© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 1
Road Transport: bridging Road Transport: bridging Asia and EuropeAsia and Europe
Road Transport: bridging Road Transport: bridging Asia and EuropeAsia and Europe
UNECE WorkshopUNECE WorkshopGeneva, 16 September 2005Geneva, 16 September 2005
UNECE WorkshopUNECE WorkshopGeneva, 16 September 2005Geneva, 16 September 2005
Peter KrauszPeter KrauszHead, Goods Transport & Head, Goods Transport & FacilitationFacilitation
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 2
Road Transport: bridging Asia and EuropeRoad Transport: bridging Asia and EuropeRoad Transport: bridging Asia and EuropeRoad Transport: bridging Asia and Europe
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 3
Contents:Contents:
Development of domestic road goods transport in Asia: Development of domestic road goods transport in Asia: China’s exampleChina’s example
International road transport in AsiaInternational road transport in Asia
Legal background of international road transportLegal background of international road transport
Developing operational networks in AsiaDeveloping operational networks in Asia
Problems of transport operations by roadProblems of transport operations by road
The global challenge and the industry’s replyThe global challenge and the industry’s reply
Contents:Contents:
Development of domestic road goods transport in Asia: Development of domestic road goods transport in Asia: China’s exampleChina’s example
International road transport in AsiaInternational road transport in Asia
Legal background of international road transportLegal background of international road transport
Developing operational networks in AsiaDeveloping operational networks in Asia
Problems of transport operations by roadProblems of transport operations by road
The global challenge and the industry’s replyThe global challenge and the industry’s reply
Road Transport: Road Transport: bridging Asia and Europebridging Asia and Europe
Road Transport: Road Transport: bridging Asia and Europebridging Asia and Europe
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 4
Chinese GDP and Foreign TradeChinese GDP and Foreign Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Export
Import
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Export
Import
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
trillion RMB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
trillion RMB
bn USD
2003/1999: + 42% 2003/1999: export + 225%; import + 249%
Source: China Intercontinental Press, Beijing, 2004
GDP Trade
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China: Development of China: Development of Domestic Road TransportDomestic Road TransportChina: Development of China: Development of
Domestic Road TransportDomestic Road Transport
8.17
3.43
10.54
4.7
10.29
6.13
11.16
6.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1991 1995 2000 2002
bn tonnes
100 bn tonne-kms
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
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574
3.271
16.295
25.120
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1991 1995 2000 2002
km
China: Development of the Expressway China: Development of the Expressway NetworkNetwork
China: Development of the Expressway China: Development of the Expressway NetworkNetwork
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 7
China: Unequal Infrastructure SupplyChina: Unequal Infrastructure SupplyChina: Unequal Infrastructure SupplyChina: Unequal Infrastructure Supply
14.1
37.2
16.7
7.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Total E M W
km/100 km2
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
E: Eastern partE: Eastern partM: Middle partM: Middle partW: Western partW: Western part
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China: Commercial Vehicles – Tools of China: Commercial Vehicles – Tools of ProductionProduction
China: Commercial Vehicles – Tools of China: Commercial Vehicles – Tools of ProductionProduction
4.8
5.09
5.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
2000 2001 2002
Trucks, mio
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
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China: Unequal Gross Weight China: Unequal Gross Weight Distribution of Commercial VehiclesDistribution of Commercial Vehicles
China: Unequal Gross Weight China: Unequal Gross Weight Distribution of Commercial VehiclesDistribution of Commercial Vehicles
2.113.800
291.400
1.999.600
over 8 tonnes
4-8 tonnes
less than 4 tonnes
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
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China: Modal Split developmentChina: Modal Split developmentChina: Modal Split developmentChina: Modal Split development
0102030405060708090
1997 1999 2001
Rail
Road
Water
Pipeline
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1997 1999 2001
Rail
Road
Water
Pipeline
% per weight carried% per weight carried % per tonne-km% per tonne-km
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
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Logistics’ Contribution to Shanghai’s GDPLogistics’ Contribution to Shanghai’s GDPLogistics’ Contribution to Shanghai’s GDPLogistics’ Contribution to Shanghai’s GDP
14.5
16.8
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
1990 2000
%
Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003Source: Road Transport in the PR of China, IRU 2003
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China: Trucking FeaturesChina: Trucking FeaturesChina: Trucking FeaturesChina: Trucking Features
Fragmented market: Fragmented market:
• 1.5 million small size companies (2-3 vehicles)1.5 million small size companies (2-3 vehicles)
• Big players (Cosco, Sinotrans) with 1-2% (!) market Big players (Cosco, Sinotrans) with 1-2% (!) market share onlyshare only
• Wide fragmentation leads to relatively expensive Wide fragmentation leads to relatively expensive servicesservices
““Red tape”: too many licences to obtainRed tape”: too many licences to obtain
Major issue: overloadingMajor issue: overloading
53% state-owned companies53% state-owned companies
Fragmented market: Fragmented market:
• 1.5 million small size companies (2-3 vehicles)1.5 million small size companies (2-3 vehicles)
• Big players (Cosco, Sinotrans) with 1-2% (!) market Big players (Cosco, Sinotrans) with 1-2% (!) market share onlyshare only
• Wide fragmentation leads to relatively expensive Wide fragmentation leads to relatively expensive servicesservices
““Red tape”: too many licences to obtainRed tape”: too many licences to obtain
Major issue: overloadingMajor issue: overloading
53% state-owned companies53% state-owned companiesSource: eCargo News Asia, 25 July 2005Source: eCargo News Asia, 25 July 2005
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General International Economic ContextGeneral International Economic ContextGeneral International Economic ContextGeneral International Economic Context
China and India alone represent 1/3 of world populationChina and India alone represent 1/3 of world population China’s and India’s recent GDP growth: 5-10% a yearChina’s and India’s recent GDP growth: 5-10% a year CIS states are also emergingCIS states are also emerging GDP growth rate GDP growth rate << trade growth rate trade growth rate << container traffic growth container traffic growth
raterate Chinese and Central Asian economies are very openChinese and Central Asian economies are very open
• Export/GDP ration between 40-60%Export/GDP ration between 40-60%
Asian economy still maritime oriented but inland areas are Asian economy still maritime oriented but inland areas are opening up and being developedopening up and being developed
China and India alone represent 1/3 of world populationChina and India alone represent 1/3 of world population China’s and India’s recent GDP growth: 5-10% a yearChina’s and India’s recent GDP growth: 5-10% a year CIS states are also emergingCIS states are also emerging GDP growth rate GDP growth rate << trade growth rate trade growth rate << container traffic growth container traffic growth
raterate Chinese and Central Asian economies are very openChinese and Central Asian economies are very open
• Export/GDP ration between 40-60%Export/GDP ration between 40-60%
Asian economy still maritime oriented but inland areas are Asian economy still maritime oriented but inland areas are opening up and being developedopening up and being developed
Source: CEMT/CM(2005)13Source: CEMT/CM(2005)13
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Repercussions on International TransportRepercussions on International TransportRepercussions on International TransportRepercussions on International Transport
TodayToday, land transport is a link serving maritime , land transport is a link serving maritime transporttransport
• land transport is dominated by rail movementsland transport is dominated by rail movements
TomorrowTomorrow: Euro-Asian : Euro-Asian LandLand Bridge will be in operation; Bridge will be in operation;
• road transport services will rapidly grow in particular for time road transport services will rapidly grow in particular for time and quality-sensitive servicesand quality-sensitive services
Congestion of ports and their hinterlandCongestion of ports and their hinterland
New potential for road transport: value for moneyNew potential for road transport: value for money
Inter-operability and multi-modalityInter-operability and multi-modality
TodayToday, land transport is a link serving maritime , land transport is a link serving maritime transporttransport
• land transport is dominated by rail movementsland transport is dominated by rail movements
TomorrowTomorrow: Euro-Asian : Euro-Asian LandLand Bridge will be in operation; Bridge will be in operation;
• road transport services will rapidly grow in particular for time road transport services will rapidly grow in particular for time and quality-sensitive servicesand quality-sensitive services
Congestion of ports and their hinterlandCongestion of ports and their hinterland
New potential for road transport: value for moneyNew potential for road transport: value for money
Inter-operability and multi-modalityInter-operability and multi-modality
Source: CEMT/CM(2005)13Source: CEMT/CM(2005)13
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Progress of International Road Goods Progress of International Road Goods Transport in the Region – China’s ExampleTransport in the Region – China’s Example
Progress of International Road Goods Progress of International Road Goods Transport in the Region – China’s ExampleTransport in the Region – China’s Example
31.3
36.640.7
23.826.7
29.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2001 2002 2003
export, tonnes
import, tonnes
589
669
760
460510
580
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2001 2002 2003
export, trucks
import, trucks
Million tonnesMillion tonnes 1’000 truck movements1’000 truck movements
Countries considered: Russia, N-Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Countries considered: Russia, N-Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Burma, Lao, Hong Kong (85-90% of total!), Macao Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Burma, Lao, Hong Kong (85-90% of total!), Macao
Source: Road Goods Transport: China –Europe, IRU 2004Source: Road Goods Transport: China –Europe, IRU 2004
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Multilateral Legal BackgroundMultilateral Legal BackgroundMultilateral Legal BackgroundMultilateral Legal Background
UNESCAP Recommendation 48/11, April 1992: UNESCAP Recommendation 48/11, April 1992: accede to UNaccede to UN• Convention on Road TrafficConvention on Road Traffic
• TIR ConventionTIR Convention
• Customs Convention on temporary importation of vehiclesCustoms Convention on temporary importation of vehicles
• Customs Convention on ContainersCustoms Convention on Containers
• Convention on the Harmonisation of Border ControlsConvention on the Harmonisation of Border Controls
• CMR ConventionCMR Convention
GMS Agreement on the Facilitation of Cross-border Transport GMS Agreement on the Facilitation of Cross-border Transport (Cambodia, China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam)(Cambodia, China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam)
In preparation: agreement of the Shanghai Cooperation In preparation: agreement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on facilitation of international road transport Organisation on facilitation of international road transport (Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)(Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)
UNESCAP Recommendation 48/11, April 1992: UNESCAP Recommendation 48/11, April 1992: accede to UNaccede to UN• Convention on Road TrafficConvention on Road Traffic
• TIR ConventionTIR Convention
• Customs Convention on temporary importation of vehiclesCustoms Convention on temporary importation of vehicles
• Customs Convention on ContainersCustoms Convention on Containers
• Convention on the Harmonisation of Border ControlsConvention on the Harmonisation of Border Controls
• CMR ConventionCMR Convention
GMS Agreement on the Facilitation of Cross-border Transport GMS Agreement on the Facilitation of Cross-border Transport (Cambodia, China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam)(Cambodia, China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam)
In preparation: agreement of the Shanghai Cooperation In preparation: agreement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on facilitation of international road transport Organisation on facilitation of international road transport (Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)(Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 17
Bilateral and Regional Legal BackgroundBilateral and Regional Legal BackgroundBilateral and Regional Legal BackgroundBilateral and Regional Legal Background
China has bilateral road China has bilateral road transport agreements withtransport agreements with
• KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan
• KazakhstanKazakhstan
• RussiaRussia
• UzbekistanUzbekistan
• TajikistanTajikistan
China has bilateral road China has bilateral road transport agreements withtransport agreements with
• KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan
• KazakhstanKazakhstan
• RussiaRussia
• UzbekistanUzbekistan
• TajikistanTajikistan
Examples of a regional road Examples of a regional road transport agreement:transport agreement:
• Agreement on road transport Agreement on road transport among China, Pakistan, among China, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and KazakhstanKyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan
• Road transport protocol between Road transport protocol between Kazakhstan, China and Kazakhstan, China and UzbekistanUzbekistan
• Agreement on transit between Agreement on transit between China, Kyrgyzstan and China, Kyrgyzstan and KazakhstanKazakhstan
Examples of a regional road Examples of a regional road transport agreement:transport agreement:
• Agreement on road transport Agreement on road transport among China, Pakistan, among China, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and KazakhstanKyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan
• Road transport protocol between Road transport protocol between Kazakhstan, China and Kazakhstan, China and UzbekistanUzbekistan
• Agreement on transit between Agreement on transit between China, Kyrgyzstan and China, Kyrgyzstan and KazakhstanKazakhstan
Conventions often not respected,Conventions often not respected,““unofficial” procedures in placeunofficial” procedures in place
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 18
IRU Members in Asia – a strong NetworkIRU Members in Asia – a strong NetworkIRU Members in Asia – a strong NetworkIRU Members in Asia – a strong Network
IRU Membership in AsiaIRU Membership in Asia
CRTA, ChinaCRTA, China IRTB, IsraelIRTB, Israel
JTA, JapanJTA, Japan PNC-ICC, PakistanPNC-ICC, Pakistan
KAZATO, KazakhstanKAZATO, Kazakhstan ICCIM, IranICCIM, Iran
Nartam, MongoliaNartam, Mongolia Kyrgyz AIA, KyrgyzstanKyrgyz AIA, Kyrgyzstan
Asmap, RFAsmap, RF KATC, KuwaitKATC, Kuwait
DHL, BahrainDHL, Bahrain CCIAB, LebanonCCIAB, Lebanon
IATC, U.A.E.IATC, U.A.E. SNC ICC, SyriaSNC ICC, Syria
KCCI, Korea (S)KCCI, Korea (S) THADA, TurkmenistanTHADA, Turkmenistan
ABBAT, TajikistanABBAT, Tajikistan UCCET, TurkeyUCCET, Turkey
AIRCUZ, UzbekistanAIRCUZ, Uzbekistan UND, TurkeyUND, Turkey
2005 2005 180 Members180 Members
70 Countries 70 Countries
19481948 8 Members8 Members8 countries8 countries
19481948 8 Members8 Members8 countries8 countries Global membershipGlobal membership
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 19
International Road Transport International Road Transport Networks: the Example of TNT 1Networks: the Example of TNT 1 International Road Transport International Road Transport
Networks: the Example of TNT 1Networks: the Example of TNT 1
Jakarta
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Bangkok
Taiwan
Beijing
Guangzhou
Kuching
Kuala Lumpur
Manila
Bali
Tokyo
Osaka
Seoul
Hanoi
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
Rangoon
Delhi
Bombay
Bangalore
Singapore
Express Gateways
Logistics Warehouse Locations
Over 100 line-hauls a day• 80 Intra-Asia• Over 20 to Europe,
USA & rest of the world
Asian Regional Asian Regional NetworkNetwork
Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005
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Myanmar
Present in Mekong SubregionPresent in Mekong Subregion
MyanmarMyanmar : no representation
ThailandThailand : Manpower : 2,200
Road fleet size(own vehicles) : 333
Number of Depots : 25 Total warehouse space available : 111,751 sqm
CambodiaCambodia : local provider exclusive agency
VietnamVietnam : Manpower : 263
Road fleet size(own vehicles) : 97
Number of Depots : 6 Total warehouse space available : 6,160 sqm
LaosLaos : local provider exclusive agency
Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005
International Road Transport International Road Transport Networks: the Example of TNT 2Networks: the Example of TNT 2 International Road Transport International Road Transport
Networks: the Example of TNT 2Networks: the Example of TNT 2
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 21
International Road Transport International Road Transport Networks: the Example of TNT 3Networks: the Example of TNT 3 International Road Transport International Road Transport
Networks: the Example of TNT 3Networks: the Example of TNT 3
Dubai
• EE Road • FTL’s• Planned
Middle East Road NetworkMiddle East Road NetworkSource: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005
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Problems of International Problems of International Operations: TNT’s ExampleOperations: TNT’s ExampleProblems of International Problems of International
Operations: TNT’s ExampleOperations: TNT’s Example
International conventions not in useInternational conventions not in use• Borders not open as in Europe – restricted vehicle movementBorders not open as in Europe – restricted vehicle movement• Long lines can take hours to cross, no fast lane, no 24h Long lines can take hours to cross, no fast lane, no 24h
serviceservice• Technologically irrational trans-loading obligation at bordersTechnologically irrational trans-loading obligation at borders• Customs regulations not standard between countriesCustoms regulations not standard between countries• Off load and inspection at some bordersOff load and inspection at some borders• Goods for 3Goods for 3rdrd country searched at transit border country searched at transit border• Double taxation of vehiclesDouble taxation of vehicles• Vehicle standards not harmonisedVehicle standards not harmonised• Security: communications black spots, hi-jacking, risk of theftSecurity: communications black spots, hi-jacking, risk of theft• Bribes Bribes • Local sensitivities ( e.g. Alcohol and magazines)Local sensitivities ( e.g. Alcohol and magazines)
International conventions not in useInternational conventions not in use• Borders not open as in Europe – restricted vehicle movementBorders not open as in Europe – restricted vehicle movement• Long lines can take hours to cross, no fast lane, no 24h Long lines can take hours to cross, no fast lane, no 24h
serviceservice• Technologically irrational trans-loading obligation at bordersTechnologically irrational trans-loading obligation at borders• Customs regulations not standard between countriesCustoms regulations not standard between countries• Off load and inspection at some bordersOff load and inspection at some borders• Goods for 3Goods for 3rdrd country searched at transit border country searched at transit border• Double taxation of vehiclesDouble taxation of vehicles• Vehicle standards not harmonisedVehicle standards not harmonised• Security: communications black spots, hi-jacking, risk of theftSecurity: communications black spots, hi-jacking, risk of theft• Bribes Bribes • Local sensitivities ( e.g. Alcohol and magazines)Local sensitivities ( e.g. Alcohol and magazines)
Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005Source: Companies’ view om Logistics along the EWEC, P. Apthrop, TNT 2005
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 23
The Euro-Asian Transport ChallengeThe Euro-Asian Transport ChallengeThe Euro-Asian Transport ChallengeThe Euro-Asian Transport Challenge
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 24
The Global Transport ChallengeThe Global Transport ChallengeThe Global Transport ChallengeThe Global Transport Challenge
Sea transportSea transport Land transportLand transportKey:Key:
To EU
To EU
To CIS
To CIS
To Mid EastTo Mid East
To US East CoastTo US East Coastto US West Coastto US West Coast to US West Coastto US West Coast
To To East East CoastCoast
To Black SeaTo Black Sea
Saturated
Saturated
Satu
rate
d
Satu
rate
d
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 25
Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Transport Industry’s Reply: past Euro-Asian Road Transport Conferencespast Euro-Asian Road Transport Conferences
Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Transport Industry’s Reply: past Euro-Asian Road Transport Conferencespast Euro-Asian Road Transport Conferences
Irkutsk, Russian Federation, September 2001Irkutsk, Russian Federation, September 2001• Solve Asian land-locked countries’ problemsSolve Asian land-locked countries’ problems• Diminish losses due to barriersDiminish losses due to barriers• Improve road infrastructureImprove road infrastructure• Encourage CRTA joining the IRUEncourage CRTA joining the IRU
Tehran, October 2003Tehran, October 2003• Recognise road transport’s vital role in international tradeRecognise road transport’s vital role in international trade• Support UN conventions on road transportSupport UN conventions on road transport• Governments, abandon protectionismGovernments, abandon protectionism• Improve service quality through professional training, best Improve service quality through professional training, best
practices in applying latest transport techniques and practices in applying latest transport techniques and technologiestechnologies
Irkutsk, Russian Federation, September 2001Irkutsk, Russian Federation, September 2001• Solve Asian land-locked countries’ problemsSolve Asian land-locked countries’ problems• Diminish losses due to barriersDiminish losses due to barriers• Improve road infrastructureImprove road infrastructure• Encourage CRTA joining the IRUEncourage CRTA joining the IRU
Tehran, October 2003Tehran, October 2003• Recognise road transport’s vital role in international tradeRecognise road transport’s vital role in international trade• Support UN conventions on road transportSupport UN conventions on road transport• Governments, abandon protectionismGovernments, abandon protectionism• Improve service quality through professional training, best Improve service quality through professional training, best
practices in applying latest transport techniques and practices in applying latest transport techniques and technologiestechnologies
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 26
Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Beijing Euro-Asian Road Transport ConferenceBeijing Euro-Asian Road Transport Conference
Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Beijing Euro-Asian Road Transport ConferenceBeijing Euro-Asian Road Transport Conference
• ““Road Transport: bridging Asia and Europe”Road Transport: bridging Asia and Europe”• Business Conference for 800 delegates from trade Business Conference for 800 delegates from trade
and transportand transport• Ministerial Conference of 15 Ministers from Europe Ministerial Conference of 15 Ministers from Europe
and Asiaand Asia• International ExhibitionInternational Exhibition• Farewell to the Container Caravan by Road “Beijing-Farewell to the Container Caravan by Road “Beijing-
Berlin – Brussels”Berlin – Brussels”
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2005 Page 27
Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Container Caravan Beijing – Brussels” Road Container Caravan Beijing – Brussels”
Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Transport Industry’s Reply: Road Container Caravan Beijing – Brussels” Road Container Caravan Beijing – Brussels”
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