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EP 364 SOLID STATE
PHYSICS
Course CoordinatorProf. Dr. Beire Gnl
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
AIM OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS
WHAT IS SOLID STATE PHYSICSAND WHY DO IT? CONTENT
REFERENCES
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
Aim of Solid StatePhysics
Solid state !"si#s $SSP% e&lai's t!e(oe(ties o) solid *ate(ials as )o+'d o' ea(t!,
T!e (oe(ties a(e e&e#ted to )ollo- )(o*S#!(.di'/e(0s e1', )o( a #olle#tio' o) ato*i#'+#lei a'd ele#t(o's i'te(a#ti'/ -it!ele#t(ostati# )o(#es,
T!e )+'da*e'tal la-s /o2e('i'/ t!e e!a2io+(o) solids a(e 'o-' a'd -ell tested,
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
Crystalline Solids
We -ill deal -it! #("stalli'e solids5 t!at is solids-it! a' ato*i# st(+#t+(e ased o' a (e/+la((eeated atte(',
Ma'" i*o(ta't solids a(e #("stalli'e,
Mo(e (o/(ess !as ee' *ade i' +'de(sta'di'/t!e e!a2io+( o) #("stalli'e solids t!a' t!at o)'o'#("stalli'e *ate(ials si'#e t!e #al#+latio'a(e easie(i' #("stalli'e *ate(ials,
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
What is solid statephysics?
Solid state !"si#s5 also 'o-' as #o'de'sed*atte( !"si#s5 is t!e st+d" o) t!e e!a2io+( o)
ato*s -!e' t!e" a(e la#ed i' #lose (o&i*it" too'e a'ot!e(,
I' )a#t5 #o'de'sed *atte( !"si#s is a *+#! ette('a*e5 si'#e *a'" o) t!e #o'#ets (ele2a't tosolids a(e also alied to li1+ids5 )o( e&a*le,
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
What is the point?
U'de(sta'di'/ t!e ele#t(i#al (oe(ties o) solidsis (i/!t at t!e !ea(t o) *ode(' so#iet" a'd
te#!'olo/",
T!e e'ti(e #o*+te( a'd ele#t(o'i#s i'd+st("(elies o' t+'i'/ o) a se#ial #lass o) *ate(ial5
t!e se*i#o'd+#to(5 -!i#! lies (i/!t at t!e *etali's+lato( o+'da(", Solid state !"si#s (o2idea a#/(o+'d to +'de(sta'd -!at /oes o' i'se*i#o'd+#to(s,
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
Solid state physics (SSPis the applied physics
Ne- te#!'olo/" )o( t!e )+t+(e -ill i'e2ital"i'2ol2e de2eloi'/ a'd +'de(sta'di'/ 'e-
#lasses o) *ate(ials, 7" t!e e'd o) t!is #o+(se -e-ill see -!" t!is is a 'o't(i2ial tas,
So5 SSP is t!e alied !"si#s asso#iated -it!te#!'olo/" (at!e( t!a' i'te(esti'/ )+'da*e'tals,
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
ec r ca res s " y othree states of solid
matter
Ho- #a' t!is e? A)te( all5 t!e" ea#! #o'tai' a s"ste* o)ato*s a'd ese#iall" ele#t(o's o) si*ila( de'sit", A'dt!e lot t!i#e's8 /(a!ite is a *etal5 dia*o'd is a'i's+lato(a'd +#*i'ste()+lle(e'e is a s+e(#o'd+#to(,
T!e" a(e all 9+st #a(o':
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A*o'/ o+( ai*s +'de(sta'd whyo'e is a*etala'd o'e a' i's+lato(5 a'd t!e' t!e !"si#al o(i/i' o)
t!e *a(ed )eat+(es, Also t!i' ao+t t!e(*al (oe(ties et#, et#,
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
CONT!NT
Chapter 1.C("stal St(+#t+(e Chapter 2.;(a" C("stallo/(a!" Chapter 3.I'te(ato*i# Fo(#es Chapter 4.C("stal D"'a*i#s Chapter 5.F(ee Ele#t(o' T!eo("
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
C#APT!R $%CR&STA' STRUCTUR!
Ele*e'ta(" C("stallo/(a!" Solid *ate(ials $#("stalli'e5 ol"#("stalli'e5
a*o(!o+s%
C("stallo/(a!" C("stal Latti#e C("stal St(+#t+(e T"es o) Latti#es U'it Cell
Di(e#tio'sPla'esMille( I'di#es i' C+i# U'itCell
T"i#al C("stal St(+#t+(es$3D< =4 7(a2ais Latti#es a'd t!e Se2e' C("stalS"ste*%
Ele*e'ts o) S"**et("
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
C#APT!R %)*RA& CR&STA''O+RAP#&
;(a" Di))(a#tio'
7(a// e1+atio' ;(a" di))(a#tio' *et!ods La+e Met!od Rotati'/ C("stal Met!od
Po-de( Met!od Ne+t(o' > ele#t(o' di))(a#tio'
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
C#APT!R ,%INT!RATO-IC .ORC!S
E'e(/ies o) I'te(a#tio's 7et-ee' Ato*s Io'i# o'di'/
NaCl Co2ale't o'di'/ Co*a(isio' o) io'i# a'd #o2ale't o'di'/
Metalli# o'di'/
a' de( -aals o'di'/ H"d(o/e' o'di'/
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
C#APT!R /%CR&STA' D&NA-ICS
So+'d -a2e Latti#e 2i(atio's o) =D #"stal C!ai' o) ide'ti#al ato*s C!ai' o) t-o t"es o) ato*s
P!o'o's Heat Caa#it" De'sit" o) States T!e(*al Co'd+#tio'
E'e(/" o) !a(*o'i# os#illato( T!e(*al e'e(/" > Latti#e i(atio's Heat Caa#it" o) Latti#e 2i(atio's
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
C#APT!R 0%.R!! !'!CTRON T#!OR&
F(ee ele#t(o' *odel Heat #aa#it" o) )(ee ele#t(o' /as
Fe(*i )+'#tio'5 Fe(*i e'e(/" Fe(*i di(a# dist(i+tio' )+'#tio' T(a'so(t (oe(ties o) #o'd+#tio' ele#t(o's
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EP364 SOLID STATE PHYSICSINTRODUCTION
R!.!R!NC!S
Co(e oo8Solid state !"si#s5 @,R,Hoo a'd H,E,Hall5Se#o'd editio' $Wile"%
Ot!e( oos at a si*ila( le2el8 Solid state !"si#s5 ittel $Wile"% Solid state !"si#s5 7lae*o(e $Ca*(id/e% F+'da*e'tals o) solid state !"si#s5 C!(ist*a'
$Wile"%
Mo(e ad2a'#ed8 Solid state !"si#s5 As!#(o)t a'dMe(*i'
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CHAPTER 1
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Ele*e'ta(" C("stallo/(a!"
T"i#al C("stal St(+#t+(esEle*e'ts O) S"**et("
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C("stal St(+#t+(e =B
mattermatter
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G
'attice 2ectors 3 ,D
A' ideal t!(ee di*e'sio'al #("stal is des#(ied " 3)+'da*e'tal t(a'slatio' 2e#to(s a5 a'd #, I) t!e(e is alatti#e oi't (e(ese'ted " t!e ositio' 2e#to( (5 t!e(e ist!e' also a latti#e oi't (e(ese'ted " t!e ositio'2e#to( -!e(e u5 va'd wa(e a(it(a(" i'te/e(s,
(0 ( u a v w # $=%
y can e 1e
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G=
y can e 1etrian6le
5e a 1nit cell?
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C("stal St(+#t+(e GG
U'it Cell i' 3D
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G3
U'it Cell i' 3D
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G4
T!(ee #o**o' U'it Cell i'3D
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G
Primiti"e and con"entional cells of.CC
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G6
T!e +'it #ella'd5 #o'se1+e'tl"5t!e e'ti(e latti#e5 is uniquely
dete(*i'ed " t!e si& latti#e#o'sta'ts8 a5 5 #5 J5 K a'd , O'l" =B o) ea#! latti#e oi'ti'
a +'it #ell #a' a#t+all" eassi/'ed to t!at #ell,
Ea#! +'it #elli' t!e )i/+(e #a'e asso#iated -it! B & =B =latti#e oi't,
Unit CellUnit Cell
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G
A&is a #
I'te(#etoi'ts = Re#i(o#als == = =$%
S*allestRatio = G
Mille( 'di#es $=G%
!7ample*0
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C("stal St(+#t+(e GB
!7ample*8
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3
!7ample*9
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3=
T!e(e a(e o'l" se2e' di))e(e't s!aes o) +'it #ell-!i#! #a' e sta#ed to/et!e( to #o*letel" )ill allsa#e $i' 3 di*e'sio's% -it!o+t o2e(lai'/, T!is/i2es t!e se2e' #("stal s"ste*s5 i' -!i#! all #("stalst(+#t+(es #a' e #lassi)ied,
C+i# C("stal S"ste* $SC5 7CC5FCC% He&a/o'al C("stal S"ste* $S%
T(i#li'i# C("stal S"ste* $S% Mo'o#li'i# C("stal S"ste* $S5 7aseC% O(t!o(!o*i# C("stal S"ste* $S5 7aseC5 7C5 FC% Tet(a/o'al C("stal S"ste* $S5 7C% T(i/o'al $R!o*o!ed(al% C("stal S"ste* $S%
3D 14 BRAVAIS LATTICES AND THE SEVEN CRYSTAL SYSTEM
TYPICAL CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3G
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 33
a* Simple C15ic (SC
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 34
c* .ace Centered C15ic(.CC
T!e(e a(e ato*s at t!e #o('e(s o) t!e +'it #ell a'd at t!e#e'te( o) ea#! )a#e,
Fa#e #e'te(ed #+i# !as 4 ato*s so its 'o' (i*iti2e#ell,
Ma'" o) #o**o' *etals $C+5Ni5P,,et#% #("stallie i'FCC st(+#t+(e,
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3
3 - Face Centered Cubc
Ato*s a(e all sa*e,
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 36
Ato*s S!a(ed 7et-ee'8 Ea#! ato* #o+'ts8#o('e( B #ells =B
)a#e #e't(e G #ells =God" #e't(e = #ell =ed/e #e't(e G #ells =G
latti#e t"e #ell #o'te'tsP = QB & =BI G Q$B & =B% $= & =%F 4 Q$B & =B% $6 & =G%C G Q$B & =B% $G & =G%
Unit cell contents
Co+'ti'/ t!e '+*e( o) ato*s -it!i' t!e +'it #ell
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3
!7ample: Atomic Pac;in6.actor
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3B
, TRIC'INIC, TRIC'INIC
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3
, * TRIC'INIC, * TRIC'INIC
/ * -ONOC'INIC CR&STA'/ * -ONOC'INIC CR&STA'
S&ST!-S&ST!-
T(i#li'i# *i'e(als a(e t!e least s"**et(i#al, T!ei( t!(eea&es a(e all di))e(e't le'/t!s a'd 'o'e o) t!e* a(ee(e'di#+la( to ea#! ot!e(, T!ese *i'e(als a(e t!e*ost di))i#+lt to (e#o/'ie,
Triclinic (Simple)
!"oa # c
$onoclinic (Simple)
% % !"o& !"o
a # c
$onoclinic (Base Centered)
% % !"o& !"o
a # c&
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4
0 * ORT#OR#O-
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4=
8 3 T!TRA+ONA' S&ST!-
Tetra+onal (P)
% % % !"o
a % #
c
Tetra+onal (BC)
% % % !"o
a % #
c
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4G
9 * Rhom5ohedral (R or
Tri6onal
,om#oedral (,) or Tri+onal (S)
a % # % c& % %
!"o
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 43
$ 3 Sodi1m Chloride Str1ct1re
Sodium chloride also crystallizes
in a cubic lattice, but with a
different unit cell. Sodium chloride structure
consists of equal numbers of
sodium and chlorine ions placed
at alternate points of a simple
cubic lattice. ach ion has si! of the other "ind
of ions as its nearest nei#hbours.
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B #ell
Cesi1m Chloride Cs=Cl*
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 46
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/ * Diamond Str1ct1re
T!e #oo(di'atio' '+*e( o)dia*o'd st(+#t+(e is 4,
T!e dia*o'd latti#e is 'ot a 7(a2aislatti#e,
Si5 e a'd C #("stallies i' dia*o'd
st(+#t+(e,
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0* >inc
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4
Latti#e /oes i'to itsel) t!(o+/!S"**et(" -it!o+t t(a'slatio'
Oe(atio' Ele*e't
I'2e(sio' Poi't
Re)le#tio' Pla'e
Rotatio' A&is
Rotoi'2e(sio' A&es
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C("stal St(+#t+(e
We #a' 'ot )i'd a latti#e t!at /oesi'to itsel) +'de( ot!e( (otatio's
$ A si'/le *ole#+le #a' !a2e a'"de/(ee o) (otatio'al s"**et("5 +t a'i')i'ite e(iodi# latti#e < #a' 'ot,
Rotation Symmetry
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C("stal St(+#t+(e =
A7is of Rotation
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C("stal St(+#t+(e G
A&is o) Rotatio'
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 3
Ca' 'ot e #o*i'ed -it! t(a'slatio'al e(iodi#it":
)old s"**et("
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C("stal St(+#t+(e 4
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