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INTEGRATING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE INTO HEALTH
STATISTICS
Arman BidarbakhtniaStatistician, UNSIAP
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Areas of focus
Health and nutrition of children
Maternal health
Mortality and causes of death
HIV and AIDS
Health risks related to life style
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Health and nutrition of childrenGender issues:
-Survival chance: Non-biological factors
-Health care discrimination
-Nutritional status
Data needs (by sex):-Death (under 1&5)-Ever born & surviving
(by age of mother)-Vaccination
-Symptoms
-Health exp-Nutritional status
Measurement:
-Reporting error/bias
-Rare events (wide CIs)
-Age disaggergation (Nutritional status; age 2)
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Under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 live birth by sex, 1995 - 2000, 2000 - 2005 and 2005 – 2010 (Source: UN 2010)
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
199
5 -
2000
2000
- 2
005
2005
- 2
010
World Africa Asia Europe latin Amer-ica & Car-
ibbean
Northen American
Oceania
0
30
60
90
120
150
180close
5
Maternal HealthGender issues:
-Outcome: mortality
-Access to prenatal care
-Access to skilled personnel
-Who are at more risk?
Data needs (for at
least two points in time):-Maternal death
-Live birth
-Visits to health facilities
-Contraceptive use
-Attendance by skilled personnel
Measurement:-Misclassification
-Rare events (wide CIs)
-Concepts (types of contraceptive)-Underreporting (abortions)-Disaggregation (age, m.s., edu, geo, eco, hh,..)
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Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), 2005
Source: WHO, Maternal Mortality in 2005 (2007)
World Latin America and the
Caribean
Asia Oceania Africa0
200
400
600
800
400
130
330
430
820
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Mortality and causes of deathGender issues:
-Outcome: Life expectancy
-Resilience (M vs F)
-Main causes of death (M vs F)
-Cancer: distribution
Data needs (by age
and sex):
-Death
-Cause of death
-Population distribution
Measurement:
-Underreporting (sex-selective)
-Misreporting & misclassification (cause of death)
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Source: UN 2010
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HIV and AIDSGender issues:
-Risk: F vs M
-Knowledge: M vs F
-Youth: condom use (M vs F)
Data needs (by age
and sex):-Prevalence
-Death
-HIV testing
-Access to medicine
-High risk sexual behavior-Knowledge
Measurement:
-Sensitive topic- Sex bias in HIV
testing in surveys
- Bias towards socially desirable answers
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Percentage of women among HIV-positive adults by region, 2001 and 2007
Source: UNAIDS, Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2008)
Wor
ld
Sub-S
ahar
an A
frica
North
Afri
ca a
nd M
iddle
East
South
and
Sou
th-E
ast A
sia
East A
sia
Latin
Am
erica
Wes
tern
and
Cen
tral E
urop
e
Easte
rn E
urop
e an
d Cen
tral A
sia
Caribb
ean
North
Am
erica
Ocean
ia 0
20
40
60
80
51
5954
37
2732
26 28
46
17 18
50
5954
37
2732
2731
50
21
30
20012007
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Health risks related to life styleGender issues:
-Cultural/social habits: Drinking & smoking, …
-Obesity
-Exposure to indoor pollution (F)
-Exposure to injuries (M)
Data needs (by age
and sex):-Alcohol consumption
-Smokers
-Obese population
-Physical activities
-Types of fuels
-Injuries
Measurement:
-Limited information on physical activities
-Difficulty in identifying risk for different levels of alcohol consumption
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Source: UN 2010
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Sources of data
Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS)
Censuses
Household surveys: DHS, MICS, HIES, WHS, TUS
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