1
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Welcome to Basic
Ergonomics
2
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Objectives
• Increase awareness of basic ergonomics concepts and principles
• Identify occupational risk factors for strains, sprains, and cumulative trauma
• Learn to use various tools for identifying ergonomic concerns and analyzing jobs
• Understand basic control measures for improving ergonomic job design
3
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Ergonomics - What is it?
4
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Ergonomics - What is it?
Design ErrorMost people look like this...
5
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Ergonomics
Design ErrorMost people look like this...
Some designers think that people look like this...
6
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
DefinitionsFitting the task to the person rather than forcing him/her to adapt to his working environment.
Designing the workplace to prevent occupational injury and illness.
Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the human body.
7
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Working Definition
A Balance for Optimization
JobDemands
WorkerCapabilities
8
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Supporting Sciences
ERGONOMICS
PhysicalSciences
Biomechanics
WorkPhysiology
EngineeringPsychology
Anthropometry
EngineeringSciences
BehavioralSciences
BiologicalSciences
9
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Acute Vs. Cumulative Disorders
• Acute:– Result from a one time event
• Cumulative:– Result from repeated wear and tear; however, a
specific event may have been “the last straw” upon a previously weakened system and thus given the appearance that the problem is acute rather than chronic. {Stephen Konz. “Work Design; Industrial Ergonomics”, Third edition. 1990}
10
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
CTDs
Term assigned to identify a group of injuries that classically result from
long-term and repeated “wear and tear” on the musculoskeletal system.
• CUMULATIVE indicates injuries that develop gradually over time, and result from many repeated stresses on a particular body part.
• TRAUMA signifies bodily insult or injury from mechanical stresses.
• DISORDERS describes the adverse health effects that arise from chronic exposure to repeated trauma.
11
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
CTD Trauma Bucket Balanced
Your Job
Your Body
Trauma
Healing Valve
12
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Your Job
Your Body
Trauma
Healing Valve
CTD
CTD
CTD Trauma Bucket Unbalanced
13
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Material Handling Operations
14
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
VDT / Computer Operators
15
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Control / Display Design
16
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Workplace / Workstation Layout
D
E
CB
A
17
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Assembly / RepetitiveHand Intensive Tasks
18
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
All Other Work/Play/Life
19
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Why Ergonomics
?
20
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Win/Win
Higher Production
Higher Quality
Compliance
Lower Compensation Costs
Careers/Employment Longevity
Safe Working Conditions
Quality of life
Morale
21
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Employee Benefits
• Quality of Life
• Fewer Aches, Pains, & Injuries
• Career / Employment Protection & Longevity
• Jobs More Intuitive
• Less Fatigue
22
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Production Benefits
• Less Fatigue• Eliminates Unnecessary Handling• Reduces Bottlenecks• Increases Throughput• Optimization Cycle Time• Helps In Meeting Deadlines• Well Designed Jobs• Increase Profitability & Competitiveness
23
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Quality Benefits
• Less Scrap & Re-Work
• Increased efficiency
• Reduction of rushing and shortcuts
• Less Fatigue
• Improves Customer Satisfaction
• Better accuracy
24
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Compliance
• General Duty Clause
• Guidelines– NIOSH Elements of Ergonomics Process,1997– OSHA Meatpacking Guidelines, 1990– BSR/HFES-100/2002: VDT’s– Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) and
Workplace Factors – 1997– OSHA.GOV Ergonomics e-tools
25
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
“General Duty Clause” OSHA Act 1970Section 5.(a)
(1) Each Employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employee.
Compliance
26
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
27
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
28
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Workers’ Compensation / Loss Prevention
• Prevent Injuries/Illnesses from Occurring in the first place
• Reduction of the frequency of claims
• Reduction of Worker’s Compensation Costs
• Reduction absenteeism
• Reduced turnover
29
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Lost Time Injuries By Type of Cause
Transportation4%
Overexertion28%
Fall, Lower Level6%
Contact with object26%
Assault2%
Fall, Same Level12%
Repetitive Motion
4%
Slips, Trips3%
Other11%
Exposure to harmful
substance4%
NSC Injury Facts 2004
30
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
U.S. Injury and Illness Trends
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
'92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Total Recorded Injuries &Illnesses
% of Recorded Injuries ThatInvolve Back Injuries
Num
bers
of
inju
ries
Percentage of R
ecorded injuries that involve B
acks
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
31
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
U.S. Repeated Trauma Cases
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
'90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
32
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Claim Cost By POB
$10,358$16,564
$11,759$10,547
$9,588$10,243
$40,392$16,279$16,996$17,034$17,738
$23,903$11,005
$23,862$11,533
$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000
Ankle
Arm/Shoulder
Chest/Internal Organs
Face
Foot/Toe
Hand/Finger/Wrist
Head/CNS
Hip/Thigh/Pelvis
Knee
Leg
Lower Back
Multiple Body Parts
Multiple Trunk
Neck
Upper Back
NSC Accident Facts 042001 and 2002 Costs
33
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
High-Risk Jobs CTD 2000-2001 Incident Rates
Meat packingMotor vehicles & car bodiesMale trouser & slacksMotorcycles, bicycles, & partsPoultry processingEngine electric equipmentMen’s footwear, except athleticMotor vehicle partsSilverware & plated wareOphthalmic goodsHousehold appliances, n.e.c.
812.0726.9224.8123.8374.0258.2256.7221.1144.3132.5170.8
711.0 691.9448.4389.0320.2312.6250.5218.9214.6205.4201.1
2000 2001
Incidence rates = No. of illnesses per 10,000 workersU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
34
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
35
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
36
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
37
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
38
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
39
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
40
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
41
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
CTD Costs
NSC Injury Facts 2004
The average cost for Cumulative Trauma related Workers Compensation Claims filed in 2001 and 2002 equals $15,865
42
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Iceberg AnalogyAccident Cost
•Medical Payments•Compensation
Supervisor time to investigate
Breaking in substitute
Efficiency due to break-up of crew
Damaged tools/equipment
Down-timeOverhead $ while work disrupted
Failure to meet deadline/fill orders
Loss of production
Loss of good willOvertime to make up production
Hiring costs
Lost time by fellow workers
Direct Costs
Indirect or HiddenCosts
43
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
How much business does ABC Company need to generateto recover this Loss?
What amount of business volume do you need to offset the costs ofthe next accident in your organization?
C = Direct Injury Cost = $ 10,000M = Profit Margin = 3 %V = Business Volume required to break even from Injury (C) = (C) / (M / 100) = = ( 10,000) / (_3_ / 100) = $ 333,333.33
Or, including estimated indirect costs: 4X
total costs =$ 40,000Business volume needed= $ 1,333,333
44
Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
BWC Div. Of
Safety & Hygiene
Top Related