ZOOLOGY BIO 141 Dr. Sumithran. /Zoo/Home.html /Zoo/Home.html.

ZOOLOGYZOOLOGY

BIO 141BIO 141

Dr. Sumithran

http://people.eku.edu/http://people.eku.edu/sumithrans/Zoo/Home.htmlsumithrans/Zoo/Home.html

IntroductionIntroduction

What is life?What is life?

IntroductionIntroduction

Difficult to defineDifficult to define Therefore discuss properties of living Therefore discuss properties of living

systemssystems

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems

1) Chemical Uniqueness1) Chemical Uniqueness Made up of large moleculesMade up of large molecules MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES Four categoriesFour categories Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids ProteinsProteins CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization One level builds on previous levelOne level builds on previous level MacromoleculesMacromolecules CellsCells TissueTissue OrgansOrgans Organ system etcOrgan system etc Emergent Characteristics – Emergent Characteristics – Unique characteristics that appear at a given Unique characteristics that appear at a given

level of organizationlevel of organization


3) Reproduction3) Reproduction Replacement of individuals in a Replacement of individuals in a

populationpopulation Types of ReproductionTypes of Reproduction AsexualAsexual SexualSexual


4) Possession of a Genetic 4) Possession of a Genetic ProgramProgram

Faithful transmission of traits – Faithful transmission of traits – HeredityHeredity

Information contained in GenesInformation contained in Genes Specifically encoded in the DNASpecifically encoded in the DNA


5) Metabolism5) Metabolism Complex chemical processes that go Complex chemical processes that go

on in cells – provide energyon in cells – provide energy Two processesTwo processes Anabolism – Building up reactionsAnabolism – Building up reactions Catabolism – Breaking down Catabolism – Breaking down

reactionsreactions


6) Growth / Development6) Growth / Development Changes that take place during the Changes that take place during the

life of an organismlife of an organism Metamorphosis – The transformation Metamorphosis – The transformation

that take place in post-embryonic that take place in post-embryonic stagesstages


7) Environmental Interaction7) Environmental Interaction Ecology – Study of interactions Ecology – Study of interactions

between organisms and their between organisms and their environmentenvironment

Organisms responding to stimuli Organisms responding to stimuli from environmentfrom environment

IRRITABILITYIRRITABILITY

IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND CONCEPTS AND

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin Galapagos IslandsGalapagos Islands 1859 – Published “The Origin of 1859 – Published “The Origin of

Species”Species” Major obstacle – Heredity not Major obstacle – Heredity not

understoodunderstood 5 major theories5 major theories


1) Perpetual Change1) Perpetual Change Living world is neither constant nor Living world is neither constant nor

cyclic instead is constantly changingcyclic instead is constantly changing Fossil EvidenceFossil Evidence 99% of species that once lived on the 99% of species that once lived on the

planet now extinctplanet now extinct


2) Common Descent2) Common Descent All forms of life descended from a All forms of life descended from a

common ancestor through branching common ancestor through branching lineageslineages

PHYLOGENYPHYLOGENY DNA studies – Provide evidenceDNA studies – Provide evidence


3) Multiplication 3) Multiplication of Speciesof Species

new species are new species are produced by the produced by the splitting and splitting and transformation of transformation of older onesolder ones

Process known as Process known as – Speciation– Speciation


4) Gradualism4) Gradualism Large differences that characterize Large differences that characterize

different species, originate through different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes the accumulation of small changes over a period of time over a period of time

Did not take place overnight – but Did not take place overnight – but over geological timeover geological time


5) Natural Selection5) Natural Selection Explains why organisms are Explains why organisms are

constructed the way they are constructed the way they are To meet the demands of their To meet the demands of their

environment environment

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Developed by LinnaeusDeveloped by Linnaeus

Categories of Animal Categories of Animal ClassificationClassification

Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia Phylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata Class - MammaliaClass - Mammalia Order - PrimatesOrder - Primates Family - HominidaeFamily - Hominidae Genus - Genus - HomoHomo Species - Species - sapienssapiens

The EndThe End

Write on CardsWrite on Cards

NameName Year in schoolYear in school Major, Minor, EmphasisMajor, Minor, Emphasis Why are you taking this course?Why are you taking this course? Name one thing you would like to learn Name one thing you would like to learn

about in this courseabout in this course Career goals…Career goals… Hobbies, interests, anything cool!!!Hobbies, interests, anything cool!!!

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