuous and does not daylight
Decompaction of DepositsDuring deposition, successive layers will cause under-lying layers to compressDividing the total thickness by the time interval will lead to an under-estimation of true deposition rates.
Decompaction of DepositsIf the Void Ratio is known, then the saturated bulk unit weight (i) in the ith layer is given by:-
However, ei depends on v(i)where Gs is Specific gravityThe stress i at the mid point of the ith layer is given by:-
Decompaction of DepositsFirst assume a value of ei (say 1.0) and evaluate i in the ith layer from:-
Must work down through layers not upwards! Now determine i at the mid point of the ith layer:- If the e -v relationship is known determine a revised value of ei and repeat above two steps iteratively.
e1 = 3.1269 - 0.841 log()R2 = 0.9954The parameter e1 = 3.1269 [void ratio at 1 kPa] and gradient of line Cc are used in the algorithms.
1. Background to self-weight consolidation issues2. Site Locations3. Equilibrium Self-Weight Compaction4. Existence of Omega Point?5. True Sedimentation Rates6. Modelling pore-pressure dissipation7. ConclusionsHolocene Marine Deposits: modelling self-weight consolidation
This is an interesting result: The relationship holds over all three units!It means that we only need to determine Cc
e1 = 0.8154 + 2.8473 CcHowever, an even more interesting correlation emergesIt appears that data from Hong Kong and Scotland follow same trend
Chart4
0.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005612.4562.4560.59683005612.4560.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.5968300561
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4.1834.1834.183
1.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113784.32284.32281.2113784.32281.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.211378
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1.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.004
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0.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.3712
1.11.11.11.11.11.13.77181530111.13.77181530113.77181530111.13.77181530111.11.11.1
1.071.071.071.071.071.073.77010008841.073.77010008843.77010008841.073.77010008841.071.071.07
1.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.1133.69815240031.1133.69815240033.69815240031.1133.69815240031.1131.1131.113
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0.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.774
0.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.781
0.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.85
1.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.083
1.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.232
1.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.266
1.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.11
0.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.625
0.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.452
0.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.91
1.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.003
1.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.086
1.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.203
0.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.625
0.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.492
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0.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.247
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1.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.9421.942
1.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.911.91
1.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.871.87
1.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.8481.848
1.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.8211.821
1.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.8161.816
1.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.7611.761
1.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.741.74
1.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.7311.731
1.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.7941.794
1.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.7631.763
1.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.7131.713
1.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.6821.682
1.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.6861.686
1.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.6461.646
1.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.6191.619
1.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.6771.677
1.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.71.7
1.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.7221.722
1.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.661.66
1.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.6011.601
1.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.611.61
1.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.6061.606
1.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.6371.637
1.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.5521.552
1.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.516
1.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.5251.525
1.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.5511.551
1.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.6051.605
1.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.5111.511
1.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.4441.444
1.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.4261.426
1.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.4491.449
1.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.4761.476
1.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.4621.462
1.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.441.44
1.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.512
1.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.5121.512
1.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.5161.516
1.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.491.49
1.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.4631.463
1.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.4451.445
1.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.4581.458
1.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.4051.405
1.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.3871.387
1.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.3511.351
1.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.3771.377
1.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.35
1.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.351.35
1.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.3461.346
1.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.391.39
1.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.4221.422
1.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.2741.274
1.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.2611.261
1.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.2961.296
1.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.229
1.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.2341.234
1.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.2561.256
1.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.2791.279
1.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.2211.221
1.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.1671.167
1.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.1311.131
1.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.1851.185
1.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.1891.189
1.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.1711.171
1.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.0361.036
0.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.970.97
0.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.9920.992
0.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.9610.961
0.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.9380.938
0.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.8930.893
0.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.8620.862
0.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.8350.835
0.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.8170.817
0.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.8390.839
0.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.8660.866
0.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.7720.772
0.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.7410.741
0.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.6870.687
0.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.6560.656
0.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.6740.674
0.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.6610.661
0.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.6110.611
0.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.530.53
0.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.5130.513
0.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.7010.701
0.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.7060.706
0.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.6160.616
0.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.5760.576
0.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.5310.531
0.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.5270.527
0.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.5180.518
0.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.4590.459
0.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.473
0.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.4730.473
0.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.4910.491
0.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.5140.514
0.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.5320.532
0.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.411
0.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.4190.419
0.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.3880.388
0.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.3350.335
0.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.2720.272
0.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.2490.249
0.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25
0.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.2680.268
0.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.209
0.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.2090.209
0.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.1820.182
0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
111111111111111
1.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.91.9
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Total (HK+BK)
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
BK 2
Bothkennar
MP&NKT
All Data
Tovey & Paul (2002)
All Data
Cc
e1
offshore
lamdaCce1
f10.11920.27451761.3233
f20.15120.34821361.6164
f30.14510.33416531.5584
omega
Hypothesis about individual "omega points"
interceptGradient
HK0.71353.06970.98891174.0862447097
BK0.95422.5910.9896389.9419866765
Humber0.37493.66770.98714652.645890999
Japan0.81192.9220.9442835.6030182312
Li0.79142.74110.9826550.9345391672
HK+BK10.81542.84730.9712703.5581528182
Wong0.43.56413665.2195973234
All Data0.84832.72260.98527.9587597837
1174.08624470970.7135
389.94198667650.9542
4652.6458909990.3749
835.60301823120.8119
550.93453916720.7914
3665.21959732340.4
1000.77
4000.13
1000-0.3
4000-0.94
10000-1.36
new Hong Kong
reportENground
boreholeB1AChek Lap Kok4/3/90Gammonp 19414079GC/89/05816199.55818365.85-5.8
depth2-3m
6.3922.519
11.3922.41
26.3922.2272.227
51.3922.0092.009
101.3911.7981.798
201.3891.5561.556
491.3861.3431.343
201.3891.362
101.3911.397
1.3921.665
e13.218
Cc0.7063301
R20.9958
4-5m
11.3882.115
26.3882.054
51.3881.8991.899
101.3871.6981.698
201.3851.4451.445
401.3821.1841.184
801.3750.9080.908
201.3850.962
11.3881.112
e13.356
Cc0.8369102
R20.9972
11.3922.474
26.3922.3182.318
51.3922.0042.004
101.3911.6981.698
201.3891.3461.346
401.3861.0911.091
801.3790.850.85
201.3890.902
11.3921.097
e13.71783.2180.70633
Cc1.0041083.3561.004
R20.99573.71780.83691
9-10m
11.391.321
26.391.291
51.3891.242
101.3881.1641.164
201.3871.0451.045
401.3830.9420.942
801.3770.8280.828
201.3870.844
51.3890.87
1.390.906
Cce1R2
0.37124361.90530.9993
new Hong Kong
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
comparisons_22062002
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
original_comparisons
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
FIG1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
NKTOtherCombinedM1M2 UnitT1 UnitBothkennarTotal (HK+BK)JapanJapanShiffmanHong KongBK 1HK & BK1BK 2BothkennarHumberLi (1990)WongMP&NKTNew HKEssex SaltmarshAll Data
0.59682.45602.45602.45602.45602.45602.45602.4562.456
0.73873.11003.11003.11003.11003.11003.11003.1103.110
0.81863.24953.24953.24953.24953.24953.24953.2503.250
0.61362.70172.70172.70172.70172.70172.70172.7022.702
0.24111.39611.39611.39611.39611.39611.39611.3961.396
0.69912.89452.89452.89452.89452.89452.89452.8952.895
0.77072.99172.99172.99172.99172.99172.99172.9922.992
0.94383.74283.74283.74283.74283.74283.74283.7433.743
0.62582.57142.57142.57142.57142.57142.57142.5712.571
0.13881.00951.00951.00951.00951.00951.00951.0101.010InterceptGradientcoefficient of correlation
0.57362.60912.60912.60912.60912.60912.60912.6092.609Hong Kong data in original paper0.71353.06970.9889
1.20934.33404.33404.33404.33404.33404.33404.3344.334Bothkennar (including additional data)0.95422.5910.9896
4.18304.1834.1834.18304.18304.18304.1834.183Humber data (new)0.37493.66770.9871
1.21144.32284.32284.32284.32284.32284.32284.3234.323Japanese data (new)0.81192.9220.9442
0.73473.08993.08993.08993.08993.08993.08993.0903.090Li (1990)0.79142.74110.9826
0.706333.2183.218
1.0043.3563.356
0.836913.71783.718
0.37121.90531.905
Relationship in paper0.81542.84730.9712
Relationship including new data0.75782.92820.9677
Wong's 1993 Relationship0.40003.5641
All Data0.84832.72260.9800
0.000
1.13.77181530113.77183.77183.77183.77183.7723.772
1.073.77010008843.77013.77013.77013.77013.7703.770
1.1133.69815240033.69823.69823.69823.69823.6983.698
1.0533.62754025383.62753.62753.62753.62753.6283.628
1.09753.85050781933.85053.85053.85053.85053.8513.851
0.8733.24965203793.24973.24973.24973.24973.2503.250
0.732.84304267642.84302.84302.84302.84302.8432.843
0.0000.000
0.7142152.7834292.7834292.78342.7832.783
0.7806532.9913062.9913062.99132.9912.991
0.7474342.8198682.8198682.81992.8202.820
0.9218353.418673.418673.41873.4193.419
0.3321931.7893861.7893861.78941.7891.789
0.5398132.4296272.4296272.42962.4302.430
0.9633593.4817183.4817183.48173.4823.482
0.7889582.9829162.9829162.98292.9832.983
0.8803113.3156223.3156223.31563.3163.316
0.4899842.1499692.1499692.15002.1502.150
0.6643862.7037712.7037712.70382.7042.704
0.0000.000
0.6655673.00980.0000.000
0.72820863.32660.0000.000
0.77864433.35590.0000.000
0.99052034.02140.0000.000
0.99052034.19830.0000.000
1.02068964.27640.0000.000
0.85118883.7350.0000.000
0.50527822.36830.0000.000
0.43204282.08650.0000.000
0.0000.000
0.80674093.50060.0000.000
0.92626663.96880.0000.000
1.01746544.22510.0000.000
1.03796214.42190.0000.000
0.98084774.12634.1264.126
0.52232042.46172.4622.462
0.47810282.37262.3732.373
0.45553342.26462.2652.265
0.7743.00983.0103.010
0.7813.32663.3273.327
0.853.35593.3563.356
1.0834.02144.0214.021
1.2324.19834.1984.198
1.2664.27644.2764.276
1.113.7353.7353.735
0.6252.36832.3682.368
0.4522.08652.0872.087
0.0000.000
0.913.50063.5013.501
1.0033.96883.9693.969
1.0864.22514.2254.225
1.2034.42194.4224.422
1.0334.12634.1264.126
0.6252.46172.4622.462
0.4922.37262.3732.373
0.5052.26462.2652.265
0.247Schiffman1.261.2601.260
0.293990636Humber1.4788058041.4791.479
0.3601765251.7131012611.7131.713
0.6108862142.6579283132.6582.658
0.4650699331.9952182211.9951.995
0.000
0.0000.000
0.000
0.000
0.2745176Offshore1.3233
0.34821361.6164
0.33416531.5584
0.000
1.35974.8443
0.000
1.9426.0176.017
1.915.895.890
1.875.6865.686
1.8485.7165.716
1.8215.7125.712
1.8165.7645.764
1.7615.9665.966
1.745.6495.649
1.7315.5195.519
1.7945.5645.564
1.7635.4655.465
1.7135.4525.452
1.6825.4155.415
1.6865.4665.466
1.6465.385.380
1.6195.275.270
1.6775.3495.349
1.75.3455.345
1.7225.3145.314
1.665.2275.227
1.6015.145.140
1.615.0095.009
1.6064.9574.957
1.6375.0075.007
1.5525.0545.054
1.5164.974.970
1.5255.0755.075
1.5515.1965.196
1.6055.3355.335
1.5115.2035.203
1.4444.9944.994
1.4264.8524.852
1.4494.8734.873
1.4764.8834.883
1.4624.8374.837
1.444.784.780
1.5124.8934.893
1.5124.854.850
1.5164.7774.777
1.494.6694.669
1.4634.6214.621
1.4454.5354.535
1.4584.5054.505
1.4054.3864.386
1.3874.4314.431
1.3514.3774.377
1.3774.5544.554
1.354.54.500
1.354.5624.562
1.3464.6234.623
1.394.7174.717
1.4224.7814.781
1.2744.5474.547
1.2614.3724.372
1.2964.4234.423
1.2294.3324.332
1.2344.2494.249
1.2564.2124.212
1.2794.1024.102
1.2213.9363.936
1.1673.6913.691
1.1313.983.980
1.1854.1014.101
1.1894.1654.165
1.1714.1724.172
1.0364.074.070
0.973.3583.358
0.9923.5213.521
0.9613.4213.421
0.9383.4133.413
0.8933.4163.416
0.8623.3973.397
0.8353.3063.306
0.8173.2453.245
0.8393.4763.476
0.8663.6053.605
0.7723.1923.192
0.7413.1243.124
0.6873.0283.028
0.6562.8042.804
0.6742.8342.834
0.6612.7522.752
0.6112.672.670
0.532.5392.539
0.5132.4112.411
0.7012.7452.745
0.7062.582.580
0.6162.4992.499
0.5762.4072.407
0.5312.2792.279
0.5272.2212.221
0.5182.1472.147
0.4592.0412.041
0.4732.1012.101
0.4732.1632.163
0.4911.9751.975
0.5142.0212.021
0.5321.871.870
0.4111.7271.727
0.4191.7741.774
0.3881.6811.681
0.3351.4631.463
0.2721.3431.343
0.2491.4211.421
0.251.231.230
0.2681.1981.198
0.2091.1481.148
0.2091.0861.086
0.18211.000
Wong
0.10.75641
13.9641
1.97.17179
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.4054.3864.386
1.3874.4314.431
1.3514.3774.377
1.3774.5544.554
1.354.54.500
1.354.5624.562
1.3464.6234.623
1.394.7174.717
1.4224.7814.781
1.2744.5474.547
1.2614.3724.372
1.2964.4234.423
1.2294.3324.332
1.2344.2494.249
1.2564.2124.212
1.2794.1024.102
1.2213.9363.936
1.1673.6913.691
1.1313.983.980
1.1854.1014.101
1.1894.1654.165
1.1714.1724.172
1.0364.074.070
0.973.3583.358
0.9923.5213.521
0.9613.4213.421
0.9383.4133.413
0.8933.4163.416
0.8623.3973.397
0.8353.3063.306
0.8173.2453.245
0.8393.4763.476
0.8663.6053.605
0.7723.1923.192
0.7413.1243.124
0.6873.0283.028
0.6562.8042.804
0.6742.8342.834
0.6612.7522.752
0.6112.672.670
0.532.5392.539
0.5132.4112.411
0.7012.7452.745
0.7062.582.580
0.6162.4992.499
0.5762.4072.407
0.5312.2792.279
0.5272.2212.221
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005612.4560.59683005610.5968300561
0.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929783.110.73866929780.7386692978
0.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900063.24950.81856900060.8185690006
0.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892732.70170.61363892730.6136389273
0.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065921.39610.24108065920.2410806592
0.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483422.89450.69906483420.6990648342
0.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523062.99170.77067523060.7706752306
0.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962963.74280.94382962960.9438296296
0.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262832.57140.62584262830.6258426283
0.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588111.00950.13884588110.1388458811
0.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394672.60910.57357394670.5735739467
1.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769084.3341.20931769081.2093176908
4.183
1.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113784.32281.2113781.211378
0.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346573.08990.7346570.734657
0.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.70633
1.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.004
0.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.83691
0.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.3712
1.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.1
1.071.071.071.071.071.071.071.07
1.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.113
1.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.053
1.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.0975
0.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.873
0.730.730.730.730.730.730.730.73
0.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.714215
0.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.780653
0.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.747434
0.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.921835
0.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.332193
0.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.539813
0.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.963359
0.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.9808477
0.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.5223204
0.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.4781028
0.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.4555334
0.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.774
0.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.781
0.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.85
1.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.083
1.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.232
1.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.266
1.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.11
0.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.625
0.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.452
0.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.91
1.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.003
1.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.086
1.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.203
0.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.625
0.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.492
0.5050.5050.5050.5050.5050.5050.5050.505
0.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.247
0.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906361.478805804
0.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765251.713101261
0.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862142.657928313
0.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699331.995218221
Japan
Shiffman
Bothkennar 1
Bothkennar 2
All Data
Hong Kong
All Data
Humber
Cc
e1
Variation of e1 with Cc
0.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005612.4560.59683005610.5968300561
0.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929783.110.73866929780.7386692978
0.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900063.24950.81856900060.8185690006
0.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892732.70170.61363892730.6136389273
0.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065921.39610.24108065920.2410806592
0.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483422.89450.69906483420.6990648342
0.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523062.99170.77067523060.7706752306
0.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962963.74280.94382962960.9438296296
0.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262832.57140.62584262830.6258426283
0.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588111.00950.13884588110.1388458811
0.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394672.60910.57357394670.5735739467
1.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769084.3341.20931769081.2093176908
4.183
1.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113784.32281.2113781.211378
0.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346573.08990.7346570.734657
0.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.70633
1.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.004
0.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.83691
0.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.3712
1.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.1
1.071.071.071.071.071.071.071.07
1.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.113
1.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.053
1.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.0975
0.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.873
0.730.730.730.730.730.730.730.73
0.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.714215
0.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.780653
0.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.747434
0.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.921835
0.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.3321930.332193
0.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.5398130.539813
0.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.9633590.963359
0.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.98084770.9808477
0.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.52232040.5223204
0.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.47810280.4781028
0.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.45553340.4555334
0.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.7740.774
0.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.7810.781
0.850.850.850.850.850.850.850.85
1.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.0831.083
1.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.2321.232
1.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.2661.266
1.111.111.111.111.111.111.111.11
0.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.625
0.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.4520.452
0.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.91
1.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.0031.003
1.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.0861.086
1.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.2031.203
0.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.6250.625
0.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.4920.492
0.5050.5050.5050.5050.5050.5050.5050.505
0.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.2470.247
0.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906360.2939906361.478805804
0.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765250.3601765251.713101261
0.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862140.6108862142.657928313
0.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699330.4650699331.995218221
Japan
Shiffman
Bothkennar 1
Bothkennar 2
All Data
Hong Kong
"All Data"
Humber
Cc
e1
Variation of e1 with Cc
Hong Data Trendliney = 3.0697x + 0.7135R2 = 0.9889
All Data Trend Liney = 2.9546x + 0.7332R2 = 0.9691
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
comparisons_2062002!$A$3:$A$224
Wong (1993) relationship
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Bothkennar
Total (HK+BK)
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
BK 2
Bothkennar
Humber
Li (1990)
Wong
MP&NKT
All Data
Trendline in paper
Trendline including Li's data
New Hong Kong Data
Cc
e1
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Bothkennar
Total (HK+BK)
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
BK 2
Bothkennar
Humber
Li (1990)
Wong
MP&NKT
New HK
All Data
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Bothkennar
Total (HK+BK)
Japan
Shiffman
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
BK 2
Bothkennar
Humber
Li (1990)
Wong
MP&NKT
New HK
All Data
Tovey & Paul (2002)
All Data
Essex Saltmarsh
Cc
e1
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
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00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Bothkennar
Total (HK+BK)
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
BK 2
Bothkennar
Humber
Li (1990)
Wong
MP&NKT
New HK
All Data
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Bothkennar
Total (HK+BK)
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Total (HK+BK)
Hong Kong
BK 1
HK & BK1
BK 2
Bothkennar
MP&NKT
All Data
Tovey & Paul (2002)
All Data
Cc
e1
NKTOtherCombinedM1M2 UnitT1 UnitBothkennarTotalJapanJapanShiffmanHKBK 1BK 2HumberLi (1990)All Data
0.59682.45602.45602.45602.45602.45602.456
0.73873.11003.11003.11003.11003.11003.110
0.81863.24953.24953.24953.24953.24953.250
0.61362.70172.70172.70172.70172.70172.702
0.24111.39611.39611.39611.39611.39611.396
0.69912.89452.89452.89452.89452.89452.895
0.77072.99172.99172.99172.99172.99172.992
0.94383.74283.74283.74283.74283.74283.743
0.62582.57142.57142.57142.57142.57142.571
0.13881.00951.00951.00951.00951.00951.010
0.57362.60912.60912.60912.60912.60912.609
1.20934.33404.33404.33404.33404.33404.334
1.14674.18304.1834.1834.18304.18304.183
1.21144.32284.32284.32284.32284.32284.323
0.73473.08993.08993.08993.08993.08993.090
5550.000
1.13.77181530113.77183.77183.772
1.073.77010008843.77013.77013.770
1.1133.69815240033.69823.69823.698
1.0533.62754025383.62753.62753.628
1.09753.85050781933.85053.85053.851
0.8733.24965203793.24973.24973.250
0.732.84304267642.84302.84302.843
0.000
0.7142152.7834292.7834292.783
0.7806532.9913062.9913062.991
0.7474342.8198682.8198682.820
0.9218353.418673.418673.419
0.3321931.7893861.7893861.789
0.5398132.4296272.4296272.430
0.9633593.4817183.4817183.482
0.7889582.9829162.9829162.983
0.8803113.3156223.3156223.316
0.4899842.1499692.1499692.150
0.6643862.7037712.7037712.704
0.000
0.6655673.00980.000
0.72820863.32660.000
0.77864433.35590.000
0.99052034.02140.000
0.99052034.19830.000
1.02068964.27640.000
0.85118883.7350.000
0.50527822.36830.000
0.43204282.08650.000
0.000
0.80674093.50060.000
0.92626663.96880.000
1.01746544.22510.000
1.03796214.42190.000
0.98084774.12630.000
0.52232042.46170.000
0.47810282.37260.000
0.45553342.26460.000
0.7743.00983.010
0.7813.32663.327
0.853.35593.356
1.0834.02144.021
1.2324.19834.198
1.2664.27644.276
1.113.7353.735
0.6252.36832.368
0.4522.08652.087
0.000
0.913.50063.501
1.0033.96883.969
1.0864.22514.225
1.2034.42194.422
1.0334.12634.126
0.6252.46172.462
0.4922.37262.373
0.5052.26462.265
0.247Schiffman1.261.260
0.293990636Humber1.4788058041.479
0.3601765251.7131012611.713
0.6108862142.6579283132.658
0.4650699331.9952182211.995
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.2745176Offshore1.32330.000
0.34821361.61640.000
0.33416531.55840.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.9426.0176.0170.000
1.915.895.890
1.875.6865.686
1.8485.7165.716
1.8215.7125.712
1.8165.7645.764
1.7615.9665.966
1.745.6495.649
1.7315.5195.519
1.7945.5645.564
1.7635.4655.465
1.7135.4525.452
1.6825.4155.415
1.6865.4665.466
1.6465.385.380
1.6195.275.270
1.6775.3495.349
1.75.3455.345
1.7225.3145.314
1.665.2275.227
1.6015.145.140
1.615.0095.009
1.6064.9574.957
1.6375.0075.007
1.5525.0545.054
1.5164.974.970
1.5255.0755.075
1.5515.1965.196
1.6055.3355.335
1.5115.2035.203
1.4444.9944.994
1.4264.8524.852
1.4494.8734.873
1.4764.8834.883
1.4624.8374.837
1.444.784.780
1.5124.8934.893
1.5124.854.850
1.5164.7774.777
1.494.6694.669
1.4634.6214.621
1.4454.5354.535
1.4584.5054.505
1.4054.3864.386
1.3874.4314.431
1.3514.3774.377
1.3774.5544.554
1.354.54.500
1.354.5624.562
1.3464.6234.623
1.394.7174.717
1.4224.7814.781
1.2744.5474.547
1.2614.3724.372
1.2964.4234.423
1.2294.3324.332
1.2344.2494.249
1.2564.2124.212
1.2794.1024.102
1.2213.9363.936
1.1673.6913.691
1.1313.983.980
1.1854.1014.101
1.1894.1654.165
1.1714.1724.172
1.0364.074.070
0.973.3583.358
0.9923.5213.521
0.9613.4213.421
0.9383.4133.413
0.8933.4163.416
0.8623.3973.397
0.8353.3063.306
0.8173.2453.245
0.8393.4763.476
0.8663.6053.605
0.7723.1923.192
0.7413.1243.124
0.6873.0283.028
0.6562.8042.804
0.6742.8342.834
0.6612.7522.752
0.6112.672.670
0.532.5392.539
0.5132.4112.411
0.7012.7452.745
0.7062.582.580
0.6162.4992.499
0.5762.4072.407
0.5312.2792.279
0.5272.2212.221
0.5182.1472.147
0.4592.0412.041
0.4732.1012.101
0.4732.1632.163
0.4911.9751.975
0.5142.0212.021
0.5321.871.870
0.4111.7271.727
0.4191.7741.774
0.3881.6811.681
0.3351.4631.463
0.2721.3431.343
0.2491.4211.421
0.251.231.230
0.2681.1981.198
0.2091.1481.148
0.2091.0861.086
0.18211.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.4054.3864.386
1.3874.4314.431
1.3514.3774.377
1.3774.5544.554
1.354.54.500
1.354.5624.562
1.3464.6234.623
1.394.7174.717
1.4224.7814.781
1.2744.5474.547
1.2614.3724.372
1.2964.4234.423
1.2294.3324.332
1.2344.2494.249
1.2564.2124.212
1.2794.1024.102
1.2213.9363.936
1.1673.6913.691
1.1313.983.980
1.1854.1014.101
1.1894.1654.165
1.1714.1724.172
1.0364.074.070
0.973.3583.358
0.9923.5213.521
0.9613.4213.421
0.9383.4133.413
0.8933.4163.416
0.8623.3973.397
0.8353.3063.306
0.8173.2453.245
0.8393.4763.476
0.8663.6053.605
0.7723.1923.192
0.7413.1243.124
0.6873.0283.028
0.6562.8042.804
0.6742.8342.834
0.6612.7522.752
0.6112.672.670
0.532.5392.539
0.5132.4112.411
0.7012.7452.745
0.7062.582.580
0.6162.4992.499
0.5762.4072.407
0.5312.2792.279
0.5272.2212.221
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
e1 = 0.8154+ 2.8473 Cc
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
Japan
Shiffman
Bothkennar 1
Bothkennar 2
All Data
Hong Kong
All Data
Humber
Cc
e1
Variation of e1 with Cc
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
Japan
Shiffman
Bothkennar 1
Bothkennar 2
All Data
Hong Kong
"All Data"
Humber
Cc
e1
Variation of e1 with Cc
All Data Trend Liney = 2.9546x + 0.7332R2 = 0.9691
Hong Data Trendliney = 3.0697x + 0.7135R2 = 0.9889
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00000000000000000
00000000000000000
NKT
Other
Combined
M1
M2 Unit
T1 Unit
Bothkennar
Total
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
HK
BK 1
BK 2
Humber
Li (1990)
All Data
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
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00000000000
00000000000
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00000000000
00000000000
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00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
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00000000000
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00000000000
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00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
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00000000000
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00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
00000000000
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00000000000
Bothkennar
Total
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
HK
BK 1
BK 2
Humber
Li (1990)
All Data
Cc
e1
Bothkennar 2y = 2.715x + 0.8751R2 = 0.9909
Bothkennar 1y = 2.4605x + 1.0711R2 = 0.968
Li (1990)y = 2.7411x + 0.7914R2 = 0.9826
Japany = 2.922x + 0.8119 R2 = 0.9442
Hong Kongy = 3.0697x + 0.7135R2 = 0.9889
Humbery = 3.6677x + 0.3749R2 = 0.9871
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000000000000
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000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
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000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
000000000000
Bothkennar
Total
Japan
Japan
Shiffman
HK
BK 1
BK 2
Humber
Li (1990)
All Data
Offshore
Cc
e1
Bothkennar 1y = 2.4605x + 1.0711R2 = 0.968
Bothkennar 2y = 2.715x + 0.8751R2 = 0.9909
0.173160.5223.0020000
e100Cce1
2.1331.9426.017
2.071.915.89
1.9461.875.686
2.021.8485.716
2.071.8215.712
2.1321.8165.764
2.4441.7615.966
2.1691.745.649
2.0571.7315.519
1.9761.7945.564
1.9391.7635.465
2.0261.7135.452
2.0511.6825.415
2.0941.6865.466
2.0881.6465.38
2.0321.6195.27
1.9951.6775.349
1.9451.75.345
1.871.7225.314
1.9071.665.227
1.9381.6015.14
1.7891.615.009
1.7451.6064.957
1.7331.6375.007
1.951.5525.054
1.9381.5164.97
2.0251.5255.075
2.0941.5515.196
2.1251.6055.335
2.1811.5115.203
2.1061.4444.994
21.4264.852
1.9751.4494.873
1.9311.4764.883
1.9131.4624.837
1.91.444.78
1.8691.5124.893
1.8261.5124.85
1.7451.5164.777
1.6891.494.669
1.6951.4634.621
1.6451.4454.535
1.5891.4584.505
1.5761.4054.386
1.6571.3874.431
1.6751.3514.377
1.81.3774.554
1.81.354.5
1.8621.354.562
1.9311.3464.623
1.9371.394.717
1.9371.4224.781
1.9991.2744.547
1.851.2614.372
1.8311.2964.423
1.8741.2294.332
1.7811.2344.249
1.71.2564.212
1.5441.2794.102
1.4941.2213.936
1.3571.1673.691
1.7181.1313.98
1.7311.1854.101
1.7871.1894.165
1.831.1714.172
1.9981.0364.07
1.4180.973.358
1.5370.9923.521
1.4990.9613.421
1.5370.9383.413
1.630.8933.416
1.6730.8623.397
1.6360.8353.306
1.6110.8173.245
1.7980.8393.476
1.8730.8663.605
1.6480.7723.192
1.6420.7413.124
1.6540.6873.028
1.4920.6562.804
1.4860.6742.834
1.430.6612.752
1.4480.6112.67
1.4790.532.539
1.3850.5132.411
1.3430.7012.745
1.1680.7062.58
1.2670.6162.499
1.2550.5762.407
1.2170.5312.279
1.1670.5272.221
1.1110.5182.147
1.1230.4592.041
1.1550.4732.101
1.2170.4732.163
0.9930.4911.975
0.9930.5142.021
0.8060.5321.87
0.9050.4111.727
0.9360.4191.774
0.9050.3881.681
0.7930.3351.463
0.7990.2721.343
0.9230.2491.421
0.730.251.23
0.6620.2681.198
0.730.2091.148
0.6680.2091.086
0.6360.1821
Do you believe in Omega?Omega Point
Chart1
1010102.44101010
202.472.152.21202020
1.732.211.871.87505050
1.461.91.641.6100100100
1.181.551.411.34200200200
1.151.511.371.29200200200
0.981.271.181.121.10451400400
0.811.030.990.940.92131800800
1600160016001600160016001600
2002002002002002001.304775
5005005005005005000.984325
8008008008008008000.84875
1600160016001600160016000.6762
18001800180018000.7037618001800
5005005005005000.739500
100010001000100010000.6821000
200020002000200020000.6152000
200020002000200020000.592000
320032003200320032000.5453200
CLKM34
CLKB12
KC5/2
KC6
CLKb8/2
CLKB9
CLKB9A
CLKB12
CLKB9 - T1 Unit)
KC6 - M1 Unit
CLKB8/2
CLKB9a
KC5/2
Vertical Stress (kPa)
Void Ratio
Virgin Consolidation Trend Lines for Hong Kong Marine Sediments
Sheet1
SoilTypical LLeLe100cc*Cc
CLKM340.631.7011.08520.39550.7707
CLKb120.852.2951.39190.54750.9438
CLKb8/10.741.9981.23800.47150.6258
KC5/10.561.5120.98750.34710.5968
KC5/20.741.9981.23800.47150.7387
KC60.782.1061.29370.49910.8186
CLKB8/20.631.7011.08520.39550.6136
CLKb90.551.4850.97340.34020.2411
Clkb9a0.641.7281.09910.40240.6991
Equation of ICL is Iv=2.45-1.285x+0.015x3
where x is log sigma_v in kPa
KC5/10.5968
KC5/20.7387
KC60.8186
CLKB8/20.6136
CLK-B90.2411
CLK-B9A0.6991
M340.7707
B120.9438
B80.6258
M31 s90.1388
M41 S150.5736
M48 s41.2093
M29_s61.1467
M31_s61.2114
M41_s60.7347
&A
Page &P
Sheet1
&A
Page &P
icl-scl
Data for graphstart on line 70
stressVoids Ratio
CLKM34CLKB12CLKB8/1KC5/1KC5/2KC6CLKb8/2CLKB9CLKB9A
101.862.44
202.471.72.152.21
501.732.211.451.871.87
1001.461.91.2551.641.6
2001.181.551.071.411.34
2001.151.511.1251.0351.371.29
4000.981.270.960.91.181.121.10451
8000.811.030.7710.7650.990.940.92131
16000.571
2001.304775
5000.984325
8000.84875
16000.6762
18000.70376
5000.739
10000.682
20000.615
20000.59
32000.545
e1001.08521311261.3919449331.23797002790.98748757961.23797002791.29368770831.08521311260.9734461211.0991159096
CC*0.3954560.547520.4714880.3470720.4714880.4991360.3954560.340160.402368
Voids indicies
CLKM34CLKB12CLKB8/1KC5/1KC5/2KC6CLKb8/2CLKB9CLKB9AICLSCL
102.51392.2966
201.96902.05291.93441.8358
501.63051.49411.33261.34051.1546
1000.94770.92790.77080.85270.6137
2000.23970.28870.23770.36490.0928
2000.16380.2156-0.23960.13690.2800-0.0074
400-0.2661-0.2227-0.5896-0.2521-0.1230-0.3480
800-0.6959-0.6611-0.9904-0.6410-0.5259-0.7086
1600-1.4146
2000.5111
500-0.2853
800-0.6222
1600-1.0511
500-0.6892
1000-0.8568
2000-1.0538
2000-1.1273
3200-1.2595
4000.0488
800-0.4145
1800-0.9646
0.43.84
13.24
42.42
101.181.92
400.461.22
10000.77
400-0.630.13
1000-1-0.3
4000-1.46-0.94
10000-1.36
&A
Page &P
icl-scl
&A
Page &P
CLKM34
CLKB12
CLKB8/1
KC5/1
KC5/2
KC6
CLKb8/2
CLKB9
CLKB9A
ICL
SCL
Sheet3
CLKM34
CLKB12
KC5/2
KC6
CLKb8/2
CLKB9
CLKB9A
CLKB12
CLKB9 - T1 Unit)
KC6 - M1 Unit
CLKB8/2
CLKB9a
KC5/2
Vertical Stress (kPa)
Void Ratio
Virgin Consolidation Trend Lines for Hong Kong Marine Sediments
CLKM34CLKB12CLKB8/1KC5/1KC5/2KC6CLKb8/2CLKB9CLKB9A
101.8602.440
202.471.7002.1502.210
501.7302.211.4501.8701.870
1001.4601.91.2551.6401.600
2001.1801.551.0701.4101.340
2001.1501.511.1251.0351.3701.290
4000.9801.270.9600.9001.1801.1201.10451
8000.8101.030.7710.7650.9900.9400.92131
16000.571
2001.304775
5000.984325
8000.84875
16000.6762
18000.70376
5000.739
10000.682
20000.615
20000.59
32000.545
B12202.47
502.21
1001.9
2001.55
2001.51
4001.27
8001.03
b8/12001.125
4000.960
8000.770
8000.722
16000.571
KC5/1
101.860
201.700
501.450
1001.255
2001.070
2001.035
4000.900
8000.765
Kc5/2
202.150
501.870
1001.640
2001.410
2001.370
4001.180
8000.990
KC6
102.440
202.210
501.870
1001.600
2001.340
2001.290
4001.120
8000.940
CLKb8/2
4001.10451
8000.92131
1,8000.70376
CLKb9
5000.739
10000.682
20000.615
20000.59
32000.545
Clkb9a
2001.304775
5000.984325
8000.84875
16000.6762
&A
Page &P
Omega PointIf this relationship were to hold more generally, then we can predict e1 from Cc
Inclusion of many more data points still confirms a relationshipe1 = 0.8662 + 2.7111 CcR2 = 0.9775
Chart1
0.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005612.4560.59683005610.59683005612.4560.59683005612.4560.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005610.59683005612.4560.5968300561
0.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929783.110.73866929780.73866929783.110.73866929783.110.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929780.73866929783.110.7386692978
0.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900063.24950.81856900060.81856900063.24950.81856900063.24950.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900060.81856900063.24950.8185690006
0.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892732.70170.61363892730.61363892732.70170.61363892732.70170.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892730.61363892732.70170.6136389273
0.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065921.39610.24108065920.24108065921.39610.24108065921.39610.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065920.24108065921.39610.2410806592
0.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483422.89450.69906483420.69906483422.89450.69906483422.89450.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483420.69906483422.89450.6990648342
0.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523062.99170.77067523060.77067523062.99170.77067523062.99170.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523060.77067523062.99170.7706752306
0.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962963.74280.94382962960.94382962963.74280.94382962963.74280.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962960.94382962963.74280.9438296296
0.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262832.57140.62584262830.62584262832.57140.62584262832.57140.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262830.62584262832.57140.6258426283
0.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588111.00950.13884588110.13884588111.00950.13884588111.00950.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588110.13884588111.00950.1388458811
0.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394672.60910.57357394670.57357394672.60910.57357394672.60910.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394670.57357394672.60910.5735739467
1.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769084.3341.20931769081.20931769084.3341.20931769084.3341.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769081.20931769084.3341.2093176908
4.1834.1834.1834.183
1.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113784.32281.2113781.2113784.32281.2113784.32281.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113781.2113784.32281.211378
0.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346573.08990.7346570.7346573.08990.7346573.08990.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346570.7346573.08990.734657
0.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706330.706333.2183.2180.70633
1.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0041.0043.3563.3561.004
0.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836910.836913.71783.71780.83691
0.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37120.37121.90531.90530.3712
1.11.11.11.11.11.13.77181530113.77181530111.11.11.13.77181530113.77181530111.13.77181530111.11.11.11.11.13.77181530111.1
1.071.071.071.071.071.073.77010008843.77010008841.071.071.073.77010008843.77010008841.073.77010008841.071.071.071.071.073.77010008841.07
1.1131.1131.1131.1131.1131.1133.69815240033.69815240031.1131.1131.1133.69815240033.69815240031.1133.69815240031.1131.1131.1131.1131.1133.69815240031.113
1.0531.0531.0531.0531.0531.0533.62754025383.62754025381.0531.0531.0533.62754025383.62754025381.0533.62754025381.0531.0531.0531.0531.0533.62754025381.053
1.09751.09751.09751.09751.09751.09753.85050781933.85050781931.09751.09751.09753.85050781933.85050781931.09753.85050781931.09751.09751.09751.09751.09753.85050781931.0975
0.8730.8730.8730.8730.8730.8733.24965203793.24965203790.8730.8730.8733.24965203793.24965203790.8733.24965203790.8730.8730.8730.8730.8733.24965203790.873
0.730.730.730.730.730.732.84304267642.84304267640.730.730.732.84304267642.84304267640.732.84304267640.730.730.730.730.732.84304267640.73
0
0.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142152.7834290.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142152.7834292.7834290.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142150.7142152.7834290.714215
0.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806532.9913060.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806532.9913062.9913060.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806530.7806532.9913060.780653
0.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474342.8198680.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474342.8198682.8198680.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474340.7474342.8198680.747434
0.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218353.418670.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218350.9218353.418673.418670.921835
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