BIOCHEMISTRY
Matter- mass/takes up space Elements- 116 Compounds- combo of elements
Bulk elements- 95% human bodyCarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenSulfurPhosphorus
Trace elements- required in small amounts
Ultra trace elements- vital in tiny amounts
Atoms- make up elementsElectron- negatively chargedProton- positively chargedNeutron-neutral
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CELLS Organic Comps- contain carbon +
hydrogenLong ring structures/chains
Inorganic Comps- lack carbon + hydrogen
INORGANIC Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Inorganic Salts
ORGANIC Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES Function
Sugars: energy sourcesGlycogen: storage of carbohydrates
CompositionC, H, ORatio of H:O is 2:1C₆H₁₂O₆C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Types (3) Monosaccharide- single sugar
Glucose/fructoseBuilding blocks for other carbs
Disaccharide- 2 monosaccharide's bonded togetherEx: Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose Maltose
Polysaccharides- many monossacharides bonded togetherForm chains/branching chainsEx: cellulose, glycogen
LIPIDS Function:
Structural componentsStore/supply energySome act as hormones
Structure:C, H, ORatio of H:O is many H: 1 OxygenC₅₇H₁₁₀O₆Made up of fatty acids and glycerolGlycerol + 3 fatty acids= triglyceride
GlycerolChain of 3 C atomsEach C has a fatty acid attached to it
Fatty AcidLonger chain of C atomsSaturated fatty acids- all single bonds b/w CUnsaturated fatty acids- 1 or more double
bonds b/w C Monounsaturated fatty acids- one double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acids- 2 or more double
bonds
Saturated Fats- 3 saturated fatty acids Unsaturated Fats- unsaturated fatty
acids
Phospholipids-One fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate
group(phosphorus + oxygen)Found in cell membranes
Steroids4 Connected rings of carbon atoms
PROTEINS Function:
Structural componentsMetabolism: EnzymesAntibodiesReceptors on cell membranesEnzymes
StructureC,H,O,NBuilding blocks= amino acids20 common amino acidsForm long chains=polypeptidesProtein=1 or more polypeptides
Four levels of structure1. Primary structure- sequence of amino
acids in a polypeptideEach polypeptide has a special sequenceDetermined by DNA2. Secondary structure- amino acid chain
coils3. Tertiary structure- coils fold-- determine active site4. Quaternary structure- connected
polypeptide chains
Primary/secondary/tertiary/quartenary= distinct conformation- give function
2 Types of Proteins1. Fibrous: structural
hair, nails2. Globular: Functional
enzymes, hormones
ENZYMES Catalyst in living organisms
Subs that speeds up chem. Reactions w/out being used up itself
Can repeatedly be used
CO₂ + H₂O H₂CO₃ W/out enzyme
Produces 200 carbonic acid molecules/min W/ enzyme
Produces 600,000 molecules/sec
NUCLEIC ACIDSFunction:Carry instructions control cell activityheredity
StructureC,H, O, N,PNucleotides- 5 C sugar phosphate group,
nitrogen containing organic bases
2 TypesRNA- ribose sugar, single chainDNA-deoxyribose sugar, 2 chains
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