Zoology
description
Transcript of Zoology
ZoologyAn Introduction
Zoology
• Study of animals• In this class- Important Kingdoms-
Protista- some animallike organismsconsidered to be evol.
precursors to animalsANIMALIA- are ANIMALS
Kingdom Protista
• Single celled• Eukaryotic• Ingest or produce
food• Some animallike
What is an Animal?• Are members of Kingdom Animalia• Are multicellular• Are Eukaryotic • Are Heterotrophs• Lack cell walls
• Usually have a method of
movement
• Most reproduce sexually
• Require oxygen
What is an Animal?• Multicellular: Having more than one cell • Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus
• Heterotroph: Organisms that obtain energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer.
Important Latin roots• Cyte = cell • Zoa or zoo = animal• Demo = people• Epi = on or on top• Coel = cavity • Oid = like• Ation = to form
• Taxon = unit• Nomen = name• Clature = system• Pori = pore• Fera = to have or
bear• Cephala = head• Homologous = similar
in origin
2 Types of Animals• Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a backbone or a vertebral column
• Vertebrates: Animals that have a vertebral column, or backbone
What Animals Do to Survive
• Animals carry out the following essential functions:
1. Feed2. Respire3. Circulation4. Excrete5. Respond6. Move7. Reproduce
Essential Functions1. Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety of ways.
– Carnivore: Eats meat ONLY
– Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY
– Omnivore: Eats meat & plants
– Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter called detritus (Includes poop).
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
• Some animals form symbiotic relationships.
Symbiosis: Is the relationship in which two species live closely together
a. Mutualismb. Commensalismc. Parasitism
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
a. Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
b. Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Barnacles on a Whale
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
c. Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it.
Essential Functions2. Respiration: Whether they live in water or
on land, all animals respire, which means they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
– Some can rely on diffusion of these substances through their skin
– Most have evolved complex tissues and organ systems for respiration
Essential Functions3. Circulation: Many aquatic animals
(ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.
• Larger animals have some kind of circulatory system to move materials around within their bodies.
Essential Functions4. Excretion: A primary waste product of
cellular metabolism is ammonia, a poisonous substance that contains nitrogen.
– A buildup of ammonia & other wastes would kill an animal
– Animals have excretory system that either eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.
Essential Functions5. Response: Animals respond to events
in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.
– Nerve cells hook up together to form a nervous system
– Some nerve cells are receptors that respond to sound, light, and other stimuli
– The arrangement of nerve cells in the body changes dramatically from phylum to phylum
Essential Functions6. Movement: Some live their entire
lives attached to a single spot.– Most are motile, meaning that they move
Essential Functions
7. Reproduction: Most reproduce sexually by producing gametes.
– Maintains genetic diversity in populations
– Helps species evolve when the environment changes
– Many reproduce asexually & allows to increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)
Describe the Body Plans of Animals1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
3 Types
Asymmetrical-Irregular shape Radial symmetry: can be
divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike
Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves
Symmetry Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.
Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in a circle like the spokes of a wheel.
Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise in half, both sides will match.
Bilateral Symmetry • Includes worms, insects & vertebrates
• Have external body parts that repeat on either side of the body
What type of symmetry?
Bilateral Symmetry
• Anterior End = Front End
• Posterior End = Back End
• Dorsal Side = Upper Side
• Ventral Side = Lower Side
2. Body arrangements:a. anterior: head region(front on upright man)
b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man)
c. dorsal: back or topd. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom
Anatomical Terms (cont)• Medial - close to the middle• Lateral
– Close to the side or movement away from middle
• Distal– Away from the main part
• Proximal– Close to the main part
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral– End with the mouth
• Aboral– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic– Toward head
• Caudal– Toward tail
3. Body Development• As an embryo develops, three germ
layers form:
a. Ectoderm• becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin,
pituitary, lens of eye
b. Mesoderm• becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory
system, kidney, reproductive system
c. Endoderm
• becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial lining of lungs, many endocrine glands
a. Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm
• EX: sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms
4. Body Cavities
b. Pseudocoelomates- partial body cavity lined with mesoderm
• “Tube within a tube” body plan
• EX: roundworms
c. Coelomates- true body cavity lined with mesoderm
• EX: all other animals
Advantages of a body cavity (coelom or pseudocoelom):
• Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes, hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the other
• Better distribution allows animal to grow larger • A place to put things, like new organs
5. Cephalization-concentration of sense organs- developed nervous system
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW
• Invertebrates-no backbone• Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone
Section 29-1
RadialSymmetry
Deuterostome Development
Coelom
Pseudocoelom
Protostome Development
RadialSymmetry
Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry
TissuesMulticellularity
Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods
Annelids Mollusks
Roundworms
Flatworms
Cnidarians
Sponges
Single-celled ancestor
Invertebrate Cladogram
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes• Zygote cleaves to become blastula and then
forms gastrula. The blastopore of the gastrula can become either the mouth or the anus of the organism
• Protostome- Blastopore becomes the mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
• Deuterostome- Blastopore becomes anus. Ex-Chordates
The End