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JAXA’s Earth Observation- GCOM, GPM, EarthCARE, GOSAT -
4th WCRP Observations and Assimilation Panel Meeting29-31 March 2010
Klima Campus University of Hamburg
Tamotsu IgarashiJAXA/EORC
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Long-Term Plan of Earth ObservationTargets 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Disasters & Resources
Climate Change & Water
Water Cycle
Climate Change
Greenhouse gases
Phase AOn orbit ExtensionMission status
[Land and Disaster monitoring]
GPM/DPR
Aqua/AMSR-E
GCOM-C1/ SGLI
[Vegetation, aerosol, cloud, SST, ocean color]
[Cloud and Aerosol 3D structure]
[CO2, Methane]
TRMM/PR
GCOM-W1/ AMSR2[Wind, SST , Water vapor]
Phase B~
[Precipitation]
[CO2, Methane]
GCOM-W2
GOSAT-2
ALOS-3 Optical
ALOS-2 SARALOS/PALSAR
ALOS/PRISM AVNIR2
ALOS
EarthCARE/CPR
GCOM-C2
GOSAT
TRMM
Pre-Phase A
AQUA
250m, multi-angle, polarization
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Concept of the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM)
GCOM-W GCOM-C
Orbit
Type : Sun-synchronous, sub-recurrentAltitude : Approx. 700 kmInclination : 98.19 degreesLocal time of ascending node : 13:30
Type : Sun-synchronous, sub-recurrentAltitude : Approx. 800 kmInclination : 98.6 degreesLocal time of descending node : 10:30
Satellite overview
Mission life 5 years
Launch vehicle H2A launch vehicle
Instrument Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2)
Second Generation Global Imager (SGLI)
Launch (target) Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2011 JFY 2014 (TBD)
• GCOM aims to construct, use, and verify systems that enable continuous global-scale observations of effective geophysical parameters for elucidating global climate change and water circulation mechanisms.
• GCOM will consist of 2 satellite series (GCOM-W and C) spanning 3 generations in order to perform uniform and stable global observations for 13 years.
GCOM ECVs• Climate change
observation will be performed by the SGLI on the GCOM-C satellite.
• GCOM-C sensors will observe clouds, aerosol, ocean color (marine organisms), vegetation, snow and ice.
• Water cycle variation will be observed by the AMSR2 on the GCOM-W satellite.
• GCOM-W will observe precipitation, water vapor, sea surface wind speed, sea water temperature, soil moisture, snow depth and etc…
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Atmosphere
Land Ocean
Cryosphere
Predicted Change Measured Variables
・ For improving accuracy of parameters; radiation budget, carbon cycle in model.・ For improving accuracy of prediction by comparative validation of water cycle.
Radiation•Cloud, Aerosol•Reflectance•Snow Property•LST
Carbon•Ground NPP•Land cover•Ocean NPP•Coastal Envi.
T above GroundSSHSnow and IceEnvi. Change•Precipitation•Extreme weather•Land cover
change
Climate Model
Compare
Input
EO Satellite Climate Model
For monitoring global environmental change and prediction.
Improve
Cooperation with Model
Goal of GCOMlong term monitoring and climate change models
Role of JAXA with GCOM
Attributing environmental change to particular cause for effective measure of adaptation and reduction.
Result
Decision MakingData distribution to operational users; fishery, ocean route, weather forecast, agriculture, etc. .
Data
Operational UseGlobal environmental change monitoring and contribution to elucidation of change mechanism.
Result
Knowledge
Water, Energy•WV, Cloud, Precip.•Soil Moisture•Sea Ice, Scow
Cover•SST, SSW
3-generation continuous
global frequent observation system
GCOM-CGCOM-W
For the elucidation of mechanism of Radiation Budget, Carbon Cycle, Water/Energy Cycle, Long Term Observations are necessary. By the cooperation with model developing organizations, contributions to the improvement of accuracy of prediction by models are challenges for EO program.
Coopera
tion w
ith US
and E
urope
Prog
ram
*NPOESS(米) Sentinel( 欧 )
Near Real Time Product Requirement (after observation)
AroundJapan
Level 1B Brightness Temperature
80% within 0.5 hours95% within 0.8 hours
Level 2 Sea Surface Wind
80% within 1 hour
Global
Level 1B Brightness Temperature
70% within 2.5 hours90% within 4.1 hours
Level 2 Sea Ice Concentration
70% within 3 hours90% within 5 hours95% within 8 hours
Level 2 Snow Depth 90% within 5 hoursLevel 2 Soil Moisture 90% within 5 hoursLevel 2 Sea Surface Temperature
70% within 3 hours90% within 5 hours95% within 8 hours
Level 2 Sea Surface Wind
70% within 3 hours
Data Latency Requirement (JMA)
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
• TRMM is ; – Japan-U.S. joint mission, flying since Nov. 1997– World‘s first and only space-borne precipitation
radar (PR) on-board with microwave radiometer and visible-infrared sensor
– Still operational, and continues to provide the data• Results of the TRMM
– Accurate and highly stable rain measurement in the tropical and sub-tropical region, over the land as well as the ocean
– More than 10 years rain observation data archive– Proved that the radar (PR) and microwave
radiometer (TMI) is a very good combination for rainfall measurement
– PR greatly contribute to the improvement of the rainfall retrieval error by microwave radiometer
– Precipitation system three dimensional structure, diurnal cycle, seasonal change, long term variation such as El-Nino and La-Nina observation
– New products development such as latent heating, soil moisture, and sea surface temperature
– Demonstrated that TRMM data is valuable for the operational use, such as flood prediction, numerical weather forecast, typhoon prediction
Launch 28 Nov. 1997 (JST)
Altitude About 350km (since 2001, boosted to 402km to extend mission operation )
Inc. angle About 35 degree, non-sun-synchronous orbit
Design life 3-year and 2month (still operating)
Instruments
Precipitation Radar (PR)TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS)Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)CERES (not in operation)
US-Japan joint mission
Japan: PR, launch
US: satellite, TMI, VIRS, CERES, LIS, operation
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TRMM/PR Latent Heating
Latent heat distribution during December, January, and February using TRMM PR 3D data between 1998 and 2007. The data can be utilized for evaluation of global water & energy cycle and for improvement of climate models.
(a) Latent heat at altitude of 7.5km
(b) Latent heat at altitude of 2km
Latent Heat Research Product -- http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/TRMM/lh/index.html
• JAXA/EORC began to provide the Latent Heat Products estimated by SLH algorithm as research product via web page from May 2008.
• Level2 (Non Grid & Gridded) and Level 3 LH data are available to download from launch to latest.
• Co-operative study with Prof. Y. N. Takayabu (Univ. Tokyo) and Dr. Shige (Osaka Pref. Univ).
GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping for Precipitation)
• GSMaP was originally funded by JST/CREST during 2002-2007, led by Prof. K. Okamoto.
– Development of reliable MWR algorithm consistent with TRMM/PR and precipitation physical model developed using PR (Aonashi et al., 2009).
– Combination with microwave radiometer and GEO IR by the moving vector (like CMORPH) and new Kalman filtering method (Ushio et al., 2009).
• JAXA/EORC began to provide near-real-time version data of GSMaP (GSMaP_NRT) 4 h after observation via password protected ftp site since October 2008.
• Hourly browse images, kmz files for Google Earth, and 24 h movies are also available from Web server.
Global Rainfall Map in near-real-time -- http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/
Cyclone "NARGIS" attacked Myanmar
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)
Core Satellite• Joint mission between Japan & U.S.• Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar
(JAXA and NICT)• Multi-frequency Radiometer (NASA)• July 2013, H2-A Launch• Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit• ~65° Inclination• ~407 km Altitude
Constellation Satellites• Small Satellites with Microwave
Radiometers• Aggregate Revisit Time,
3 Hour goal• Sun-Synchronous/Non-sun-
synchronous orbit• 500~900 km Altitude• International Partners; NOAA,
NASA, JAXA, CNES/ISRO, etc.
OBJECTIVE: Understand the Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Rainfall and Its Microphysical Element. Provide Training for Constellation Radiometers.
OBJECTIVE: Provide Enough Sampling to Reduce Uncertainty in Short-term Rainfall Accumulations. Extend Scientific and Societal Applications.
Global Precipitation Processing Centers
• Capable of Producing Global Precipitation Data Products as Defined by GPM Partners
Precipitation Validation Sites • Global Ground Based Rain
Measurement
CPR
ATLIDBBRMSI
EarthCARE/CPR
• Mission– Vertical profile of clouds, aerosol– Interaction between clouds and aerosol– Cloud stability and precipitation
• Orbit– Sun synchronous– Equator crossing time 13:45– Altitude 400km
• Instrument– CPR (Cloud Profile Radar)– ATLID (Atmospheric LIDAR)– MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager)– BBR (Broad Band Radiometer)
• Task sharing– JAXA/NICT ( CPR )– ESA ( LIDAR, MSI, BBR, Spacecraft)
• Launch target– JFY2013
Climate monitoring of earth radiation, cloud and aerosolCooperation between ESA and Japan (JAXA/NICT)
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Science derived from EarthCAREFour instruments onboard EarthCARE(CPR: Cloud Profiling Doppler Radar ATLID: Lidar MSI: Imager BBR: Broad-band Radiometer)Algorithms for these active sensors yield vertical profiles of microphysical parameters of cloud with its phase and aerosol with its species, and can detect drizzle and light rain.Especially Doppler velocities of particles can be retrieve to give us new information.
Parameters: verticalcloud, aerosol,
drizzle, vertical motionfrom active sensors
Parameters: verticalcloud, aerosol,
drizzle, vertical motionfrom active sensors
Parameters: horizontalcloud, aerosol
from MSI
Parameters: horizontalcloud, aerosol
from MSI
Parameters: 3Dcloud, aerosol
Parameters: 3Dcloud, aerosol
collaboration with Model
Model Use:assimilationvalidation
Model Use:assimilationvalidation
Model Improvement:Cloud-Aerosolinteraction
Model Improvement:Cloud-Aerosolinteraction
Scene Generator&
Signal Simulator
Scene Generator&
Signal Simulator
Radiatve Transfer&
3D Montecarlo
Radiatve Transfer&
3D Montecarlo
Cloud SchemeImprovementCloud SchemeImprovement
Radiative Flux:BBR Data
Radiative Flux:BBR Data
Radiative Transfer CalculationVS.
BBR data (True)
(Miura et al., 2007)
Ear
thC
AR
E
NICAM MJO simulation
MTSAT-1R satellite OLR
Algorithm development
IPCC
Aerosol - Water Vapor – Cloud - Precipitation Processes of Water Cycle
Aerosol
Water Vapor
Cloud Formation
Precipitation
EarthCAREGCOM-C GCOM-W
GPM
Profiles of cloud and aerosol
Evaluation of flux profile
Cloud/Aerosol interaction
Horizontal distribution of cloud and aerosol
Horizontal distribution of column water vapor, precipitation
3-DPrecipitation
Global mapping satellites
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GOSAT “IBUKI” Status & Plan
CO2 Column averaged on Jan. 2010
CH4 Column averaged on Jan. 2010
Data download avalable from: http://data.gosat.nies.go.jp/
• Launched on Jan. 23, 2009 (= L)• Early Phase completed (~ L+3 months)• Operational Phase
– Early CAL/VAL Phase (~ L+6 months)• GEO Carbon Tasks WS (May 20, 2009)• Initial analyzed CO2, CH4 column data release (May 28, 2009)
– Operational Observation Phase (L+6 month ~ L+5 years)• Data Release for general users (L1: L+9 months ~, L2: L+12 months (Feb.
18 2010~ )• Extended Utilization Phase (L+5 years ~)
CEOP Satellite Data Gatewayhttp://www.ceop.net/
• Three Scales– 250km rectangular covering each Reference
Sites, – Monsoon Regional – Global Area
• Product Levels– Level-1b: Radiance product with full resolution
at reference sites. – Level-2: Geophysical product at the same
resolution at reference sites and monsoon regions.
– Level-3: Statistical geophysical product in space and/or time at reference sites, monsoon regions and global. (example: Monthly mean rain rate at reference sites, etc.)
• Metadata– Consist of an image element and a metadata
part element that is compliant with the ISO-19115 metadata standard.
Reference Sites
Monsoon Regional
Global Area
Cross-Cutting/InterdisciplinaryScience at JAXA/EORC
Other SatellitesTRMM
Aqua/AMSR-E
ALOS GOSAT
DisasterEco-system
Water Cycle
Coordinated studies directly contribute to societal needsMODIS
NILIMPWRIMLIT
UniversitiesResearch OrganizationsGEO/GEOSS
For keep track of disaster status, improvement of prediction accuracy,and from real-time analysis to long-term prediction of variabilities
Data Sets
GCOM-WGCOM-C
GPM
EarthCARE/CPR
Summary• JAXA has been developing, operating, and providing earth
observation data for climate change and operational use. • Earth observation program for climate change are on-going.
– GCOM-W1 will be launched in JFY 2011.– GPM/DPR, EarthCARE/CPR will be launched in JFY 2013.– GCOM-C1 will be launched in JFY2014
• JAXA has been contributing to CEOP by providing dedicated satellite datasets. – Archived datasets are available via CEOP Satellite Data Gateway.
• JAXA/EORC has started cross-cutting activities in eco-system, water cycle and disaster prevention.– Eco-System theme: Precise Land-Use and Land-Cover Map development
and PAR generation for models.– Water Cycle theme: Real time offline simulation system of a land surface
model is under development as for a basis of future land data assimilation system.
– Climate Change theme: the synthesis of observation and model is under planning.
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