Zooplankton in Ships Entering Puget Sound 2001-2005 Jeffery Cordell, Russell Herwig, Nissa Ferm...
Transcript of Zooplankton in Ships Entering Puget Sound 2001-2005 Jeffery Cordell, Russell Herwig, Nissa Ferm...
Zooplankton in Ships Entering Puget Sound
2001-2005
Jeffery Cordell, Russell Herwig, Jeffery Cordell, Russell Herwig,
Nissa FermNissa Ferm
School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences
University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington
Scott Smith, Keith StrieckScott Smith, Keith Strieck
Washington Department of Fish and WildlifeWashington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Funding provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service, USGSFunding provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service, USGS
Only larvae live in the water
column.
Meroplankton
Barnacles Octopus Bivalves
Decapods
(crabs, shrimps)
Polychaetes
HoloplanktonJelly Plankton
Copepods
Cladoceran
Mysid Shrimp
Larvaceans
Other CrustaceansComplete life history
takes place in the water column.
Eurytemora affinis
Other Asian Calanoids
Oithona davisae
Limnoithona tetraspina
Indigenous Plankton Taxa
Acartia (Acartiura) spp.
Percent composition of holoplankton ≥ 73 µm in San Francisco Bay, March, 1998
Species of Non-indigenous copepodsin San Francisco Bay
CyclopoidaLimnoithona sinensisLimnoithona tetraspinaOithona davisaeCalanoidaPseudodiaptomus forbesiPseudodiaptomus marinusSinocalanus doerriAcartiella sinensisTortanus dextrilobatus
Other Asian Calanoids
Oithona davisae
Limnoithona tetraspina
Indigenous Plankton Taxa
Percent composition of holoplankton ≥ 73 µm in San
Francisco Bay, May, 1998
Species of Non-indigenous copepodsin San Francisco Bay
CyclopoidaLimnoithona sinensisLimnoithona tetraspinaOithona davisaeCalanoidaPseudodiaptomus forbesiPseudodiaptomus marinusSinocalanus doerriAcartiella sinensisTortanus dextrilobatus
Other Asian Calanoids
Oithona davisae
Limnoithona tetraspina
Indigenous Plankton Taxa
Percent composition of holoplankton ≥ 73 µm in San
Francisco Bay, September, 1998
Species of Non-indigenous copepodsin San Francisco Bay
CyclopoidaLimnoithona sinensisLimnoithona tetraspinaOithona davisaeCalanoidaPseudodiaptomus forbesiPseudodiaptomus marinusSinocalanus doerriAcartiella sinensisTortanus dextrilobatus
Skipanon River
Longview Ditch
Sinocalanus doerri
Pseudodiaptomus forbesi
Eurytemora
Diaptomidae
Cladocera
Cyclopoida
Sand Island
Trojan Power Plant
Woodland Dike
Clackamas RiverRooster Rock
Sturgeon Lake
Crane Lake
Gray's River
Gray's Bay
Young's River
Percent Numerical Composition of Holoplankton in the Lower Columbia River, June, 2003
Sampling Ship’s Ballast in Puget Sound
Pseudodiaptomus forbesi
Limnoithona tetraspinaOithona davisae
www.2s.biglobe.ne.jp
Non-indigenous Organisms that are known to be non-indigenous to the west coast of the Pacific Northwest. These can include holoplankton (spending entire life cycle in water column) and meroplankton (spending only larval stages in water column).
Coastal Organisms characteristic of bays and other
nearshore habitats are assumed to be non-indigenous when the ballast source is not local. This consists mostly of larval meroplankton that usually can’t be identified to species.
Neomysis Barnacle nauplii
Bivalve larvae
Crab zoea
www.microscopy-uk.org.ukwww.marlin.a
c.uk
Oceanic/Unknown Organisms characteristic open ocean habitats,
plus those that can occur in both coastal and oceanic waters, they consist mostly of holoplanktonic copepods.
Calanus Tortanus Pseudocalanus
Puget Sound Ship Sampling
•UW and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife are conducting a sampling and analysis program that will complement and expand on this work
•Ship sampling started February 2001, and is continuing in Puget Sound and Columbia River ports
•Replicated plankton sampling of 246 ships sampled through end of 2005 has been analyzed
•Three vertical plankton hauls with 73 micrometer mesh net taken on each ship
•Most holoplankton (copepods) identified to species, all taxa assigned as nonindigenous, coastal, oceanic, or unidentified affinity
Source of Ballast Water:Region and Ship Type
Region Bulk Carrier
Container
Tanker Articulated Tug/Barge
Other Total Percent
Japan 77 11 0 0 0 88 35.8
China 18 11 0 0 1 30 12.2
South Korea 13 4 0 0 1 18 7.3
California 5 5 32 16 6 61 24.8
British Columbia
2 7 0 0 0 9 3.7
Pacific Ocean 5 12 4 0 0 21 8.5
Other 4 5 3 4 0 19 7.7
Total 124 55 39 20 8 246
Percent 50 22.8 15.8 8.1 3.3
Exchange Locations from Ship’s Log Coordinates
Overall Coastal/Nonindigenous Composition
B
y = -0.0106x + 422.54
R2 = 0.026
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Coastal/Nonindigenous Composition: Unexchanged vs. Exchanged
Coastal/Nonindigenous Composition: Major Ship Types
Articulated Tug/Barge
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Average Percent Composition and Densities of Coastal/non-indigenous Taxa by Ship Type
Ship Type Mean Percent
Standard Deviation
Mean Density, m-3
Standard Deviation
Bulk Carrier (123) 17.9 26.1 1034.5 3525.7
Container (57) 25.6 31.0 1141.0 5667.2
Tanker (39) 13.0 19.3 6783.3 25620.4
Articulated Tug/Barge (20) 18.4 18.9 4999.5 11973.0
General Cargo (7) 25.6 27.3 3718.8 9277.9
Average Percent Composition and Densities of Non-indigenous and Coastal Organisms by Source
Non-indigenous Coastal
Source Region NumberSampled
MeanPercent
MeanDensity, m-3
MeanPercent
MeanDensity, m-3
Columbia River 4 21.8 1182.7 12.1 558.9
British Columbia 3 10.6 1513.2 8.6 1162.5
California 58 9.8 4304.7 6.8 1992.3
Pacific Ocean 20 5.8 1323.6 14.6 435.8
Japan 85 7.5 609.9 15.0 741.5
South Korea 18 0.3 3.2 10.9 134.6
China 29 0.4 32.0 12.5 370.1
Unknown 17 0.0 0.0 25.5 158.9
Statistics Results—ANOVA and Non-parametric Tests•Vessel Category/Exchange Method, Interaction: Exchange method was marginally significant (ER <FT and <no exchange) (p = 0.05) for nonindigenous percent and coastal and nonindigenous percent—no interactions found
•Vessel Category: Articulated Tug/Barge and Tankers had higher densities and percents than other vessel categories and the differences were usually highly significant (p < 0.01)
•Season: No effect of season (winter, spring, summer, fall) or before and after increased regulatory scrutiny
•Ballast Source: California was significantly higher than other major regions in nonindigenous and coastal/nonindigenous densities and percents
•Exchanged ships have lower percentages of non-indigenous and coastal/non-indigenous taxa than non-exchanged ships
•Exchange has more affect on domestic trips than on international trips, but only for percents
Ships Sampled Multiple TimesATB Sea Reliance
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*SPB: San Pedro BaySFB: San Francisco BayCR: Columbia RiverPS: Puget Sound
* Indicates no exchange
Conclusions
•There may be large differences in compliance among individual ships—exchange effectiveness still depends on individual captain/crew choice
•Both densities and percent composition of non-indigenous and coastal organisms in ships entering Puget Sound appear to be decreasing, but are highly variable
•ATB’s and tankers on coastal routes may pose higher risk than ships on cross-ocean routes
•California as ballast source appears to be particularly risky
•Experiments have shown exchange to be very effective, but compliance measures are needed to increase “good” exchanges
Continuing Sampling
•Expand Columbia River sampling
•Ship sampling by WDFW is continuing; we are developing a sampling program incorporating both random and targeted sampling
•Mesh size of net changing to take into account IMO standards (50 µm diagonal)
•Continue following individual ships across time
•Begin a digital photo library of non-indigenous and coastal organisms found in ship’s ballast
Remaining Questions
•What constitutes acceptable risk--do we know enough about it to “pass” or “fail” ship’s ballast based on zooplankton composition?
•Measuring zooplankton in ballast can determine compliance if it is based on absolute numbers per unit area of target organisms, but not efficiency of exchange (unless before-and-after exchange samples are taken).
•Are there any “indicator” taxa or discrete suite of taxa that can be reliably used to assess risk, or is a larger suite of organisms required?
•Can determination of coastal and/or nonindigenous “risky” taxa be standardized and made reliable enough for routine application?