+Life Span Development
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DBdK8_7LFs
+
Genetics
+Very Beginning
At conception, you began life as a zygote, and was no bigger than a period.
This cell contained your unique blueprint or your genetic make-up, all inherited from your parents
+The Genetic Makeup Of A Cell
+Chromosomes
Your blueprint encoded from parents in these chromosomes
Threadlike structures made up of DNA – chemical basis of heredity
46 in each cell23 received from each parent
+Chromosomes
+Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
A complex double stranded molecule
Contains the inherited genetic information of each chromosome
+Genes
Unit of DNA on chromosome that encodes particular instructions for who you will become and how your body will function
Each gene has information like eye color, hair color, height, handedness
+Your Unique Genotype
At conception, you receive 23 chromosomes from your father’s sperm and 23 from your mother’s egg They match together to form 23 pairs
These 46 chromosomes represent your unique genotype (genetic makeup)
+Why are body cells so different?
Different cells develop because different genes are “expressed” or activated
Some genes are expressed for a few hours, some are always expressed, and some are never expressed
Example: all humans carry the genes to develop a tail, but we don’t because the gene is rarely activated in our lifetimes
+Human Genome
Complete set of DNA in the human organism
Human genome consists of 20,000 to 25,000 genes
All humans have same basic set of genes, but the genes can come in two different versions (alleles)
The unique combination of alleles is what makes your genotype (and you) special!
+Dominant-Recessive Gene Pair
Best known pattern of alleles
Dominant genes—will always be expressed if present
Recessive genes—will not be expressed unless they are in a pair
+Sex Chromosome
23rd pair of chromosomes
Determines a person’s biological sex
+Phenotype
Characteristics that are actually observed in an organism
Your blueprint is not set in stone—it can change depending on environmental factors
Example: Freckles are your dominant gene, but will only appear when time is spent in the sun
People can have very similar genotype, but their phenotypes will differ if they live in different environments
+Stop & Think
Quick draw!
Draw/write the steps to the creation of a zygote (fertilized egg)
+
Prenatal Development
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaK0VPV9NlE
+What are the three times in a woman’s life when she can’t get pregnant?
Before puberty
After menopause
And when she is pregnant – (if she gets pregnant with another –SHE IS STILL PREGNANT)
ANY OTHER TIME – A WOMAN IS FERTILE
+Conception
Chromosomes from mother and father morph together to form a single cell, the zygote The fertilized egg
Over 9 months, this one cell develops into approximately a trillion cells that make up a newborn baby
Crazy!
+Prenatal Development
Prenatal defined as “before birth”
Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child
Three stages of prenatal development
+Stage 1: Germinal (Zygotic) Period
First two weeks after conception
Single cell zygote rapidly divides and develops into a cluster of cells (embryo)
+Stage 2: Embryonic Period
Weeks 3-8 after conception
Most vulnerable stage
Organs and major systems of the body form, including sex organs
Embryo housed in protective, fluid-filled amniotic sac
Umbilical cord delivers nourishment, oxygen, and water to embryo
Placenta acts as filter to protect embryo from harmful things in mother’s blood
+Stage 2: Embryonic Period
Placenta can only protect against so much, and can not filter out the harmful substances in mother’s blood (teratogens) Can cause abnormal development and birth defects
Known teratogens: Radiation Toxic chemicals Viruses and bacteria Drugs taken by mother during pregnancy
By end of this stage, embryo begins to resemble human and weighs about an ounce
+Other Prenatal Influences on Development
Nutrition
Anxiety
Mother’s general health
Maternal age
+Stage 3: Fetal Period
2 months after conception until birth (longest stage)
Bodily growth soars
Movement occurs
Brain cells multiply
Fetus gains 3-4 pounds
Age of viability (22-26 weeks)
+
+
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVB0qTiq5jU
+Discussion
1. What is conception?
2. What is a zygote?
3. After the germinal stage, what is the next stage?
4. What are the main characteristics of the embryonic stage?
+
Why should you stop drinking, smoking, doing drugs while
pregnant?
+
+ Neural Tube Defects
+
+Smoking and Birth Weight
+Writing Prompt
Your friend is pregnant with her first child. She is a long-time smoker and still has a beer with dinner when she goes out (she’s 21!). Knowing what you know about pregnancy, what would you tell her? What would you show her?
5 sentences; use specifics!
Use back of quick draw to write
+
The Beginnings of Life:
The Newbornhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9QndNXcnCU
+Infant, Toddler, ChildInfant: First yearToddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age
Child: Span between toddler and teen
So, are humans completely helpless at birth?
+
NO!!!!
+Infant Reflexes
Rooting—turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
Sucking—sucking rhythmically in response to touching baby’s lips
Grasping—putting a finger on baby’s palms will cause them to grip tightly
Reflexes later replaced with voluntary behaviors
+Senses
Newborn's senses are are very attuned to people
Babies 10 minutes old will move head to follow face, but not other object
Within hours, newborns show preference towards mother’s voice and face over stranger
+Senses
Newborn’s vision is extremely nearsighted at birth (can see close objects more clearly)6-12 inches is optimal
The world is still pretty fuzzy for infants in first few months
+
Physical Development in Infancy and
Childhoodhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7lL1jnwZOs
+Neural Development
+MaturationBiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviorVision maturesBrain growsSenses sharpen
Motor Development
Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination
When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike???
+ Motor Development
+
Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
+Temperament
Instinctive predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way
+Temperament
A baby’s temperament is apparent after just a few hours of birth“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly
“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable
“slow-to-warm-up” – low activity level, withdraw from new, adapt slowly
+Temperament-Reactivity The high-reactivity – babies react intensely to new experiences and strangers
Low reactivity – babies are calmer and bolder, more sociable
+Temperament
Differences in temperament have genetic biological basis
Can also be influenced by environment and cultural attitudes
Your temperament as a baby can change into childhood and older stages of life
+AttachmentAn emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness
Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers.
Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.
+Factors Affecting AttachmentNeglect, abuse, and deprivation adversely affect attachmentHowever, differences in normal child-rearing practices have no affect
+
Daycare does not affect attachment
Temperament, chronic stress, and rejection can affect attachment
Cultural expectations can also play a role
Factors Affecting Attachment
+Familiarity
Sense of contentment with that which is already known
Infants are familiar with their parents and caregivers.
+Responsiveness
Responsive parents are aware of what their children are doing.
Unresponsive parents ignore their children--helping only when they want to.
+Attachment Theory
Securely attached – children will explore their environment when primary caregiver (secure base) is present
Insecurely attached – children will appear distressed and cry when caregiver leaves and will cling to them when they return
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s608077NtNI
+ Harry HarlowDid research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment
The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food
+
The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother
+Effects of Attachment
Secure attachment predicts social competence
Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcome
A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption
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