Cement Standards
02.07.2018
• ASTM • Very different from other standard groups
• EN • Similar to old European standards (BS)
• GOST • Now similar or comparable with EN
• Asian standards • CN – similar or comparable to EN
• JP
• French standards - Africa
Cement standard groups
2 02.07.2018
• ASTM C109 : • Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength
• ASTM C114-15 : • Standard Test methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C150 : • Standard Specification for Portland Cement
• ASTM C1157 : • Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
ASTM (American Standard Testing and Materials)
02.07.2018 3
Portland cement: CEM I
Portland-composite cement: CEM II
Blastfurnace cement: CEM III
Pozzolanic cement: CEM IV
Slag-pozzolanic cement: CEM V
EN 197-1 Cement types (draft prEN2014)
4
Composite cement: CEM VI
02.07.2018
02.07.2018 5
CEM III / B 32.5 N - LH / HS / NA
Low heat on
hydration (LH)
High sulfate
resistance
Low effective alkali
content
DIN EN 197 DIN
1164
Cement
Cement category:
I,II, III, IV, V
Category for the share of
„admixtures“: A, B, C
Strength category: 32.5; 42.5; 52.5
Hardening speed category: L, N, R
Notation of the „admixture“:
S, D, P, Q, V, W, T, L, LL
-S (Addition for CEM II)
L only for CEM III – cements !
Classification of technical cement notations
02.07.2018
02.07.2018 7
• SNI 2049:2015 : • Semen Portland (Reference : ASTM C150)
• SNI 0302:2014 : • Semen Portland Pozolan (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)
• SNI 7064:2014 : • Semen Portland Komposit (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)
• SNI 8363:2017 : • Semen Portland Slag (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1) • Bedakan dengan SNI 6385-2016 Spesifikasi Semen Slag utk digunakan dalam
beton dan mortar
• SNI 15-0129-2004 : • Semen Portland Putih (Reference : ASTM C150)
• SNI 15-3578-2004 : • Semen Masonry (Reference : ASTM C91)
SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia)
02.07.2018 8
Cement Constituents
9
Cement Constituents
CLINKER
GYPSUM
SCMs:
Natural :
pozzolana, volcanic tuff
Industrial :
silica fume, slag, fly ash, calcined clay
FILLER : limestone
02.07.2018
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs)
10
Industrial/Processed / Manufactured 1. Silica fume (ASTM C 1240) 2. Fly Ash (ASTM C 215) 3. Slag (ASTM C 989).
Natural Pozzolanas (ASTM C 618 Class N) 1. Produced from natural mineral deposits (e.g., volcanic ash or pumicite,
diatomaceous earth, opaline cherts and shales) 2. May require heat treatment (e.g., metakaolin or calcined clay, calcined shale,
rice hull ash, calcined shale)
Classification by sources :
02.07.2018
• Can be activated by either grinding or by a chemical process;
• The main chemical activators are Na(OH), Ca(OH)2, SO42- and water glass
(Na2SiO3);
• Under an alkaline pH, Al2O3, SiO2 and CaO get into solution and generate
hydration products;
• The type of calcium sulfate, as well as the C3S content of the clinker, are
important factors for blended cement containing high amounts of slag since they
work as catalyst.
Slags
02.07.2018 11
• Low heat of hydration;
• Low initial strength and higher long term strengths;
• Lower permeability;
• High resistance against sulfate attack
• Higher elastic modulus due to the lower hydration rate compared to
ordinary Portland cement, reducing the risk of cracking due to shrinkage or
expansion.
• Bleeding: lower fineness (cement equivalent) increase. Finer decreases.
• Concrete finishability improved if content not too high
Blended Cement with Slag
02.07.2018 12
• Lower reactivity than clinker at early strength
• Requires activation: physical or chemical
• Physical activation by grinding finer
• Slag is harder than clinker and requires more electrical energy
• Not all slag are suitable
• Quality is sometimes hard to be evaluated, differently from clinker
• Concrete with cement with slag may show a greenish or bluish color
Some Slag Disadvantages
02.07.2018 13
• North America Type F x C
• Function of CaO content: type F under 8%
• Europe Type V and W respectively
• Function of SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3. If > 70% type V and if < 70% type W
• F provides better workability, lower heat of hydration, better protection against AAR and better late strengths
• Type C better early strengths, faster slump loss
• Pozolanic nature: function of C content, fineness, and mainly glass content and nature of the glass.
Fly Ash
02.07.2018
Other Additives
• Limestone filler is soft material to grind with benefits for cement grain size
distribution;
• Calcined clay or metakaolin
• Silica fume is an extremely fine residue of Si or Fe - Si manufacturing, that
highly improves strength, but too expensive
• Rice husk ashes: excellent pozzolan being constituted by extremely fine
particles of vitreous SiO2.
• Tuff: usually low quality pozzolan
02.07.2018 15
• Cheaper
• Easier to grind than clinker. High content coating
• The main cementitious material used in Africa
• Improve workability and cause less bleeding
• Less shrinkage: Physical- improving particle packing
• Impact on strength depending on the content
• At least 75% CaCO3 and careful with TOC (EN)
• Dolomite presence: risk of de-dolomitization and expansion
Limestone
02.07.2018
• As major constituent – mainly filler effect
• Filling hollow spaces between other particles;
• By this building more dense structure, resulting in slightly increased strength;
• Reducing the water demand and improving the workability of concrete;
• At higher incorporation levels the dilution effect dominates.
• Improvement option • is to grind the clinker share separately finer.
Effect of limestone in cement
17 02.07.2018
Quality Control: Influences on Cement Quality
02.07.2018 18
Raw
materials
Secondary
raw
materials
Primary fuels
Secondary
fuels
Clinker
ggbf-slag
Fly ash
Limestone
Pozzolana
Silica fume
Ca-Sulfate
Natural
gypsum
FGD gypsum
Anhydrite
Water
Cement
Admixtures
Aggregates
Grinding aid
Filler
Fly ash
ggbf-slag
Silica fume
Concrete
Workability Heat of hydration Early strength Final strength Durability Bleeding Color Surface …
specialized concrete and processes
differentiated products and environments
Top Related