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Outline
Physics Motivation: Review the physics that drives the design
of the forward region. What do we know and what do we not
know. Radiation environment:
Reminder of the radiation levels that we can expect to see at the HL-LHC.
Discuss some detector options. One example.
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Precision Study of Higgs
Central priority of the field will be to study in detail the Higgs-like object seen at 125 GeV.
This means we will need a high precision detector capable of working delivering the same or better quality physics as we have now in CMS.
This includes understanding and measuring the VBF scattering with good precision.
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WW VBF
To study this process we need the forward region.
If we are to use particle flow to measure the jet energy, we need good tracking, highly segmented calorimetry and muons momentum for η ≤ 3.0 (at least).
Dan Green
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And
As we extend searches out to the highest masses missing ET will continue to be a critical tool in our searches for SUSY particles.
Assymetries in top physics production needs angular coverage out to the highest η.
All this means that the forward region will play a central role in the Physics of
the HL-LHC.The question now is how to design the best detector for this region at a price
that we can afford in time for installation in 2022.
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The next Ten Years of the LHC
Mike Lamont May 2012.
2019 – 2021: Physics with ‘ultimate LHC’
parameter set
Parameters ‘Ultimate’
k (# of bunches) 2808
N (bunch intensity)
1.7*1011 p
β* 0.5 m
Luminosity [cm-2s-
1]2.4*1034
E[TeV] 7
E[MJ] 541
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In 2022
Long Shutdown (LS3) Upgrade LHC Replace tracker. New track trigger. New trigger. Maybe replace ECAL barrel electronics. Replace endcap electro-magnetic
calorimeter. Replace active components of endcap
hadron calorimeter (maybe absorber). Upgraded detector will need to operate
at the highest luminosity and work effectively after operation up to 3,000 fb-1 in ten years.
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Forward Detector
High eta regions will be more important then due to physics interests.
With ~5E34 cm-2s-1 luminosities can expect to have average pile-up of ~100 – 200 events.
Radiation levels will be significantly higher than experienced before in HEP experiments.
Approaching levels of radiation typical for a reactor.
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Design Thoughts
The best jet energy resolution in CMS has been achieved with particle flow techniques.
Particle flow requires a combination of tracking, calorimetry and muons working together.
Currently muon coverage in CMS ends at η = 2.4, the tracker at 2.5 and the endcap calorimeters at 3.0.
The number of interactions per bunch crossing will be ~ 100.
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And
Do no harm --- CMS is a very good detector and we should not make it worse by trying to improve it.
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Some Known Knowns
Parts of the ECAL endcap detector will have large attenuations in the crystals at the end of phase 1 and EE will in all likelihood need to be replaced.
HE will suffer significant damage in the innermost regions, with the tiles going black.
HF will receive a dose of 10 MGy at the eta of 5.
Neutron fluxes in all the calorimeters will be very large.
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More Known Knowns
Extending the muon coverage to η = 3.0 requires removing shielding that protects against neutrons from the high eta region.
The problem to solve is how to build a high-performance detector that will survive unprecedented levels of radiation.
Time is short. And so too is money.
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What about HF? Current estimates are that it will
survive with light loss. But:
The neutron flux at 2,500 fb-1.
Current data indicates there will be light losses
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and
Region LS1 EYETS 16-17 LS2 LS3 LS4
Tracker BH 12 mSv/h 35 mSv/h 50 mSv/h 65 mSv/h 125 mSv/h
EE(high h) 0.25 mSv/h 0.75 mSv/h 1 mSv/h 1.25 mSv/h 2.5mSv/h
HF(high h) 5 mSv/h 15 mSv/h 20 mSv/h 25 mSv/h 50 mSv/h
TAS region ≤15mSv/h ≤45mSv/h ≤60mSv/h ≤75mSv/h ≤150mSv/h
Expt cavern <0.5 mSv/h <1.5 mSv/h <2 mSv/h <2.5 mSv/h <5 mSv/h
Radiation Levels at contact after one month after the start of LS3
So any work on the existing detector will need to be done with shielding of the personnel.
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Detector Options/Ideas.
Tracker. Significant work on highly rad tolerant silicon
detectors – 3D silicon. An idea whose time has come?
Current plans are to cover out to η = 2.5. Discussion of possibilities to extend to higher eta for PF calorimetry.
Micromegas have been proposed for the far forward region.
Muons: Current detectors are expected to cope with the
rate. To extend to high eta – will need to use GEM
detectors or similar.
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Calorimetry
Two main lines of thought: Build a new ECAL and fix the hadron
calorimeter. Replace the electromagnetic calorimeter
and re-furbish the hadron calorimeter with rad hard detector material.
Replace both with one homogeneous calorimeter.
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Detector Material.
What detector materials do we know that will work at these ultra-high radiation levels. Amorphous silicon Quartz. 3D silicon – may be needed for the pixels at
high eta. Glasses. Liquids. LYSO ….
High precision timing.
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Possible EM Calorimeter
Shashlik design with LYSO Main idea is that theWLS acts a light source, but does nottransport the light to the photosensor
The quartz performs that function
quartz
wls
Idea proposed by Randy Ruchti (Notre Dame)
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Silicon Carbide
Bandgap of 4H-c SiC is 2.32 eV. High bandgap material used in making
LEDs, now showing up more in semiconductor and nan0-technology industry. You can now buy JFETs and MOSFETs in SiC.
MOSFETs have been tested to 7.5 × 1014 neutrons/cm2 and were operational.
Significant degradation at 1016 n/cm2 seen by RD50.
Interesting detector development possibilities.
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4H-SiC PIN480 Avalanche Photodiode: Recessed Window
PECVD + Thermal SiO2
n :+ substrate
n: 2000 nm, 4.5x10 18cm -3
p: 200 nm, 2x1018cm-3
p : 480 nm,- 1x1016cm- -3
p+: 200 nm, 1x10 19cm-3p-contact
(Ni/Ti/Al/Au)
n-contact(Ni/Ti/Al/Au)
Thickness of p+ : ~ 35 nmAR Coating (2300 Å)
Joe Campbell – Electrical Engineering – University of Virginia
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Amorphous Silicon
Amorphous Silicon (a:Si-H) has been studied as a possible rad hard detector materila for several years. Idea is that it is like a severely damaged material to
start with, so changes after irradiation are relatively small.
Problem good materials had an effective collection depth of ~5μ and charge collection times of order 100 ns. Making an efficient a:Si-H tracker was not feasible.
Never studied for calorimetry where there is more charge deposition.
Now a:Si-H is a major industry . Making it a very cheap material.
Also new meta-materials based on a:Si-H have much larger mobility than standard material.
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One Example Idea
Use Čerenkov signal and the ionization signal in hadron calorimetry. Not as in DREAM calorimeter for optimum
resolution, but for a restricted volume calorimeter.
Main idea in the CMS – HF: sample hadronic shower in EM core only.
Tag only EM core with Čerenkov and measure the ionization.
Benefit: EM core of a hadron shower is in a cone ~10 cm diameter, all ionization is in a cone 1 m diameter.
Significantly reduces overlap between showers.
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Straw-man Idea:
Cerenkov Light Detection: Quartz plates with a layer of amorphous
silicon Use Silicon Carbide or GaAs APDs to detect
the Čerenkov light in the quartz. Couple signal to PCB – readout at outer
radius. Ionization detection.
Use a:Si-H as a readout material. Lots of technical problems with this idea,
but let’s look at how it would work.
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Simulation:
Simulate ideal detector to understand detector performance.
Current on-going work lots of questions still to be understood.
Geant simulations done using CATS system developed here by Hans Wenzel.
All results presented here are from work at Minnesota by Peter Hansen - 0th year grad student.
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CATS Simulation
CATS – http://home.fnal.gov/~wenzel/CaTS.html
1.01m x 1.01m, 1 cm square tiles 1.5 m total absorber width (brass) Separate runs with different absorber
25 mm, 50 mm and 75 mm per layer. Total absorber depth kept constant at 1.5
m. Each layer detectors:
1 cm2 tiles of 7 mm quartz & 5 mm scintillator.
Count only Cerenkov photons and ionization
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Shower Size
Study spatial extent of the showers by defining square annuli and adding up the ionization and Čerenkov light inside the annuli.
Study resolution we get using energy from tiles where there is Čerenkov light.
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Resolution with 75 mm plates
1 10 100 10000.000
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Sigma/E for 75 mm absorber with pions
All ScintTagged ScintTagged Scint in WindowAll Scint in Window
Energy Gev
Sigma./E
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Resolution with 50 mm plates
1 10 100 10000.000
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0.200
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Sigma/E for 50 mm absorber with pions
All Scint
Tagged Scint
Tagged Scint in Window
All Scint in Window
Energy Gev
Sigma./E
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Questions
Simulation has so far concentrated on the resolution that can be obtained. Need to study the tails in the distributions.
Explore further the benefits of tracking the hadron shower development.
Two particle separation. Optimize jet reconstruction with a
tracker. Evaluate performance inside the CMS
detector. Test structure in a test beam.
Can we reuse existing ones?
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