11
Chapter 4:Chapter 4:The Enhanced ER Model The Enhanced ER Model
and Business Rulesand Business Rules
Modern Database Modern Database ManagementManagement
88thth Edition Edition
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ObjectivesObjectives Definition of termsDefinition of terms Use of supertype/subtype relationshipsUse of supertype/subtype relationships Use of generalization and specialization techniquesUse of generalization and specialization techniques Specification of completeness and disjointness Specification of completeness and disjointness
constraintsconstraints Develop supertype/subtype hierarchies for realistic Develop supertype/subtype hierarchies for realistic
business situationsbusiness situations Develop entity clustersDevelop entity clusters Explain universal data modelExplain universal data model Name categories of business rulesName categories of business rules Define operational constraints graphically and in Define operational constraints graphically and in
EnglishEnglish
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Supertypes and SubtypesSupertypes and Subtypes
Subtype:Subtype: A subgrouping of the entities in an A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type that has attributes distinct from entity type that has attributes distinct from those in other subgroupingsthose in other subgroupings
Supertype:Supertype: A generic entity type that has a A generic entity type that has a relationship with one or more subtypesrelationship with one or more subtypes
Attribute Inheritance:Attribute Inheritance: Subtype entities inherit values of all Subtype entities inherit values of all
attributes of the supertypeattributes of the supertype An instance of a subtype is also an instance An instance of a subtype is also an instance
of the supertypeof the supertype
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Figure 4-1 Basic notation for supertype/subtype notation
a) EER notation
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Different modeling tools may have different notation for the same modeling constructs
b) Microsoft
Visio Notation
Figure 4-1 Basic notation for supertype/subtype notation (cont.)
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Figure 4-2 Employee supertype with three subtypes
All employee subtypes will have emp nbr, name, address, and date-hired
Each employee subtype will also have its own attributes
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Relationships and SubtypesRelationships and Subtypes
Relationships at the Relationships at the supertypesupertype level level indicate that all subtypes will indicate that all subtypes will participate in the relationshipparticipate in the relationship
The instances of a The instances of a subtypesubtype may may participate in a relationship unique to participate in a relationship unique to that subtype. In this situation, the that subtype. In this situation, the relationship is shown at the subtype relationship is shown at the subtype levellevel
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Figure 4-3 Supertype/subtype relationships in a hospital
Both outpatients and resident patients are cared for by a responsible physician
Only resident patients are assigned to a bed
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Generalization and Generalization and SpecializationSpecialization
Generalization:Generalization: The process of The process of defining a more general entity type from defining a more general entity type from a set of more specialized entity types. a set of more specialized entity types. BOTTOM-UPBOTTOM-UP
Specialization:Specialization: The process of The process of defining one or more subtypes of the defining one or more subtypes of the supertype and forming supertype and forming supertype/subtype relationships. TOP-supertype/subtype relationships. TOP-DOWNDOWN
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Figure 4-4 Example of generalization
a) Three entity types: CAR, TRUCK, and MOTORCYCLE
All these types of vehicles have common attributes
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Figure 4-4 Example of generalization (cont.)
So we put the shared attributes in a supertype
Note: no subtype for motorcycle, since it has no unique attributes
b) Generalization to VEHICLE supertype
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Figure 4-5 Example of specialization
a) Entity type PART
Only applies to manufactured parts
Applies only to purchased parts
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b) Specialization to MANUFACTURED PART and PURCHASED PART
Note: multivalued attribute was replaced by an associative entity relationship to another entity
Created 2 subtypes
Figure 4-5 Example of specialization (cont.)
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Constraints in Supertype/ Constraints in Supertype/ Completeness ConstraintCompleteness Constraint
Completeness ConstraintsCompleteness Constraints: Whether : Whether an instance of a supertype an instance of a supertype mustmust also be a also be a member of at least one subtypemember of at least one subtype Total Specialization Rule: Yes (double line)Total Specialization Rule: Yes (double line) Partial Specialization Rule: No (single line)Partial Specialization Rule: No (single line)
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Figure 4-6 Examples of completeness constraints
a) Total specialization rule
A patient must be either an outpatient or a resident patient
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b) Partial specialization rule
A vehicle could be a car, a truck, or neither
Figure 4-6 Examples of completeness constraints (cont.)
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Constraints in Supertype/ Constraints in Supertype/ Disjointness constraintDisjointness constraint
Disjointness ConstraintsDisjointness Constraints: : Whether an instance of a supertype may Whether an instance of a supertype may simultaneouslysimultaneously be a member of two (or be a member of two (or more) subtypesmore) subtypes Disjoint Rule: An instance of the supertype Disjoint Rule: An instance of the supertype
can be only ONE of the subtypescan be only ONE of the subtypes Overlap Rule: An instance of the supertype Overlap Rule: An instance of the supertype
could be more than one of the subtypescould be more than one of the subtypes
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a) Disjoint rule
Figure 4-7 Examples of disjointness constraints
A patient can either be outpatient or resident, but not both
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b) Overlap rule
A part may be both purchased and manufactured
Figure 4-7 Examples of disjointness constraints (cont.)
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Constraints in Supertype/ Constraints in Supertype/ Subtype DiscriminatorsSubtype Discriminators
Subtype DiscriminatorSubtype Discriminator: An attribute : An attribute of the supertype whose values determine of the supertype whose values determine the target subtype(s)the target subtype(s) DisjointDisjoint – a – a simplesimple attribute with alternative attribute with alternative
values to indicate the possible subtypesvalues to indicate the possible subtypes OverlappingOverlapping – a – a compositecomposite attribute whose attribute whose
subparts pertain to different subtypes. Each subparts pertain to different subtypes. Each subpart contains a boolean value to indicate subpart contains a boolean value to indicate whether or not the instance belongs to the whether or not the instance belongs to the associated subtypeassociated subtype
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Figure 4-8 Introducing a subtype discriminator (disjoint rule)
A simple attribute with different possible values indicating the subtype
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Figure 4-9 Subtype discriminator (overlap rule)A composite attribute with sub-attributes indicating “yes” or “no” to determine whether it is of each subtype
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Figure 4-10 Example of supertype/subtype hierarchy
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Entity ClustersEntity Clusters
EER diagrams are difficult to read when EER diagrams are difficult to read when there are too many entities and there are too many entities and relationshipsrelationships
Solution: Group entities and relationships Solution: Group entities and relationships into into entity clustersentity clusters
Entity clusterEntity cluster: Set of one or more entity : Set of one or more entity types and associated relationships types and associated relationships grouped into a single abstract entity typegrouped into a single abstract entity type
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Figure 4-13a Possible entity clusters for Pine Valley Furniture in Microsoft Visio
Related groups of entities could become clusters
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Figure 4-13b EER diagram of PVF entity clusters
More readable, isn’t it?
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Figure 4-14 Manufacturing entity cluster
Detail for a single cluster
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Packaged data models provide generic models that can be customized for a particular organization’s business rules
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Business rulesBusiness rules
Statements that Statements that definedefine or or constrainconstrain some some aspect of the businessaspect of the business
Classification of business rules:Classification of business rules: Derivation–rule derived from other knowledge, often Derivation–rule derived from other knowledge, often
in the form of a formula using attribute valuesin the form of a formula using attribute values Structural assertion–rule expressing static structure. Structural assertion–rule expressing static structure.
Includes attributes, relationships, and definitionsIncludes attributes, relationships, and definitions Action assertion–rule expressing constraints/control Action assertion–rule expressing constraints/control
of organizational actionsof organizational actions
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Figure 4-18EER diagram to describe business rules
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Types of Action AssertionsTypes of Action Assertions ResultResult
Condition–IF/THEN ruleCondition–IF/THEN rule Integrity constraint–must always be trueIntegrity constraint–must always be true Authorization–privilege statementAuthorization–privilege statement
FormForm Enabler–leads to creation of new objectEnabler–leads to creation of new object Timer–allows or disallows an actionTimer–allows or disallows an action Executive–executes one or more actionsExecutive–executes one or more actions
RigorRigor Controlling–something must or must not happenControlling–something must or must not happen Influencing–guideline for which a notification Influencing–guideline for which a notification
must occurmust occur
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Stating an Action AssertionStating an Action Assertion Anchor Object–an object on which Anchor Object–an object on which
actions are limitedactions are limited Action–creation, deletion, update, or Action–creation, deletion, update, or
readread Corresponding Objects–an object Corresponding Objects–an object
influencing the ability to perform an influencing the ability to perform an action on another business ruleaction on another business rule
Action assertions identify corresponding objects that Action assertions identify corresponding objects that constrain the ability to perform actions on anchor objectsconstrain the ability to perform actions on anchor objects
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Figure 4-19 Data model segment for class scheduling
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Figure 4-20 Business Rule 1: For a faculty member to be assigned to teach a section of a course, the faculty member must be qualified to teach the course for which that section is scheduled
Action assertion
Anchor object
Corresponding object
Corresponding object
In this case, the action assertion
is a RRestriction
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Figure 4-21 Business Rule 2: For a faculty member to be assigned to teach a section of a course, the faculty member must not be assigned to teach a total of more than three course sections
Action assertionAnchor object
Corresponding object
In this case, the action assertion is an
UUpper LIMLIMit
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