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Stress Management
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Title of the presentation 2 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
1. Stress in aviation
2. Definitions and models of stress
3. Stress and health
4. Stress and performance
5. Stress management strategies
6. Conclusion
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Title of the presentation 3 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress in aviation
Ryanair has detailed an incident in which the first officer of a Boeing 737-800 felt forced to take control the jet during an approach to Rome and carry out a diversion after becoming concerned about the state of the captain, whose son had died just days before
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Title of the presentation 4 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Several similar incidents TCAS requires under temporal pressure and stress :
appropriate aircrew decision-making and communication no reaction from ATC
Tupolev followed the ATC instruction and not the RA TCAS
Uberlingen accident
ATC
TCASClimb RA
Descend RA TCAS
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Title of the presentation 5 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
1. Stress in aviation
2. Definitions and models of stress
3. Stress and health
4. Stress and performance
5. Stress management strategies
6. Conclusion
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Title of the presentation 6 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Definitions and models
• Stress not a pathology but an adaptation process of an organism to an event, situation or a strain
• Stress induces physiological reactions that arouse the nervous system (adrenalin release)
• Several models or theories consider stress as :
• external events• psychological/physiological reactions• an interaction between an event and
the person
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Title of the presentation 7 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Events Points
Death of spouse 100
Divorce 73
Death of a close family member 63
Wedding 50
New baby 39
Change in financial affairs 38
Change in work 36
Mortgage 31
Problems with hierarchy 23
Changes in sleep habits 16
Adapted from Holmes and Rahé, 1967
Stimulus – response model
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Title of the presentation 8 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress is neither an external event nor a reaction: it is a
transaction between the individual and the environment
(Lazarus model
Occurs when an individual assess her/his resource as not
sufficient to cope with a situation
Interaction between job demands and decision latitude
Definitions of stress
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Title of the presentation 9 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Job demand
Dec
isio
n la
titud
e
Low High
Low
High
Passive High strain
Low strain Active
Negative stress
(health effects)
Positive stress
(motivation)
Job-demand control model (Karasek,1979)
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Title of the presentation 10 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Explains why a high frequency of cardiovascular diseases are observed at the intermediate level of the organization
Practical implications of the model for stress prevention: increase the level of control without reducing the demand
Limitations of the model: does not take into account factors such as new technologies, lack of security and others
Job-demand control model (Karasek,1979)
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Title of the presentation 11 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress factors at work
Contents of work
Job contentWorkload/work paceWork scheduleInterpersonal relationships
at workControl
Context of work
Organizational culture and function
Role in organizationCareer developmentHome-work interface
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Title of the presentation 12 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
1. Stress in aviation
2. Definitions and models of stress
3. Stress and health
4. Stress and performance
5. Stress management strategies
6. Conclusion
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Title of the presentation 13 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Europe: stress affects 41 million workers (28%),
second health issue related to work after muscular
disorders
Cost: From 0.5 to 3% of Gross Domestic Product
USA: annual cost of $200 billion (absenteeism and
medical expenses)
Company performance
Social climate
The cost of stress
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Title of the presentation 14 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Long-term effects : cardiovascular illnesses, immune diseases
Muscular deseases
Gastro-intestinal deseases
Psychological disorders
Sexual disorders
Immune depression
Stress and health
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Short-term effects : Tachycardia, perspiration, muscular tension and more
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Title of the presentation 15 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
1. Stress in aviation
2. Definitions and models of stress
3. Stress and health
4. Stress and performance
5. Stress management strategies
6. Conclusion
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Title of the presentation 16 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Reductive thinking: only a few hypotheses are considered
Confirmation bias: seeking information to confirm pre-
selected hypotheses and the mental model of the situation
Focalization, fixation
Haste in action
Active response
Regression: forgetting the most recent learning
Only immediate survival goals are considered. Long-term
considerations are sacrificed for short-term goals.
Effects of acute stress on decision-making
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Title of the presentation 17 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
15 min before event
10 min before event
5 min before event
Search an ATC area before a separation conflict
Stress and performance - focalization
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Title of the presentation 18 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
3 min before event
2 min before event
1 min before event
4 min before event
5 min before event
Separation conflict
Search an ATC area before a separation conflict
Stress and performance - focalization
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Title of the presentation 19 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Mean variations of Heart Rate for one scenarioStress and performance -- TCAS
PNFMean Heart Rate
referred to the reference heart rate
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
10:30:05 10:30:55 10:31:45 10:32:35 10:33:15 10:34:04 10:34:45 10:35:25 10:36:15 10:36:55 10:37:36 10:38:25 10:39:15
TA
Adjust Vertical Speed
Climb
Descend
Adjust Vertical Speed
Clear of conflict
A320 part task
simulator
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Title of the presentation 20 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
ResultsResultsStress and performance -- TCAS
Active answerPilots are used to putting the vertical-speed needle at the limit of
the red sector
A ‘monitor vertical-speed’ RA does not require a maneuver
Automatic reflex on a TCAS RA -- Monitor Vertical Speed
Monitor Vertical Speed
Autopilot off
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Title of the presentation 21 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
1. Stress in aviation
2. Definitions and models of stress
3. Stress and health
4. Stress and performance
5. Stress management strategies
6. Conclusion
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Title of the presentation 22 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
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Title of the presentation 23 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Primary prevention Sources of stress in the organizatione.g., role ambiguity, job demandsCauses - Consequences
Causes - Consequences
Secondary preventionIndividuals or groupse.g.stress management training
Causes - Consequences
Tertiary preventionIndividual/curative e.g., relaxation, psychological support after an eventX
XXX
The three levels of stress prevention
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Title of the presentation 24 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Two types of coping strategies
Stress management/individual level - coping strategies
The problem to solve if the person perceives that the situation can be changed
Focused on problem solving
The reduction of the emotional strain if the person perceives that the situation cannot be changed
Focused on emotional reactions
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Title of the presentation 25 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
ANTICIPATION
Quicker/betterunderstanding
Fewer resourcesconsumed
Add control of action
Better error management
Add time for anticipation
Le cercle vertueux de l'anticipationStress management on an individual level – improving anticipation
From M.C Dentan
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Title of the presentation 26 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Stress management
1. Stress in aviation
2. Definitions and models of stress
3. Stress and health
4. Stress and performance
5. Stress management strategies
6. Conclusion
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Title of the presentation 27 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006
Conclusion
Stress may impair health and safety in aviation.
Various ways of managing stress exist, but a prevention strategy is more efficient in the long-term.
Stress should be taken into account in the design of aircraft to ensure that systems are tolerant to stress.
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