Glossary
Bas Kilang
Diversification
Economy
Filipino
Foreign investment
Indigenous
Informalwork
Kampung
Migrant (migration)
Natural reso[rces
Primary commodities
Semiconductor
Transnational companies
{TNGs)
Trickle down
company-owned buses in Malaysia which take people to work each day in thefactory from rural villages.
Increasing the range of crops grown or the number of goods or servicesproduced.
The economy of a country is its trade, industry, and money.
A person from the Philippines.
Money invested by a company in factories or developments (such as a mine ordam) in a foreign country,
People, plants, and wildlife that are native to an area.
Work which does not have a regular wage, and where the worker does not paytaxes. Examples include selling goods on the street without a licence, orscavenging rubbish and recycling it.
Malaysian for compound. Kampungs are village communities where there is no
boundary between different properties.
People who move away from their homes, usually in search of work.
Materials which the Earth provides, such as stone, timber; fossilfuels, andminerals.
Raw materials which have not been processed, such as cocoa beans, tealeaves, rubber, or tin.
Micro-processor chip used in computers and high tech products.
International companies with factories in several different countries.
The idea that wealth generated by large scale developments willtrickle downand improve the lives and wages of poorer people.
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Tin prodaction, Malaysia 3.'lPupil book pages 28-29
In the early 1960s Malaysia relied on the export of two primary
commodities, rubber and tin. Malaysia has now developed many
other industries, but is still an important tin producing country.
72 t Use sraph A.v a) How much tin was Malaysia producing at Independence
in 1957?
b) Describe what has happened to tin production since that
date.
KEY WORDS
Primary commodities
Y B Malaysian tin ore production
fthousands of tonnes metal content)AP 2 a) Use the information in B to draw a line graph of tin oreEP' production,
b) Compare the trend of the graph you have drawn to that
of graph A, What does the difference between the twographs suggest about the amount of tin ore Malaysia has
had to import to maintain its production of tin metal?
a) Choose and draw suitable kind of map or graph to
display the information in table C.
b) What does your map or graph tell you about Malaysia's
importance as a tin producer?
1948 45.5
1970 73.8
1980 6r.41 985 23.0
1990 28.5
1 99 r 20.7a3/
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Y C World tin production
(percentages)
Malaysia 21.9
Indonesia 15.6
Brazil 1 5.1
China 13.6
Bolivia 7 .5
Russia 6.2
Thailand 5.8
UK 2.1
Y AMalaysian tin production
Production of tin
{000s tonnes}
90
80
70
60
50
40
| 950 1 960
Grovvth of the Asian economies 3.2The economies of south-east Asia have been growing quickly. Wealthhas been created in these countries faster than in the developedcountries of Europe or the USA. Map A on pupil book page 28 showswhich economies have been growing fastest.
. ls it only the wealthy countries like Japan that have experiencedeconomic growth, or are poorer countries like Malaysia and Chinagrowing faster?
To complete this activity you will need map outline 6, of Asia.
dP 1 Table A shows the GNP per person for each of the countries inr& this region. Use the following key to construct your ownshaded map of GNP in Asia.
US$ 10 000+
us$ 5000-99e9
us$ 1000-4999
us$ 500-999
us$ 0-4es
72 Z Compare your map to the one on page 28 of the pupil book.? a) Which country in the lowest income bracket(US$ 0-499) is growing fastest?
b) Which country in the middle income bracket(US$ 1000-4999) is growing fastest?
c) ls it true to say that only the wealthy economies are
growing fast? lf not, try to describe the relationshipbetween wealth and growth rates.
KEY WORDS
Economy
V A 6ross National Product perperson in south and south-east Asia
FUBPLE I
tREpl
FRArud-l
FErrow I
fffiEEnt l
o
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o
F
O
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?
Country GNP US$per pelson
220
180
6 000
500
200
370
13200
330
610
26 920
1 000
6 340
230
6 000
2 490
180
400
740
12890
500
8 000
r 580
300
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, North
Korea, South
Laos
Macau
Malaysia
Nepal
Pakistan
Ph ilippines
S i ngapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Moving to the city 3.3Pupil book pages 30-31
The success of Malaysia's industries has attracted many people to
the cities, Some travel to work every day from their kampung
{village). Many others have moved to the city but cannot afford to
rent a home. Some move into old squatter settlements on the edge of
the city, These old settlements have grown up over the years like
rather crowded villages. Residents are able to keep chickens and
pigs in gardens, But they are close to the river which sometimes
floods them. Also, the settlements do not have proper water supplies
or sewage systems.
A survey of one settlement found out how the village could be
improved. The results are shown in tables A and B.
A 1 Use the information in tables A and B to draw bar graphs oftrr' the survey results.
// Z lmagine you live in the squatter settlement' Use what youry have learned to write about the advantages of settlement life.
Go on to describe the main things that you would like to see
improved. Try to make positive suggestions about how the
improvements could be made.
KEY WORDS
Kampung
Squatter settlement
a A Good features of the
squatter settlement
aB Bad features of the
squatter settlement
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How manypeople agteed
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
I
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K
Keeping close to culture/tradition
Able to rear animals and grow fruit trees
Good location for grocery shop, stall, mosque, etc.
Close to neighbours - better village feeling
Land space for functions such as weddings
Need not pay for electricity or water
Less restriction on space
Large families in the household
Able to run stalls and shops
Safe for children
Houses on ground leve
How manypeople agreed
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
12
J
6
?
J
4
2
E
4
No flood control
Pests
Poor water and electricity supplies
Houses need improvement
Village dirty
Bad drainage and risk of flooding
0vercrowdingWaste disposal collection not effective
Poor sanitation
$ps";q"#ri
Malaysia's population of only 18 million is rather small. TheMalaysian government believes that it needs a largeq more highlyskilled work force, if the economy is to continue growing. So thegovernment is encouraging people to have more children, not feweras in some other developing countries.
In 1984 Malaysians were encouraged to 'Go for five'. Taxconcessions were introduced for parents of four or more children.However, the Chinese and Indian communities, who traditionallyhave smaller families than the Malays, mistrust the motives for thenew family planning policy. Some see it as an attempt to create atruly Malay society in which the Chinese and lndian communitieswill become minorities with little political power.
KEY WORDS
Multi-racial society
Y A Malaysia's multi-racial society in
1980 (percentages)
Key
reNnlndian and others
Chinese
Malay
Y B Projected population change in Malaysia (percentages)
Malay Ghinese Indian and others
1 990
2000
2010
2020
5 8.0
60.0
62.2
64.4
31 .6
2 9.9
28.1
26.2
10.4
10.0
9.6
9.3
a?(]
1 Use the figures in table B to draw a graph similar to graph A,
2 How is Malaysia's racial structure expected to change in thefuture?
3 Discuss why the Chinese and Indian communities mistrustthe new policy. How could they be reassured by thegovernment?
Malaysia's changing population 3.4
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72 I Explain how table C helps explain why Malays tend to haveq larger families than Chinese and lndians.
Y C Average age of women at first marriage
Malay 21
Chinese 24
lndian 22
Better or worse? 3.5The growth of manufacturing in Malaysia has certainly benefited theeconomy. Many people now have a better lifestyle than they did 20 oreven 10 years ago. But has everyone felt the benefits? Table B
suggests that the poorest 20 per cent of Malaysia's population ownonly 4,6 per cent of the country's wealth.
During the first few years of independence, it was Chinese and lndianpeople who lived in urban areas who benefited most from the newfactories. Malay people who lived in rural areas felt left out of thedevelopment process and in 1969 there were race riots. Since then,the Malaysian government has introduced various policies to try toincrease the wealth of Malay people.
trJ 1 Read poem A carefully,
Q Z What is the message of the poem? What is the poet sayingabout the kind of statistics on the economy issued bygovernments ?
ff S Look at the way the second inhabitant of the island isdescribed.
a) Does this person have status? ls he valued by the island'ssociety?
bl Nigger is a term of abuse, Suggest why the poet
deliberately uses this word. How are we meant to feel
about this person?
72 I Compare the distribution of wealth in Malaysia to that in theother countries shown in B.
a) Which country seems to have the fairest society?b) Which has the most unequal society?
Did Malay incomes begin to catch up with Chinese andIndian incomes after the government introduced its policies
in favour of Malay people in 1970?
f B Percentage share of income in
selected countries
Malaysia
Singapore
Brazi I
KEY WORDS
lnequality
Multi-racial society
V A Statisti cs, a poem by
C Bajendra, Malaysian poet
Statisticallyit was a rich island
income per capitaone millionper annum
Naturallyit was a shock to hear
half of population
had been canied offby starvation
Statisticallyit was a rich island
A UN Delegation(hurriedly despatched)discovered however
a smallish island
with a total population
of -2Both inhabitantsregrettably
not each a millionaireas we'd presumed
But one the island ownerIncome per annum:
Two millionThe otherhis cook/chauffeur
shoeshine-boy/butlergardener/retainer
handyman/labourer
field nigger etc. etc.The very same
recently remaindered
by malnutrition
Statisticallyit was a rich island
Income per capitaper annum
one million
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A 5 a) Use a suitable kind of graph to display the figuresr* in table C.
?bl
f C Average incomes (Malaysian $)
Malays
Ch inese
India ns
Average
513
1 094
776
763
140
302243
215
171
381
301
246
*F
1 Read extract A carefully.
a) Explain why Singapore has such a strict policy on road traffic.
b) Suggest why other cities might have environmental and
economic reasons for controlling traffic flows,
KEY WORDS
Traffic congestion
Road pricing
ffion
1? Z Summarize the main disincentives introduced in Singapore to? control the number of new cars.
() I Discuss which of Singapore's policies could be used in the UK's
busy cities to reduce traffic congestion.
Investigate people's attitudes to traffic congestion and traffic
management in your local area. You will need to design a
questionnaire. You might ask about:. how people currently travel to work or school. whether they experience problems of traffic congestion,
noise or pollution. whether they are satisfied with public transport. whether they would be prepared to pay the kinds of
penalties that Singapore's drivers have to pay.
Use the results of your survey to draw up an action plan for
controlling traffic and improving public transport in your area.?b)
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S i n g ap ore's transp o rt p o I i cy 3.6
Y A Extract from The Guardian, 12 December 1994
In the land of the rising Gar pdceSingapore has some claim to be the only countryin the world to have stemmed the advance of themotor car. lt has succeeded by taking draconianmeasures to make cars expensive to buy while atthe same time providing excellent public transport.
Most car-owning consumers in the west willneed to fasten their seat belts before hearing whathappens. First, you have to buy a certificate of enti-tlement. For a small 1.6 litre car this costs nearlyf30 000. However. this doesn't include the cost ofthe car. lt merely gives you the government's per-mission to buy a car. CoEs are auctioned everymonth. The number made available every year is
linked to the amount of extra road space complet-ed each year (currently 3 per cent).
Armed with your CoE you buy your 1.6 litre carcosting around f10000. Next you have to pay 150per cent of the purchase price in the form ofimport duties and taxes. After that, there is a one-off registration fee of f500 and your first road tax(f750) - then you can put the car on the road. lthas cost you f56 000 or nearly six times the origi-nal purchase price.
lf you're starting to feel sorry for those forced toshell out such mind-boggling sums, hold yourtears. Because of the underlying shortage, the
price of new cars (complete with CoEs) actuallyappreciates for a year or two after purchase sothey can be sold off at a profit.
The losers are the poorer people priced perma-nentlv out of the market and frustrated wannabeesfor whom a car has become a more potent statussymbol by virtue of its scarcity. The excellent MassRapid Transit (MRT) system (basic fare 30p) and a
regular cheap bus service offer a palatable alterna-tive as long as you don't need to travel betweenunlinked parts of the island or after midnight whenthe MTR closes.
Traffic flow is further controlled by charging allcars travelling into the Central Business District a
further f1.50 a day when they pass under any ofthe 29 gantries delineating the business area.Since the policing of this operation is labour inten-sive. the government is planning to install a systemof electronic pricing, whereby a smart card con-taining a special chip would automatically deductmoney from motorists' bank accounts as they pass
under a gantry.One option would be to use the opportunity of
electronic pricing to reduce the cost of car pur-chase while making car usage much more expen-sive.
Economic grovvth in China 3.7Many foreign firms are investing in China. Hundreds of new factoriesare being built in Guangdong, the region close to Hong Kong. Whyare so many business people investing in Chinese factories?
Y A Hong Kong business man
f**{ lL'e qetNinq too exVeneive No make thinge in Lonq Konq. Land io{ ,"ry expeneive and my facNories in Hong Kong are all very small, I
wanted somewhere big7er, so I have invested money in a muchlarqer faclory in China.Wageo are lower in China Loo.l pay myworkers in Lhe Chineee taclory len Limee leee lhan eimilarworkers in I'ong Konq. Sut I can etill live in Honq Kong.lN'e ooea6y lo vioil my factory in Ouanqdonq. All I have to do ie catchlhe frain, and it, Nakes less t.han eixLv minuTee,
Y B Taiwanese busrness woman
The Chinese are keen No encouraqe foreiqn indueNries like oure toinveeN in China. UV un|il1979 nearly all lhe qoode made inChineee faclories were eold in China.9o the Chinese have verylitlle experience dealing wilh other counlriee. Now they wanN LosellNheir qoodo abroad,lhey need our experience,They haveencouraqed foreiqn firms like our6 Lo inveeL here by keepinqlaxee very low indeed, We find lhat our workers are quick Lolearn new jobo and Lhey are very loyal. There are oo few jobo in
Nhe countryoide, Lhey are keen to d,o well in the facLory.
Lt{ 1 Read the views in A and B,
/ .,
lr'rri*:e reasons why foreisn firms misht want to invest
b) How is the Chinese government trying to attract foreignfirms to Guangdong?
KEY WORDS
Manufacturing
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China's 0pen Door 3.8
f A Asian TV manufacturing during the 1980s
Ch ina
Japan
S i ngapore
South Korea
Taiwan
2 492
r52051 889
6 819
7 041
r004015512
1 345
I7295 165
16 677
17 721
1 501
7 803
3 946
14594
13862
1 707
11799
6216
19344
14 711
212314922
6 442
2505r
r32992807
1 4820
503i
27 665
14000
3 040
15469
5 112
Since 1978 the Chinese have had an 0pen Door policy, trying to attractforeign investors into China. How has this contact with the rest of the
world affected China?
Use the figures in table A to draw a multiple line graph showing
TV production in the five countries.
a) Which country was the leading TV producer in 1980?
b) When did China become the world's largest TV producer?
a) Contrast the manufacture of TVs in China to that of Japan and
Taiwan.
b) Use what you have learned from pages 34-35 and 46-47 in
the pupil book to explain the trend on the graph you have
drawn.
a/
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2.5
1.5
1.0
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I 4 Study sraph B.tz a) What was China's share of world exports in:
(i) 1e70 {ii} 1e8o (iii) 1ee2?
b) Describe the trend shown by China's exports compared tothose of South Korea, which is one of the economic tigers of
the region.
tl
0.5
1910 72 74 76 18 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 { B Share of total world exports
Asian companies in the UK 3.9Telford is a new town in the Midlands of England. As such it hasbeen able to offer cheap rent and rates on modern factory buildingsto any firms who locate there, The town has a population of 1 l5 000,many of whom have experience working in manufacturing industries.What is more, Telford town is located at the end of the M54motonruay, making it quick and easy to reach from Birmingham andthe rest of the country,
Many Asian companies have factories in Telford. Companies such asthis are known as transnationals. They may open a factory abroad totake advantage of cheap land or lower wage rates. Asiantransnational companies that have branches in the UK also find iteasier to sell their products in the UK and the European Union than ifthey were exporting their goods from Asia.
P t Give three reasons why Telford has been? successful in attracting foreign transnationalcompanies.
KEY WORDS
Transnational companies
A 2 Use map outline 1 to plot the countries thatr{' have factories in Telford. Use the followingkey:
f REpl
FRATCl
FEnow l
Y A Countries with companies in Tetford, lgg4
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I3 a) How many companies are from:tz (i) North America
b)
10+ companies
3-9 companies
1-2 companies
{ii) Europe
(iii) Asia?
How many electronics firms are from:(i) North America(ii) Europe
(iii) Asia?
Calculate the percentage of electronicsfirms from the total number of companiesfrom each region. For example, for NorthAmerica, 8 divided by 23 :0.35. In otherwords, 35 per cent of the North Americanfirms are involved in electronics.Draw pie charts to display your
results.
Do the Asian countries have an unusuallyhigh percentage of electronics firms?
?c)
a?
d)
e)
Gountry Electronicsindustry
0
0
1
2
0
1
III
1
I
i00
0
1
I
+
2
b
0thers Total
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Holla nd
Italy
Japan
Kuwait
New Zealand
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
USA
I
1
I
0
I
0
4
202
0
8
2
1
0
6
4
0
21
1
1
2
2
1
I
5
21
4
I
18
2
1
I
1
8
2
27
3.'l 0Pupil book pages 28-37
124+?D
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A A South and south-east Asia
You will need an atlas to complete the
crossword.
1 Use an atlas to find the name of each
labelled country or sea on map A. For
example, the answer for 4 Down in
the crossword is the name of the
country labelled 4D on maP A.
The country labelled 12A+7D is a
country with two words in its name,
Allthe answers are the names of
countries, except for one sea. Take
care with 10A; this country has
changed its name from Burma.
SELF ASSESSMENT SHEET
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The countries of south-east Asia have created new manufacturingexport industries, often funded by transnational companies.
Use the information in this unit to find the answers to these questions.
1 For which two primary products is Malaysia famous?
what is the term used to describe foreign firms who open factoriesabroad?
3 Wtrat were the two slogans used in Singapore's family planningcampaigns?
4 What is the name of the Chinese province close to Hong Kong?
Think about what you have learned in this unit.
1 Can you explain what is meant by the term diversification?
2 can you describe the way in which Malaysian peopre have benefitedfrom the new industries?
3 can you explain why so many foreign firms are investing in china?
4 can you describe the impact of Guangdong's rapid economic growthon people in both urban and rural areas?
uneurerrTT
No
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Yee
TrrT
Did you know?Asian countries are amongst
the busiest and mostproductive in the world.Singapore is the wodd'sIeading manufacturer of
computer disc drives, Hong
Kong has the busiestcontainer port in the world.China is the world's biggest
producer of TV sets.
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