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![Page 1: Zoogeography studying animal distributions (animal geography) father of animal geography/biogeography co-discoverer of theory of natural selection Who.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103023/56649ddb5503460f94ad1db3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Zoogeography
• studying animal distributions (animal geography)
• father of animal geography/biogeography
• co-discoverer of theory of natural selection
• Who is this guy?
"...every species comes into existence coincident in time and space with a preexisting closely allied species." (1855)
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Zoogeography
• Studying animal distributions1) Map distributions
2) Explain distributions
endemic taxon: taxon unique to a specific location; found nowhere else
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
1) Palearctic• Largest region• Includes Europe, north Africa, much of Middle East, most
of Asia (except south-southeastern Asia)• Diverse biomes: polar ice (N) to desert (S)
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
1) Palearctic• 42 mammal families
– gray wolf, Siberian tiger, caribou, Norway rat, polar bear
• 0 endemic family
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
2) Nearctic• Most of North America,
Greenland• Latitudinal biome diversity
similar to Palearctic; polar ice (N) to desert & subtropical (S)
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
2) Nearctic• 37 mammal families
– peccary, polar bear, pronghorn antelope, musk ox, porcupine• 2 endemic family
– Aplodontidae – Antilocapridae
*Palearctic & Nearctic collectively called Holarctic Region
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
3) Neotropical• S. Hemisphere New World
(S.America; Central Amer., S. Mexico)
• Tropical (N) to desert (S); altitudinal diversity with mts.
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
3) Neotropical• 50 mammal families
– Sloth, howler monkey, tapir, capybara
• 19 endemic families (most of all regions)– bats, primates, xenarthrans, rodents
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
4) Ethiopian• Madagascar, Africa (except N.
Africa), & south tip Middle East
• savanna
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
4) Ethiopian
• 52 mammal families (most of all regions)– mountain gorilla, African elephant, giraffe, aardvark, numerous
lemur spp. (Madagascar), many viverrids (civets)
• 17 endemic families– Giraffidae
– Lemuridae
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
5) Oriental• India, south China, Indochina,
portions of Indonesia• Tropical forest; deserts in
western portion
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
5) Oriental• 50 mammal families
– Malay tapir, Indian tiger, water buffalo, Indian elephant
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
5) Oriental
• 3 endemic families– Tupaiidae (tree shrews)– Cynocephalidae (colugos)– Tarsiidae (tarsiers)
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
6) Australian• Australia, Tasmania, portions
of Indonesia• Tropical forest to savanna to
desert • island realm
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
6) Australian• 28 mammal families
– wombat, kangaroo, bandicoot, echidna
• 12 endemic families – marsupials, e.g., Macropodidae– monotremes– bats
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
6) Australian
• Endemic species…. Tasmanian DevilThylacine (Tasmanian “wolf” or “tiger” – extinct 19th/20th centuries)
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
Wallace’s Line– imaginary line separating Oriental & Australian faunal realms– Alfred Wallace voyage in area– Limit of region & provinces noticed because of sharp
difference in taxa at boundary– Borneo & Sulawesi
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
7) Oceanic• major oceans of Earth &
isolated islands (New Zealand)
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Zoogeographic Realms (Faunal Realms)
7) Oceanic• marine mammals
– walrus – dolphins– whales– seals– bats
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Matrix Comparing Faunal Regions
Region Percentage of families also found in
PA NA NT ET OR AU
Palearctic (PA) --- 46 24 54 76 32
Nearctic (NA) 40 --- 60 25 30 18
Neotropical (NT) 28 81 --- 21 24 18
Ethiopian (ET) 67 35 22 --- 66 32
Oriental (OR) 90 40 24 63 --- 57
Australian (AU) 21 13 10 17 32 ---
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Zoogeography• Continental Drift Theory &
Mammals
Continental drift: theory postulating that Pangaea split and resultant land masses drifted over the earth
- 1750’s German minister, Lilienthal, coasts with congruent shape
- 1915 Wegener proposed theory of that continents drift
- 1950’s DuToit proposed modern view of theory with 1 historic land mass (puzzle fit N.W/O.W.)
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Zoogeography
• Continental Drift Theory & MammalsSequence of Events: 1) Triassic Period = Pangaea 2) Jurassic Period = splitting of Pangaea into N & S land
masses = Laurasia & Gondwanaland, respectively
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Zoogeography
• Continental Drift Theory & MammalsSequence of Events: 3) End of Cretaceous Period = S. America drifts westward
breaking from Africa4) Cenozoic Era = continued drift yielding current continental
spatial arrangement
Cretaceous
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Zoogeography
• What caused (causes!) continental drift?
• sea floor spreading moves tectonic plates of the earth’s crust (lithosphere)
• system of movement of the earth’s crust = plate tectonics
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Zoogeography
Continental Drift:• How?
– Convection currents cause upswelling of molten material to earth surface (e.g., ocean floor)
– Form chains of underwater volcanic mts. (“spreading ridges”)
– New sea floor formed & pushed away from upswelling as new molten material appears
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Zoogeography
Continental Drift:• How?
– At opposite edge of a given tectonic plate plunges back toward earth’s core and is destroyed (forms deep troughs or trenches)
– Continental land masses are carried along with this movement at ~5-10 cm per yr
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Zoogeography
Mammalian Diversity vs. Reptilian Diversity:• Key appears to be related to continental drift• Reptiles evolved when continents more closely
connected; may have allowed greater interchange = less diverse
Triassic Jurassic
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ZoogeographyMammalian Diversity vs. Reptilian
Diversity:• Key appears to be related to
continental drift• Mammals evolved on
numerous, isolated land masses = more diverse via speciation (i.e., macroevolution)
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Evolution
• What is evolution?
• Microevolution: survival through the inheritance of favorable characteristics
– mutations – selection
• Macroevolution: progression of biodiversity through geological time
– speciation – extinction
• Can you one without the other?
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Evolution• How does it occur?
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Evolution
• Species – group of potentially interbreeding natural populations capable of producing viable offspring
• Speciation (through reproductive isolation)
– division of populations (allopatric speciation)
– barriers to reproduction (sympatric speciation)
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Evolution
• Allopatric Speciation
– Geographic separation leads to reproductive isolation
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Evolution• Sympatric
Speciation
– reproductive isolation within randomly mating population
?
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Evolution• Parapatric
Speciation
– reproductive isolation between populations
?
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Evolution• "All life comes from
life"
– Modification of previously existing structures (homologous) – mammal forelimb structure
– Increasing resemblance of organs or organisms serving the same function (analogous) • insect wings vs. bird
wings (mimicry)
• spurges vs. cacti
• aloes vs. agaves
• via Convergence
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ISOLATION AND CONVERGENT EVOLUTIONConvergence
– Myrmecophagesanteaters, aardvark, aardwolf, numbat,
pangolins
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ISOLATION AND CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Convergence– Cursorial herbivores
pronghorn, capybara, guanaco, kangaroos
digestive tract, dentition, elongated limbs
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ISOLATION AND CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Convergence– Fossorial mammals
pocket gophers, Palestine mole rats, mole rats
reduced eyes, forelimbs, claws, incisors
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ISOLATION AND CONVERGENT EVOLUTIONConvergence
– Bipedal, saltatory mammalskangaroo rats, jerboas, spring hare
long tails, elongated hind feet, richochetal locomotion
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Zoogeography
Cenozoic Era, Climate Changes, and Mammal Distribution:
• Cenozoic Era = period of sweeping climatic changes; effects on distribution of plant communities and thus mammal distributions
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ZoogeographyCenozoic Era, Climate Changes,
and Mammal Distribution:
• First half of Cenozoic Era = relative uniform climate; subtropical Alaska
• Second half of Cenozoic Era = more seasonal climates; fluctuations in temps, cooling
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Zoogeography
Cenozoic Era, Climate Changes, and Mammal Distribution:
• Why appearance of seasonality?
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Zoogeography
• What about present conditions?• Global Warming AKA Global Climate Catastrophe
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• How does this relate to present conditions?• Since ~1900, global temperature has increased 0.8oC
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Medieval Warm Period (1000-1300) followed by the Little Ice Age (1400-1900)?
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* Global temperate changes & simulation models
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* Past 100 years, the global sea level has risen by about 10 to 25 cm.
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* Greenhouse gas emissions
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* Glaciers in Switzerland
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Zoogeography
Cenozoic Era, Climate Changes, and Mammal Distribution:
• Why appearance of seasonality?
![Page 51: Zoogeography studying animal distributions (animal geography) father of animal geography/biogeography co-discoverer of theory of natural selection Who.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103023/56649ddb5503460f94ad1db3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ZoogeographyCenozoic Era, Climate Changes,
and Mammal Distribution:
• Some possible explanations:
1) Related to shifting patterns of land & water
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ZoogeographyCenozoic Era, Climate Changes,
and Mammal Distribution:
• Some possible explanations:
1) Related to shifting patterns of land & water
![Page 53: Zoogeography studying animal distributions (animal geography) father of animal geography/biogeography co-discoverer of theory of natural selection Who.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103023/56649ddb5503460f94ad1db3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Zoogeography
Cenozoic Era, Climate Changes, and Mammal Distribution:
• Some possible explanations:2) Also, formation of major world mountain ranges
e.g., Rocky Mts. reach present heights in CenozoicCascades appear over last 5 million yrs., Himalayas
appear in last 2 million yrs.
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ZoogeographyCenozoic Era, Climate Changes,
and Mammal Distribution:
• Some possible explanations:
2) Also, formation of major world mountain ranges
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ZoogeographyPleistocene Epoch (Ice Ages):
1.5 mybp to 10,000 ybp
– High climatic variability
– Recurring periods of glaciation separated by warm periods (glacial retreat)
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Zoogeography
Causes of Glaciation?
Milankovitch Theory1) Formation of polar ice caps
reduced amount of energy retained by the earth (high albedo)
2) Earth’s elliptical orbit around sun
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Zoogeography
Causes of Glaciation?
3) Tilt of earth’s axis relative to sun
4) Shifting of earth’s axis around its tilt angle
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
1) Kansan ~500,000+ ybp
2) Illinoian ~250,000 ybp
3) Wisconsinian ~10-12,000 ybp
- General decrease in southward advancement of glaciers from Kansan to Wisconsin Glaciations
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
- Major extinctions of mammals:e.g., North America
elephants musk oxen
camelsground sloths
giant beavers cave bears
saber-tooth cats horses
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Zoogeography
Glacial Stages in North America
• But how did species survive the Ice Ages?
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
• Plant communities shifted geographically with advancing and retreating glaciers
• Mammals followed shifting of plant communities
Musk ox to central France
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
• Southward expansion of boreal mammals during glacial advances
– Remnants left in refugia
Caribou to Alabama & Georgia
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
• Northward expansion of subtropical & desert mammals during interglacial periods (glacial retreat)
• Isolation of plant & animal communities contributes to further speciation (natural selection, gene mutations, genetic drift, etc…)
– e.g., unglaciated regionsHippos in Britain
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
• Current northward expansion of mammals
– e.g., opossum expanding into southern Ontario over the last 10 y
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ZoogeographyGlacial Stages in North America
• Current northward expansion of mammals
– e.g., nine-banded armadillo
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Biogeography
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Zoogeography
• Animal Movements
(More on “Ecology of…” to come!)
Dispersal: uni-directional movement; move from place of origin to new area, perhaps colonizing that new area
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Zoogeography
• Animal Movements
Migration: round trip movement; move from starting point and later return
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Zoogeography
• Faunal Interchange– animal exchange between
realms/regions…
corridor:
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Zoogeography
• Faunal Interchange
– animal exchange between realms/regions…
filter route:
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Zoogeography• filter routes &
agricultural land use / habitat fragmentation
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Zoogeography
• filter route
Beringian land bridge – connects Palearctic to
Nearctic
Some mammal families using this route:
CervidaeFelidaeCamelidae - NA to
PA
PA to NA
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Zoogeography
• filter route
Panamanian land bridge – connects Nearctic to NeotropicalSome mammal families using this route:
CervidaeEquidaeCamelidae CebidaeErethizontidae
NA to NT
NT to NA
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Zoogeography
• Faunal Interchange
– animal exchange between realms/regions…
sweepstakes route:
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Zoogeography
• sweepstakes route