Progressivism - reform movement that responded to social
challenges caused by industrialization, urbanization, &
immigration in 1890s & 1900s. Progressives believed honest
& efficient govt social justice.
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Mainly from middle class logic and reason for reform Honest
govt change End corruption Govt must respond to ppls needs Use
modern ideas & science to improve society
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corrupt pol machines trusts & monopolies inequities safety
city services womens suffrage
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Middle class progressives wanted govt to bust the trusts formed
in Gilded Age Help create more econ opportunities for the middle
class
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Progressive wanted to attack problems Gap between rich &
poor Poor living conditions Poor labor conditions in factories
& mines Improve the city slums
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Jacob Riis used flash photography to show the conditions in
city slums Dirty No running water Full of disease
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The naturalist novel portrayed the struggle of common people.
Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle provided a shocking look at
meatpacking in Chicagos stockyards.
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Walter Rauschenbusch believed religion Social Reform He blended
ideas of German Socialism & American Progressivism Social
Gospel Use the Bible to lead reform Shorter work weeks No child
labor Limit trust power
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Jane Addams led the settlement house movement. Hull House
Chicago; urban community center social services for immigrants and
the poor Taught English Offered nursery schools YMCA rel org
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2/3 of states abolished child labor in 1907 Massachusetts
started minimum wage in 1912 Florence Kelley founded the Womens
Trade Union League which worked for a federal minimum wage and a
national eight-hour workday.
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Progressives succeeded in reducing child labor and improving
school enrollment. The United States Childrens Bureau was created
in 1912.
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John Dewey pushes for a school system the forces thinking
creatively Teach history, geography, cooking, and carpentry
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March 25, 1911 500 women were working at the Triangle
Shirtwaist Company They were located on the top floors of a ten
story building in New York A fire broke out and quickly spread The
women tried to escape but found the doors locked from the outside
Employers did not want employees leaving for breaks
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Some women filed on to a fire escape Their weight collapsed the
fire escape causing them to fall to their death Fire truck ladders
could not reach the top floor 146 workers died
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After the fire a Jewish immigrant from Poland named Rose
Schneiderman fought for change Fire inspectors Fire drills Unlocked
fire proof exits Automatic sprinklers
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Some employers create disability or other compensation for
workers and their families in case of accidents State governments
are allowed to make laws based on workers safety Muller v. Oregon
women laundry workers can not work more then 10 hours a day
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Municipal means city Municipal reformers opposed political
bosses They had trouble defeating big machines like Tammany Hall
Disaster caused municipal change 6,000 people were killed during a
hurricane in Galveston Texas in1900 causing the city to create an
emergency commission to rebuild The commission became a part in
their city government
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Galveston Texas in1900 Mantoloking NJ After Hurricane
Sandy
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City mayors fought for control of utilities to end utility
monopolies Parks, homeless shelters, and kindergartens were added
to some cities
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Wisconsin Gov Robert M. La Follette establishes a direct
primary Creation of Initiative Referendum Recall Direct election of
senators by the ppl
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Could not vote Rarely educated Paid poor wages if they
worked
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Believed men spent earnings on alcohol Alcohol made men neglect
families and beat wives The Womens Christian Temperance Movement
grew in popularity and helped pass the 18 th amendment in 1919
banning alcohol.
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Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control league Ida
B. Wells founded the National Association of Colored Women
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Since 1860 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton had
worked for womens suffrage The right to vote In 1919 the 19 th
amendment gave women the right to vote
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Immigrants coming to America were forced to assimilate to
American culture This Americanization advised immigrants to wear
clothing of middle class white Americans Replace the foods and
customs of there homeland Stop serving alcohol at dinner,
especially to children
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Prejudice against non-whites Plessy v Ferguson allowed
segregation to spread through the South Booker T. Washington and
W.E.B. Du Bois wanted equality for African Americans 1909 National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
forms
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Youngest president to date The Teddy bear was named after him
Became president after McKinley was assassinated Known for his
Square Deal which meant he promised fairness and honesty in
government
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Mine workers went on strike and owners refused to negotiate
Teddy told each side to submit to arbitration He threatened take
the mines over with the army Arbitrators granted workers a 10%
raise and a 9 hour workday instead of 10 Roosevelt called it a
square deal
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Roosevelt passed 42 antitrust actions He broke up monopolies
including Standard Oil He wanted trusts regulated by the government
The Elkins Act in 1903 allowed the government to fine railroads
that gave special rates to favored shippers, a practice that hurt
farmers In 1906 he passed the Hepburn Act creating the Interstate
Commerce Commission (ICC) which set and limited railroad rates
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Teddy used the Sherman Antitrust Act to stop large companies
from bullying smaller companies or cheating consumers.
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After reading The Jungle He past the Pure Food and Drug Act as
well as the Meat Inspection Act It required labeling of ingredients
and strict sanitary conditions and a system for rating meat
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He set aside 100 million acres for national forests, mineral
reserves, and water projects
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Roosevelt closed off more than 100 million acres of
forestland.
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Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan in 1908 He was not a strong
leader like Roosevelt He angered conservationists because his
Secretary of the Interior did not favor conserving federal land The
Republican party became split between progressives and
non-progressives Taft believed monopolies were acceptable as long
as they didn'tt squeeze out smaller companies
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Roosevelt campaigned for progressive candidates He called his
new plan for progressive change New Nationalism Democrats won
control of the house
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Taft - Republican Woodrow Wilson Democrat Theodore Roosevelt
Bull Moose Party
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Roosevelt runs under the Bull-Moose Party On October 14
Roosevelt is shot in the lung and then gives a one hour speech
Wilson was Governor of New Jersey He challenged Big Business and
Big Government Wilson wins the election
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Reduced Tariffs Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 reduced tariff
rates from 40% to 25% Made federal income tax a law in1913 He
wanted to end monopolies In 1914 he passed the Clayton Antitrust
Act which stated certain activities businesses could not do
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The Clayton Antitrust act also legalized unions, strikes,
peaceful picketing, boycotts The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was
established to enforce the law He passed the Federal Reserve Act in
1913 It created the Feral Reserve System which divided the country
into 12 districts with their own Federal reserve Bank
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Wilson would win the presidency again in 1916 on the slogan of
keep the US out of the World War The US would eventually enter the
war and the Progressive era would come to a close