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Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth EditionCampbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
Lecture by Richard L. MyersEdited by: Mr. Glen R. Mangali
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You should be able to
1. Describe the structure of cell membranes and howmembrane structure relates to function
2. Discuss ways that cellular organelles are involved in
the manufacture and breakdown of important cellularmolecules
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You should be able to
3. Describe cell structures involved in manufactureand breakdown of important cellular materials
4. Describe the function of each cellular organelle
that is involved in manufacture and breakdown ofimportant cellular materials
5. Describe the function of each cellular organelle
that is involved in energy conversion6. Describe the function of each cellular organelle
that is involved in internal and external support ofthe cell
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Introduction: Cells on the Move
Cells, the simplest collection ofmatter that can live, were firstobserved by Robert Hooke in1665
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek laterdescribed cells that could move
He viewed bacteria with his ownhand-crafted microscopes
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Introduction: Cells on the Move
Although cell movementattracted the earlyscientists, we know todaythat not all cells move
However, the cellularparts are actively moving
Cells are dynamic,
moving, living systems
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INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
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Human height
Length of somenerve andmuscle cells
10 m
Frog egg
Chicken egg
Unaid
edeye
1 m
100 mm(10 cm)
10 mm(1 cm)
1 mm
Lightmicroscope
Electronmicroscope
100 nm
100 m
10 m
1 m
Most plantand animalcells
Viruses
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
10 nm
Lipids
Ribosome
Proteins
Mycoplasmas(smallest bacteria)
1 nmSmall molecules
0.1 nm Atoms
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Most cells are microscopic
Most cells cannot be seen without a microscope
Bacteria are the smallest of all cells and requiremagnifications up to 1,000X
Plant and animal cells are 10 times larger than mostbacteria
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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
PROKARYOTE plasma membrane PRESENT
Chromosome one or more
Membrane boundorganelles/nucleus
ABSENT/NUCLEOID
SIMPLE
Bacteria and archaea
EUKARYOTE PRESENT
MORE
PRESENT
COMPLEX
All other forms of life
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Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Bacterialchromosome
A typical rod-shapedbacterium
Pili
A thin section through thebacterium Bacillus coagulans
(TEM)
Fig 4.3 A structural diagram (left) and electron micrograph (right) of a typicalprokaryotic cell.
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned intofunctional compartments
There are four life processes in eukaryotic cellsthat depend upon structures and organelles
1. Manufacturing
2. Breakdown of molecules
3. Energy processing
4. Structural support, movement, and communication
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned intofunctional compartments
I. Manufacturing: nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmicreticulum, and Golgi apparatus
Manufacture of a protein, perhaps an enzyme, involvesall of these
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II. Breakdown of molecules: lysosomes, vacuoles,and peroxisomes
Breakdown of an internalized bacterium by a phagocyticcell would involve all of these
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned intofunctional compartments
III. Energy processing: mitochondria in animalcells and chloroplasts in plant cells
Generation of energy-containing molecules, such asadenosine triphosphate, occurs in mitochondria and
chloroplasts
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IV. Structural support, movement, andcommunication: cytoskeleton, plasma membrane,and cell wall
Example:movement of phagocytic cells to an infectedarea
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10. Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
11. Roughendoplasmicreticulum
CYTOSKELETON:
1. NUCLEUS:
2. Nuclear envelope
3. Chromosomes
4. Nucleolus
5. Ribosomes
6. Golgiapparatus
7. Plasma membrane
9. Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
13. Centriole
12. Lysosome
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
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Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Rough endoplasmicreticulum
CYTOSKELETON:
NUCLEUS:
Nuclear envelope
Chromosome
NucleolusRibosomes
Golgiapparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
Cell wall of
adjacent cell
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
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PARTNERSHIP/GROUPING
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum(Smooth and Rough)
2. Ribosome
3. Mitochondria
4. Vacuole
5. Centrioles
6. Golgi Apparatus
7. Cell wall
8. Plasma Membrane
9. Flagella10. Lysosomes
11. Nucleus
12. Cilia
13. Chloroplast
14. Cytoplasm
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Animal vs. Plant Cell
ORGANELLE ANIMAL PLANT
EndoplasmicReticulum
(Smooth andRough)
RibosomeMitochondria
Vacuole
Centrioles
Golgi ApparatusCell wall
Plasma Membrane
Present PresentPresent PresentPresent Present
One or more smallvacuoles (much
smaller than plantcells).
One, large centralvacuole taking up 90%
of cell volume
Present in allanimal cells
Only present inlower plant forms.
Present PresentAbsent Presentonly cell
membranecell wall and a cell
membrane
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Animal vs. Plant Cell
ORGANELLE ANIMAL PLANT
Flagella
LysosomesNucleus
Cilia
ChloroplastCytoplasm
May be found insome cells May be found insome cells
Lysosomes occurin cytoplasm. Lysosomes usuallynot evident.
Present PresentPresent It is very rare
Animal cellsdon't have
chloroplasts
Plant cells havechloroplasts
because they maketheir own foodPresent Present
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The nucleus is the cells genetic control center
The nucleuscontrols the cells activities and is
responsible for inheritance Inside is a complex of proteins and DNA called
chromatin, which makes up the cells chromosomes
DNA is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division
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4.6 The nucleus is the cells genetic control center
The nuclear envelope is a double membranewith pores that allow material to flow in and out ofthe nucleus
It is attached to a network of cellular membranes calledthe endoplasmic reticulum
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Two membranes ofnuclear envelope Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Pore
EndoplasmicreticulumRibosomes
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4.7 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the celland export
Ribosomesare involved in the cells proteinsynthesis
Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus, which isfound in the nucleus
Cells that must synthesize large amounts of proteinhave a large number of ribosomes
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4.7 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the celland export
Some ribosomes are free ribosomes; others arebound
Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm
Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmicreticulum (ER) associated with the nuclear envelope
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Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Ribosomes
ER
SmallsubunitDiagram ofa ribosome
TEM showing ERand ribosomes
Largesubunit
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4.8 Overview: Many cell organelles are connectedthrough the endomembrane system
The membranes within a eukaryotic cell arephysically connected and compose the
endomembrane system The endomembrane system includes the nuclear
envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus,lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
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4.8 Overview: Many cell organelles are connectedthrough the endomembrane system
Some components of the endomembrane systemare able to communicate with others with
formation and transfer of small membranesegments called vesicles
One important result of communication is the synthesis,storage, and export of molecules
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4.9 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosyntheticfactory
There are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulumsmooth and rough
Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes
Rough ER lines the outer surface of membranes
They differ in structure and function
However, they are connected
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Smooth ER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
Rough ER
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4.9 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosyntheticfactory
Smooth ER is involved in a variety of diversemetabolic processes
For example, enzymes produced by the smooth ER areinvolved in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids,and steroids
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4.9 The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosyntheticfactory
Rough ER makes additional membrane for itself
and proteins destined for secretion
Once proteins are synthesized, they are transported invesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system
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Transport vesiclebuds off
Secretoryproteininside trans-port vesicle
Glycoprotein
Polypeptide
Ribosome
Sugarchain
Rough ER
1
2
3
4
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4.10 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, andships cell products
The Golgi apparatus functions in conjunction withthe ER by modifying products of the ER
Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the
Golgi apparatus
One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receivingdock for the product and the other as a shipping dock
Products are modified as they go from one side of the Golgiapparatus to the other and travel in vesicles to other sites
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Golgi apparatusGolgiapparatus
Receiving side ofGolgi apparatus
Transport
vesiclefrom ER
New vesicleforming
Shipping sideof Golgi apparatus
Transportvesicle fromthe Golgi
4 11 L di i
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4.11 Lysosomes are digestive compartmentswithin a cell
A lysosome is a membranous sac containingdigestive enzymes
The enzymes and membrane are produced by the ERand transferred to the Golgi apparatus for processing
The membrane serves to safely isolate these potent
enzymes from the rest of the cell
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4 11 L di ti t t
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4.11 Lysosomes are digestive compartmentswithin a cell
One of the several functions of lysosomes is toremove or recycle damaged parts of a cell
The damaged organelle is first enclosed in a membranevesicle
Then a lysosome fuses with the vesicle, dismantling itscontents and breaking down the damaged organelle
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Animation: Lysosome Formation
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Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasmamembrane
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Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
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Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
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Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Digestion
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Lysosome
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
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Lysosome
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
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Lysosome
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
Digestion
4 12 Vacuoles function in the general
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4.12 Vacuoles function in the generalmaintenance of the cell
Vacuoles are membranous sacs that are found ina variety of cells and possess an assortment offunctions
Examples are the central vacuole in plants withhydrolytic functions, pigment vacuoles in plants toprovide color to flowers, and contractile vacuoles insome protists to expel water from the cell
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Video: ParameciumVacuole
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Nucleus
Chloroplast
Centralvacuole
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Nucleus
Contractilevacuoles
Figure 4.12B Contractile vacuoles in Paramecium, a single-celled organism.
4 13 A review of the structures involved in
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4.13 A review of the structures involved inmanufacturing and breakdown
The following figure summarizes the relationshipsamong the major organelles of the endomembranesystem
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N l
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Nucleus
VacuoleLysosome Plasma
membrane
SmoothER
Nuclearmembrane
Golgi
apparatus
Rough ER
Transportvesicle
Transportvesicle
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ENERGY-CONVERTINGORGANELLES
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4 14 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from
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4.14 Mitochondria harvest chemical energy fromfood
Cellular respiration is accomplished in themitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Cellular respiration involves conversion of chemicalenergy in foods to chemical energy in ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
Mitochondria have two internal compartments
The intermembrane space, which encloses the
mitochondrial matrix where materials necessary for ATPgeneration are found
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Mitochondrion
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Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
space
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
Outermembrane
4 15 Chloroplasts convert solar energy to
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4.15 Chloroplasts convert solar energy tochemical energy
Chloroplasts are the photosynthesizingorganelles of plants
Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy tochemical energy of sugar molecules
Chloroplasts are partitioned into compartments
The important parts of chloroplasts are the stroma,thylakoids, and grana
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Chloroplast
Stroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Intermembranespace
4 16 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
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4.16 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved byendosymbiosis
When compared, you find that mitochondria andchloroplasts have (1) DNA and (2) ribosomes
The structure of both DNA and ribosomes is very similar
to that found in prokaryotic cells, and mitochondria andchloroplasts replicate much like prokaryotes
The hypothesis ofendosymbiosis proposes that
mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly smallprokaryotes that began living within larger cells
Symbiosis benefited both cell types
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Engulfing of
photosyntheticprokaryote
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Somecells
Host cell
Mitochondrion
Host cellEngulfingof aerobicprokaryote
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INTERNAL AND EXTERNALSUPPORT: THE CYTOSKELETON
AND CELL SURFACES
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4 17 The cells internal skeleton helps organize
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4.17 The cell s internal skeleton helps organizeits structure and activities
Cells contain a network of protein fibers, called thecytoskeleton, that functions in cell structuralsupport and motility
Scientists believe that motility and cellular regulation
result when the cytoskeleton interacts with proteinscalled motor proteins
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Video: Cytoplasmic Streaming
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VesicleATP
Receptor formotor protein
Microtubuleof cytoskeletonMotor protein(ATP powered)
(a)Microtubule
Vesicles
(b)
0.25 m
4.17 The cells internal skeleton helps organize
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4.17 The cell s internal skeleton helps organizeits structure and activities
The cytoskeleton is composed of three kinds offibers
Microfilaments(actin filaments) support the cellsshape and are involved in motility
Intermediate filaments reinforce cell shape andanchor organelles
Microtubules (made of tubulin) shape the cell and act
as tracks for motor protein
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Microfilament
Actin subunit
7 nm
Intermediate filament
Fibrous subunits
10 nm
Microtubule
Tubulin subunit
25 nm
Nucleus
Nucleus
4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules
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4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubulesbend
While some protists have flagella and cilia that areimportant in locomotion, some cells of multicellularorganisms have them for different reasons
Cells that sweep mucus out of our lungs have cilia
Animal sperm are flagellated
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Video: ParameciumCilia
Video: Chlamydomonas
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Cilia
Figure 4.18A Cilia on cells lining the respiratory tract.
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Flagellum
Figure 4.18B Undulating flagellum on a sperm cell.
4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules
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4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubulesbend
A flagellum propels a cell by an undulating,whiplike motion
Cilia, however, work more like the oars of a crewboat
Although differences exist, flagella and cilia have acommon structure and mechanism of movement
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4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules
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4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubulesbend
Both flagella and cilia are made of microtubuleswrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane
A ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds acentral pair of microtubules
This arrangement is called the 9 + 2 pattern and isanchored in a basal body with nine microtubule tripletsarranged in a ring
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Animation: Cilia and Flagella
Cross sections:
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Centralmicrotubules
Outer microtubuledoublet
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Plasmamembrane
Triplet
Flagellum
Basal body
Basal body
4.18 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules
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gbend
Cilia and flagella move by bending motor proteinscalled dynein arms
These attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacentdoublet
The arms then release and reattach a little further alongand repeat this time after time
This walking causes the microtubules to bend
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4.19 CONNECTION: Problems with sperm
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pmotility may be environmental or genetic
There has been a decline in sperm quality
A group of chemicals called phthalates used in a varietyof things people use every day may be the cause
On the other hand, there are genetic reasons thatsperm lack motility
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an example
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Figure 4.19 Cross section of immotile sperm flagellum.
4.20 The extracellular matrix of animal cells
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functions in support, movement, andregulation
Cells synthesize and secrete the extracellularmatrix (ECM) that is essential to cell function
The ECM is composed of strong fibers of collagen,
which holds cells together and protects the plasmamembrane
ECM attaches through connecting proteins that bind tomembrane proteins called integrins
Integrins span the plasma membrane and connect tomicrofilaments of the cytoskeleton
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Glycoprotein
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Microfilaments
Collagen fiber
Connectingglycoprotein
Integrin
Plasmamembrane
Glycoproteincomplex with longpolysaccharide
CYTOPLASM
4.21 Three types of cell junctions are found in
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yp janimal tissues
Adjacent cells communicate, interact, and adherethrough specialized junctions between them
Tight junctions prevent leakage of extracellular fluidacross a layer of epithelial cells
Anchoring junctions fasten cells together into sheets
Gap junctions are channels that allow molecules toflow between cells
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Animation: Desmosomes
Animation: Gap Junctions
Animation: Tight Junctions
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Tight junctions
Anchoring junction
Gap junctions
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Extracellular matrix
4.22 Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
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pp p
Plant, but not animal cells, have a rigid cell wall
It protects and provides skeletal support that helpskeep the plant upright against gravity
Plant cell walls are composed primarily of cellulose
Plant cells have cell junctions calledplasmodesmata that serve in communicationbetween cells
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