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Complete Hierarchical Classifica-tion of Homosapicus (Man)

ReviewMaster - Zoology

1. Anthropology - Study of Man

2. Conchology - Study of Molluscan

shells3. Entomology - Study of Insects4. Helminthology - Study of Helminthes

5. Herpetology - Study of amphibious

and Reptiles

6. Ichthyology - Study of Fishes7. Malacology - Study of Molluscs

8. Ethology - Study of animal

behaviour

9. Parasitology - Study of Parasites10.Bacteriology - Study of Bacteria

11.Virology - Study of Viruses

12.Ophialogy - Study of Snakes

13.Myrmecology - Study of Ants14.Mammology - Study of Mammals

15.Ornithology - Study of Birds

16.Palaeo Zoology- Study of FossilAnimals

17.Protozoology - Study of one celled

animals

Naming the animals with two names

As popularized by Carolus Linageus. The first name is the Genus name. The second name is the species name.

Binomial Nomenclature

Trinomial Nomenclature

1. Hippocrates - Medicine2. Aristotle - Biology3. Carolus Linageus - Taxonomy4. Karl Ernt von Baer - Modern

Embryology5. Anton Von Leevwenhoek - Bacteria6. Robert Hooke - Cell

7. Mathias Schleidenand Theodore Schwann - Cell theory

8. George Cavier - ComparativeAnatomy

9. Jean BaptisteLamarch - Organic Evolution

10.Johannes Muller - Modern Physiology11.Charles Darwin - Natural Selection12.Gregor Mendel - Genetics13.Hugo de Vries - Mutations

Sub Divisions of Zoology

Complete Hierarchical

Classification of

Homosapilies (Man)

Kingdom - Animalia

Sub kingdom - Eumetazoa

Grade - BilateriaDivision - Deuterostomia

Naming the animals with three names Genus name Species name sub

species name.

Founders & Fathers

Sub-kingdom PROTOZOA (Unicellular or

Acelluar)

Phylum 1 ProtozoaSub-kingdom METAZOA (Multicellular)

Branch A MESOZOA (Stereoblastullagrade)

Phylum 2 Mesozoa

Branch B PARAZOA (Cellular grade)

Phylum 3 PoriferaBranch C EUMETAZOA (Tissue

grade)Division 1 RADIATA (Radial

symmetry)

Phylum 4 Coelenterata or Cnideria

Phylum 5 CtenophoraDivision II BILATERIA (Bilateral

symmetry)

Sub-division A PROTOSTOMIA (Bla

stopore forms the mouth)Section a ACOELOMATA (No

coelom)

Phylum 6 Platyhelminthes

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Phylum 7 Rhynchocoela (Nemertina)

Section b PSEUDOCOELOMATA(With false coelom)

Phylum 8 Acanthocephala

Phylum 9 Entoprocta

Super-phylumASCHEMLMINTHES

Phylum 10 RotiferaPhylum 11 Gastrotrica

Phylum 12 Kinorhyncha

Phylum 13 Nematoda

Phylum 14 Nematomorpha

Phylum 27 EchinodermataPhylum 28 Chaetognatha

Phylum 29 Pagonophora

Phylum 30 Hemichordata

Phylum 31 Chordata

Deuterostomes which cannot

be arranged in wholly

satisfactory superhyla

true coelom)

Super-phylumINARTICULATA

(Unsegmented coelomateprotostomes)

Phylum 15 PeriapulidaPhylum 16 Sipunculida

Phylum 17 Mollusca

Phylum 18 Echiurida

Super-phylumARTICULATA (Segmented

coelomate protostomes)

Phylum 19 AnnelidaPhylum 20 Tardigrada

Phylum 21 Onychophora

Phylum 22 Pentastomida

Phylum 23 ArthropodaSub-division B DEUTEROSTOMIA

(Blastopore does not form

the mouth)

Super-phylumTENTACULATA(Lophophorates)

Phylum 24 Phoronida

Phylum 25 Ectoprocta

Section c EUCOELOMATA (with

Phylum 26 Brachiopoda

ZOOLOGY

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

Sub division - Entero coelomata

Phylum - ChordataSub phylum - Vertebrata

Intra phylum - Gnathostomata

Super class - Tetrapoda

Class - Mammalia

Order - PrimatesSub order - Anthropoidea

Super family - Hominoidea

Sub family - Hominiinae

SPECIES

Species is a dynamic group of organismssharing a common gene pool and similar

in all characters, but differ from the other

related species. Each species occupies a

specific ecological niche in theecosystem, is reproductively isolated from

the other groups and interbreed freely

among themselves in natural conditions to

produce fertile offspring.

It is a mendelian population It is reproductive isolated. When

mated with other species, it produces

sterile offspring.

When nated with same species,produce fertile offspring.

Contain same number of chromosomes.

Members of a species show gratesimilarity in Proteins & Nucleic acids.

There are seven major levels of

classification.

Species:Smallest unit of classificationSubspecies differs morphologically

with species

Genus:A group of related species could be

monotypic or polytypic.

Family:It is a group of one or more genera.It ends with a suffix - idae.Adding suffix inae to genus names it

becomes sub family.

Order:

It includes one or more related familiesClass:It includes several related OrdersPhylum:It includes one or more Classes.Kingdom:Highest unit of classification contain

ing several phylas.

Classification of Animals

All rights reserved. 2004 st and al one i nc. [email protected]

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Cells

system

org

Paramecium

v o o o o o o

Radial

o o o o o

Incomplete

o o o o o

+ O o o o

+ ps O o o

+ +h + + oUnio

Pila

+ + + +o +

+ +h + + + j Palaemon

o +h + + o

Spiny-skined;

Phyla

by Antony Von

by

They

1.2.3. All are Aquatic forms.4. These are multicellular without

5.They are

Cnidaria:1.2.

3. They

4. They are

5.6.

cellular digestion.7.

1.

2.3.4.5. is

They areCestoda.

1.

2.3. They

4.are

Annelida:

and

Arthropoda:

parts.

in

are

Tissues

Germlayers

Symmetry

Gut

Excretory

Coelom

Circulatory

Respiratory

ans

Segmentation

PhylumDistinctive

features

Common

Examples

Acellular

Protozoa AcellularMicroscopic

Amoeba

Polystomella

Notissue

Porifera

Porous bodywith

choanocytes

Leucosolenia

Sycon

Coelenterata

Gut sac-like

Nematocytes

present

Hydra

ObeliaDiploblastic

Biradial

CtenophoraComb plates

for locomotionCtenoplana

Cestum

PlatyhelminthesFlat:Acoelomate

Schistosoma

Fasciola

Taenia

Aschelminthes

Cylindrical

with

pseudocoel

Ascaris

Mollusca

Body soft with

usually exter

nal shell; Men

tle fold present Sepia

AnnelidaSlender with

annular ringsPheritima

Hirudinaria

Bilateral

Arthropoda

Body with

ointed

appendages

Cellular(Many)

Tissueg

radeoforganization

Triploblastic

Radial

Completedwith

anus

Echinodermata

Adult radial

but larvaebilateral

Asterias

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN PHYLA OF NON

CHORDATES

General characters andclassification of Invertebrate

Important Points:Phylum : Protozoa:1. Name was coined by Goldfuss.2. Discovered

Leeuwenhoek

3. First phylum among invertebrates4. Occur in various shapes and symmetries.5. Locomotion Pseudopodia, flagella,

Cilia.6. Nutrition Holozoic or Saprozoic.7. Reproduction Asexual or Sexual.8. Honigberg classified phylum Protozoa

into four sub phylas. aresarcomastigophora, Sporozoa,Cnidospora, Ciliophora.

Porifera:It includes sponges.

Name was given by R.E. Grant.

tissues.Phy. Porifera is divided into threeclasses. Calcarea,Hexactinellida, Demospongia.

These are first ture metazoans.Except Hydra species all are marine

forms.contain two germ layers

Ectoderm and Endoderm.(Diploblastic).

radially symmetricalanimals.

Name is given basing on cnidoblasts.Exhibits both intracellular and inter

It is divided into three classes. Theyare Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa.

Platyhelminthes:These commonly known as Flatworms.

Name was given by Gegenbaur.they are Acoelomates.Excretion is done by flame cells.Phylum Platyhelminthes dividedinto three classes.

Turbellaria, Trematoda,

Nematoda:These are commonly called as Roundworms.Coelom is pseudocoelom.

contain non-muscularalimentary canal.Phy Nematoda is divided into twoclasses. They Aphasmidia,Prasmidia

1. It includes triploblastic, bilaterally,symmetrical metamerically segmented

animals.2. Name was coined by Lamarck.3. They contain true coelom.4. Cephalization well developed

blood vascular system is present.5. Excretion is by Nephridia.6. Phy Annelida is divided into four

classes.They are : Polychaeta, Oligochaeta,

Hirudinea, Archiannelida.

1. The name was coined by Von sie bold.2. In includes jointed legged animals.3. Body covered by cuticle.4. Head appendages modified into mouth

5. Excretion by Malpighian tubulesmany

6. Phy Arthropoda is divided into threesub phylas.They Trilobita, Chelicerata,Mandebulata.

Mollusca:1. It includes soft bodied animals.2. Name was given by Johnston.3. They contain mantle.4. Phy Mollusca is divided into seven

classes.They are: Aplacophora,

Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora,Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda,Cephalopoda.


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Echinodermata:1. It includes spiny skinned animals.2. Name was given by Jacob Klein.3

BLOOD

4. Larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical but adults are pentamerous radial symmetry.5. Phylum Echinodermata is divided into two sub phylas.

They are : Pelmatozoa, Eleutherozoa.6. Sub Phylas Pelmatozoa contains one class. Crinoidia.7. Sub Phylum Eleutherozoa is divided into four classes.

They are Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea.

. These are the invertebrates with enterocoelic coelom.Blood is the fluid connective tissue. It is redin colour with a pH of 7.4. It helps in the

transportation of different substances likeO2, food etc.

Composition of the blood: It containsplasma and blood cells.

Plasma: It is the matrix of the blood. In this

fibres are absent and is pale yellow or straw

coloured. It constitutes 55% of the blood. Itcontains 92% of water and 8% of various

organic & inorganic compounds. Theimportant proteins are globulins, albuminsand fibrinogen. They help in the retentionof water when blood protein level falls, largeamounts of water enter into the inter cellular

spaces of tissue leading to edema.Blood corpuscles: It constitute 45% of the

total blood by volume. These are 3 types:1. Red blood corpuscles.2. White blood corpuscles.3. Platelets.

1. Red blood Corpuscles: They are alsocalled erythrocytes. They are 4.5 to 5million in number per cubic millimeter of

the blood. They contain a pigment calledhaemoglobin. It is nearly 14 to 16 gms per100 millimeters of the blood. RBC are

biconcave, oval and enucleated. They are

small in size with a diameter of 7.2 and

with a thickness of 2.2 . The number ofRBC is more in the people living on hills.The increased condition of RBC is called

polycythemia. RBC live for 120 days.RBC production is called haemopoiesis.

The chief haemopoietci organs are spleenand bone marrow.

Functions: The haemoglobin present in the

RBC helps in the transporation ofrespiratory gases.

2. White blood corpuscles: As they are

colourless, they are also called leucocytes.They are produced in spleen, lymph glands

Non Chordate Invertebrate

Approximate number of living species of non-chordate phyla

Phylum Species number Common examplesProtozoaPoriferaCnidaria (Coelenterata)CtenophoraMesozoaPlatyhelminthes

Nemertina (=Rhynchocoela)EntoproctaGnathostomulidaRotiferaGastrotrichaEchinorhyncha

Nematomorpha

AcanthocephalaNematheiminthesMolluscaAnnelidaArthropodaOnycophoraTardigradaLinguatulidaEchiuridaEctoprocta (= Bryozoa)PriapulidaPhoronidaBrachiopodaSipunculidaChaetognathaPogonophora

EchinodermataHemichordata

50,0004,200

11,0008050

15,0006006090

1,500150100250

30080,000s

110,0008,800

>800,00080

1706080

4,0005

153,104

27560

100

6,000100

Amoeba, EuglenaSpngesJellyfishes, sea anemones, etc.Comb jellies, sea goose berries.Flatworms, flukes, tapewormsRibbon wormsMoss animals2

Wheel animalcules.Horse-hair-worms.

Spinheaded-worms.Round worms.Snails, clams, etc.Earthworm, leeches.Crustaceans, insects and spiders.Walking worms.Water bears.Tongue-worms...Moss animals....Lamp-shells..Arrow-worms...

Starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers.Acron-worms.

SARCOMASTIGOPHORA Agranulocytes.A. Granulocytes: They contain stainable

etc. They are of 2 types: A. Granulocytes, B.

Diagnostic characters and common example of major groups of sub-phylumsarcomastigophora

granules in the cytoplasm. Their nucleusshow 2 to many lobes. They are also called

polymorphs or polymorpho nuclear

leucocytes. Based on the stain taken bythem they are of 3 types.

i) Basophils: They constitute about 0.4% oftotal WBC. They are stained with basicdyes like methylene blue, haematoxilin etc.

Nucleus is bilobed and U shaped. Exactfunction is not clear. Supposed to transforminto Mast cells in the tissues.

ii) Eosinophils or Acidophils: Constitute 23% of the total WBC stained with acidic

dyes like eosin. Nucleus is biobed. Theirnumber increases in allergy situations.

iii) Neutrophils: Constitute nearly 62% ofthe total WBC stained with neutral dyes.

Nucleus is 3-5 lobed. They are phagocyticand are also called microscopic policemen.

3. Platelets: They are nearly 3 lakhs percubic millimeter of the blood. They are the

fragments of the giant cells calledmegakaryocytes of bone marrow. Plateletsare non-nuclear. They produce a substancecalled thromblastin that help in bloodclotting.

Class 1. Mastigophors

1. Dinoflagellida

Order

2. Euglendia

3. Volvocida

4. Kinetoplastida

(Flagella present)

2 flagella-one transverse, one trailing

Characteristics

Flagella 1 or 2: chloroplast not cup shaped

Flagella 2 to 4 : Chloroplast cup shaped

1 or 2 flagella

Ceratiu, Noctiluca

Examples

Euglena

Class 2. Opalinata

1. Opalinida

5. Diplomonadida 8 flagella

6. Trichomonadida 4 6 flagella

(cilia-like organelles in oblique rows)

Flagella cilia like in oblique rowsOpalina

Trypanosoma, Leishmania

Giardia

Trichomonas

Class 3. Sarcodina

1. Amoebida

2. Arcellinida

3. Heltozoa

(pseudopodia present)

Body naked

Body shelled

No central capsule

Amoeba, Entamoeba

Arcella

Actinophris

5. Foraminiferida

4. Radiolaria

Shell chambered with no centralcapsule

With central capsule

(polystomella (=Elphidium)

Collozoum


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Characteristics and common examples of major order of subphyla : Sporozoa, Cnidosporaand Ciliophora

Order Characteristics Examples

Sub-phylum : Sporozoa

Class : Telosporea(with spores)

1. Gregarinia 1 walled spores Monocystis

2. Coccidia Many walled spores Coccidium, PlasmodiumClass : Piroplasmea(with no spores)

No spore Babesia

Sub-phylum : Cnidospora

Class : Myxosporea(with big spores)

1. Myxosporida Spores large Myxidium

Clases:Microsporea(with small spores)

1. Microsporida Spores small Nosema

Sub-phylum : Ciliophora

Class : Ciliata

(with cilia)

1. Gymnostomatida No adorsal cilia Didinium

2. Trichostomatida Vestibular but no buccal cilia Balantidium

3. Hymenostomatida Buccal cilia as membranelles Paramecium

4. Suctorida Cilia only in young stages Acineta

5. Peritrichida A boral cilia in row; few or no other cilia Vorticella

6. Heterotrichida Body cilia short, uniform Stentor

7. Hypotrichida Body cilia compound Stylonychia

SPOROZOA

Radial symmetry and Spherical symmetry

Radial Symmetry Spherical symmetry

1. Shape of animal is cylindrical or umbrellashaped or saucer like.

1. Shape is spherical.

2. Polar ends are formed like anterior,

posterior, oral, aboral ends.

2. Polar ends are absent.

3. Dorsal side and ventral sides absent. 3. Dorsal and ventral side absent.

4. Body organs arranged round the anterior

posterior axis.

4. Body organs arranged in a radiating

manner from central point.

5. Exhibited by Hydrozoans, Scyphozoans. 5. Exhibited by Volvox, Heliozoans,

Radiolarians.


Radial Symmetry Biradial symmetry

1. Shape of the body cylindrical, or umbrellalike, or saucerlike.

1. Shape is only cylindrical

2. Animal can be cut into two only in along

one aixs.

2. Animal can be cut in two axis.

3. Antimeres of all axis are identical. 3. Antimeres of one axis are not identical to theantimeres of other axis.

4. Exhibited by Hydrozoans and

Scyphozoans.

4. Exhibited by anthozoans.


Biradial Bilateral

1. Dorsal and ventral sides absent. 1. Dorsal and ventral sides present.

2. Body is cut in two planes. 2. Body is cut into two only in one plane.

3. Antimere of one axis is not identical to

antimere of another axis.

3. Antimeres are formed only in one axis.

4. Arrangement of organs are in Radial &

Bilateral.

4. Body organs are arranged at

equidistance from the central axis.

SYMMETRY

VERTEBRATA

Protochordates:Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Ciona andAmphioxus.

Cyclostomes:Petromyzon, Myxine and Ammocoete larva.

Pisces:Scoliodon, Pristis, Torpedo, Chimaera,Ophiocephalus, Acipenser, Amia, Arius,Pleuronects, Hippocampus, Exocoetus,Echeneis, Notopterus, Labeo, Protopterus,Catla, Clarias, Anguilla, Anabas, Tetradonand Antennarius.

Amphibia:Proteus, Triton (Newt), Salamendra, Siren,Axolotl larva, Rana, Bufo, Hyla,Rhacophorous, and Icthyophis.

Reptilia:Draco, Gecko, Chameleon, Uromastix.Varanus, Vipera (Russels viper), Naja,Bungarus (Krait), Echis, Enhydrina,Crotalus, Ptyas, Eryx, Trionyx, Testudo,Crocodilus and Gavialis.

Aves:Picus, Butorides (Heron), Psittacula,Eudynamys, Bubo, Alcedo andArchaeopteryx.

Mammalia:Ornithorhynchus, Tachyglossus, Erinaceus(Hedge Hog), Macropus, Didelphis(Opossum), Mains, Loris, Herpestes,Pteropus, Funambulus, Tarsius and Macaca.

CORALS & CORAL REEFS

Corals are colonies of many small seaanemone-like animals called polyps. They

belong chiefly to the order Scleractinia andclass Anthozoa of phylum Coelenterata.Some hydrozoans also form corals. The

polyps secrete small cup-like structures

made of limestone called corallite. Thecorallite provides support and protection forthe soft bodied polyp. The polypscontinuously secrete calcium carbonatewhich causes the colony to expand upwardsand outwards. Within the colony all the

polyps are inter-connected by tissue forminga thin skin over the non-living skeleton. It isthe skeleton which gives the coral colony itsshape where as the living tissue gives thecolour.Corals reproduce by asexual and sexual

methods both. Sexual reproduction byfusion of male and female gametes results intiny planula larvae which can swim away tosettle in different places to form newcolonies. Some corals are called reef

building or hermatypic corals.Classification of Corals:i) Hydrozoan Corals:Few genera ofHydrocorallina such as Millepora, Stylaster,and Distichopora are colonial and the zooidsare housed in calcareous exoskeleton.ii) Octocorallian Corals: They are softcorals which is formed of a colony of polypswith endoskeleton of separate calcareousspicules embedded in the massivemesogloea.iii) Hexacorallium Corals: They are stonycorals and are thus can be designated as truecorals. They may be solitary or coolonialand assume a great variety of forms. Theyare the main components of the coral reefs.


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PSEUDOCOELOM & EUCOELOM Sub-class 2. Euechinoidea.Order 2. Diadematoida.Order 3. Echinothuroida.Order 4. Pedinoidea.Order 5. Phymosomatoida.Order 6. Arbacioida.Order 7. Temnopleuroida.Order 8. Echinoida.

P

wall

1. It is formed from blastocoel.

seudocoelom and Eucoelom:

Pseudocoelom

1. It is formed from 4d cell or from

archenterons.

Eucoelom

2. It is lined with mesoderm towards body 2. It contains mesoderm towards body

wall.

3. Mesoderm is absent towards alimentary

canal.

4. Alimentary canal is non muscular

3. Mesoderm present towards alimentary

canal.

4. Alimentary canal is muscular.

Order 10. Clypeasteroida.Order 11. Cassiduloida.Order 12. Holasteroida.

Order 13. Spatangoida.Sub-phylum D. Asterozoa (Free living,

body star-shaped, strongly developed arms).Class 4. Stelleroidea.Sub-class 1. Somasteroidea.

Order 1. Platyasterida.Sub-class 2. Asteroidea (Starfishes)

Orders 3. Spinulosa.Order 4. forcipulata.

Sub-class 3. Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars,

Order 9. Holectypoida.

serpent stars)Order 5. Ophiurae.Order 6. Euryalae.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

Class: Holothuroidea

Commonly called as Sea cucumbers.

6. It is not divided into any types.5. Coleomic epithelia absent.

6. It is divided into two types likeSchizocoelam, Enterocoelom.

5. Coelomic epithelia present.

7. This type is present in phylum

Nemathelminthes.

keletal muscle fibre, cardiac & smooth muscle fibre:

7. This type is present in the phylas

Annelida to Choradata.

SKELETAL MUSCLE, SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE

Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

1. Involuntary 1. Involuntary

2. Spindle shape myocyte 2. Cylindrical and branched

3. Unbranched 3. Branched

4. Unincleated 4. Unincucleated

S

Skeletal muscle

1. Voluntary2. Cylindrical shaped myocyte

3. Un branched

4. Multinucleated

5. Very Limited power of

Regeneration

PLASMODIA OF MAN

5. Considerable power of

Regeneration

5. No power of

Regeneration.6. Blood supply abundant 6. Blood supply not abundant 6. Blood supply abundant.

1. Body oval elongated into oro-aboralaxis, arms absent.

2. Mouth surrounded by Tentacles, whichare modified tube feet.

3. Anus posterior

4. Madreporite internal

5. Spines, pedicellaria absent.

Eg.: Holothuria, Synapta.

Chief Characters of the Annelids:

General characters of Phylum Annelida.

1. Body contains ring like structurescalled metameres or segments.

2. Segments are formed by the pre analsegment.

3. Cephalization first occurred, head bearstentacles, eye etc.

4. Body cavity is formed by splitting ofmesoderm schizocoelom.

5. Coelomic fluid acts as hydraulicskeleton.

6. Locomotion is done by setae,parapodia, suckers.

7. Alimentary canal is straight withdigestive glands in its wall.

8. Blood vascular system is closed typeand developed first in Annelids. Blood

contains the pigments Haemoglobin,chlorocruorin dissolved in plasma.

9. Excretion is done by nephridia whichare ectodermal in origin.

10. Respiration in done by the moistvascularised body wall.

11. Nervous system consists of nerve ringand two ventral nerve cords.

12. Sexes are separate or united.

13. Fertilization external in all, but internalin hirudenia.

14. Cleavage is holoblastic and spiral.

15. Development may be direct or indirect.

Indirect forms have trochophore larva.

Comparative Characters of Plasmodia of Man:

Species of PlasmodiumStage

Vivax Malariae Falciparum

Early Trophozoite Relatively large,usually one

chromatin dot

Compact, onechromatin dot

Small, sometimestwo chromatin dots

Late Trophozoite Large, amoeboid

abundant chromatin

maller, compact,S

not amoedoid,

pigment coarse

Medium sized,

usually compact,

rarely amoeboid,

pigment granular

Young Schizont Large, amoeboid,

chromatin numasses

merous, pigment infine rodlets

mall, compactS

chromatin masses

few, pigment coarse

Small, compact

chromatin masses

numerous, singlepigment mass

Mature Schizont Schizont and

merozoits large

chizont smallerS

merozoits larger

Smaller merozoits

Merozoite Number 12-24; usually 12 to18

12; usually 86 8 26; usually 8 to18

Microgametocytes Sperical, produce

4 8 microgametes

pherical, produceS

2 5 microgametes

Sausage shaped,

produce 4-8

microgametes

Macrogametes Spherical with

small excentricnucleus

a

pherical but smallerS

nd less numerous.

Crescentic, large

nucleus compact.

Length of Asexual

Phase

48 hours 72 hours 36 48 hours,

usually 48 hrs.

Usual Incubation

Period

Type of Fever

Average 14 days

Benign tertian

A

Quartan

verage 30 days Average 12 days

Malignant tertian

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Class 2. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)Order 1. DactylochirotaOrder 2. AspidochirotaOrder 3. ElasipodaOrder 4. DendrochirotaOrder 5. MolpadidaOrder 6. Apodida

Class 3. Echinoidea (Sea urchins, sanddollars, heart urchins).Sub-class1. Perischoechinoidea.Order 2. Cidaroida

Scheme of Classification ofEchinodermata:Sub-phylum A. Homalozoa. (Extinct)Sub-phylum B. Crinozoa (Usuallyattached, body cup-like, arms present)Class 1. Crinodea (Sea lilies, feather stars)Sub-phylum C. Echinozoa (unattached;

body globoid or elongate; arms absent)


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The salient features of sponges:

1. Sponges are mostly marine except the

up of calcareous or siliceous spicules.

12. Nerve cells are absent.ECOLOGY

members of the family spongillidaewhich live in fresh waters.

2. Symmetry of spones is radial orasymmetrical.

13. Asexual reproduction is by budding andGemmule formation.

14. Sexual reproduction occurs withinternal fertilization.

1. Environment of earth comprises 3main constituents - atmosphere,hydrosphere and lithosphere.

3. Sponges are sedentary, solitary orcolonial.

4. These are multicellur without tissues.

5. Tehgy exhibit cellular level oforganisation.

6. Body contains two layers outer layerpinacoderm, inner layer choanoderm.Coenocytes are collar cells,archaeocytes are phagoacytic cells.

7. Body has several small pore called asostia, and single large openingoisculum.

8. Body cavity is spongocoel.

9. Sponges contain a special systemcalled canal system which helps innutrition, excretion.

stored in Thesocytes.

11. Internal skeleton of sponges in made

0. Nutrition is holozoic. Reserve food is

15. Larval forms are parenchymula,Amphiblastula.

16. Power of regeneration is high.

Sponges are included under parazoabecause.

They are multi cellular animals withouttissues.

They resemble the colonial protozoan proterospongia

Formation of coenocytes supports thatsponges evolved from choanoflagellates.

Sponges exhibit intracellular digestion.

Sponges exhibit reversal of body layers.During early development

Absence of nerve cells, sensory cells.

With all these characters sponges areincluded in parazoa. Sponges remained as aBlind off Shoot.

2. Atmosphere consists of 4 main layers -

troposphere, stratosphere, ionosphereand exosphere.

3. The term Ecology was used byHaeckel in 1866. Which deals with

inter - relationships of organisms withtheir surrounding environments.

4. A group of organisms belonging to aparticular species, occupying a certain

area, at a specific time constitutes apopulation.

5. Assemblage of different kind ofpopulations inhabiting a given area isdescribed as a community.

6. A biome is constituted by all thecommunities occurring together in ahabitat having specific climaticconditions.

7. Light is an important a biotic factor of

an ecosystem.8. Chief source of light is sunlight,

HYDROZOA, SCYPHOZOA & ANTHOZOA 9. The visible light is only a smallfraction of the solar radiation.

10. Spectral composition is seven colours,the VIBGYOR.

moonlight and starlight.

constant rate at which sun's

Diagonistic Characters and Common Examples of the Major Groups of Classes

Class

Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa:

1

Orders Key Characters Common Example11. The

radiant energy reaches the earth's outeratmosphere is called Solar flux.

12. Heat and infrared radiation cannot

penetrate beyond a depth of 4 metersin water.

Hydroida Polypoid phase prominent Hydra

Milleporina Colonial massive coral;minute medusoid

Millepora

Stylasterina Colonjal coroal; no Stylaster

Hydrozoa(Polypoid

ormedusoidorboth;

mesogloea

noncellular)

medusoid; style ongastrozooid cup

13. Basing on penetration capacity of lightwater column of oceans is divided into

Euphotic zone, disphotic zone andaphotic zone.

14. Effect of light on organisms is varied.

Trachylina Predominantly medusoid Cunino

Siphonophors Ploymorphic; polyp andmedusoid both

Physalia

Scyphozoa

(Medusoiddomi

nant;mesogloea

cellular)

Cubomedusae Bell cuboidal with simple

margins

Carybdea It shows its effect on bodypigmentation, movement and vision,behaviour, metaboliss,

photoperiodism.15. The activities of some animals are

correlated with periods of moon. Thisis called lunar periodicity.

16. The light emitted by some organisms

Semaeostomae Bell with scallopedmargin

Aurelia

Rhizostomae Bell margin withouttentacles

Rhizostoma

Diagonistic Characters and Common Examples of the Major Groups of ClassAnthozoa:

called bioluminescence.17. Temperature exerts influence on the

physical factors like water vapour andair.

due to some chemical reactions is

Class Orders Key Characters Common Example

Stolonifera Sub-class : Alcyonaria Tubipora)

mesogloeawithfibres (8 or multiple of 8 mesen

teries; 1 siphonoglyphs)18. Depending on the seasons, the range of

temperature difference may go up to17C. In deserts this variation may be

as high as 40C.19. In accordance with the vertical

changes of temperature, strata appearin fresh water. This is called thermalstratification.

Telestacea Long axial polyp and

lateral polyps

Telesto

Alcyonacea Polyps embedded in

gelatinous matrix

Alcyonium

Gorgonacea Colony tree-like; polyps

short

Gorgonia

Anthozoa

(Polypoidexclusively; Pennatulacea Axial polyp long; more or

less felshy colony

Pennatula 20. Temperature effects the organisms in

various ways like body temperature,thermal migration, cyclomorphism.

21. About 71% of earth surface is coveredby only water. Water is universalsolvent.

22. There are two types of waters Softwater and Hard water.

23. Water continuously circulates betweenthe atmosphere and the earths surface.

Actiniaria

Sub-class : Zoantharia(6 or multiple of 6

mesenteries; none, one or

two siphonoglyph)

Two siphonoglyphs Edwardsia

Madreporaria Siphonoglyph absent Fungia, Meandrina

Zoanthidea One siphonoglyph Epizoanthus


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This is called hydrological cycle.24. Water has the following properties

like solvency, specific heat, latentheat, density, pressure, surface

tension and buoyancy.25. Aquatic ecosystem has 3 divisions:

Freshwater ecosystem, Marineecosystem and Estuarine or

brackishwater ecosystem.26. In the fresh water ponds three zones

are recognized. They are : 1)Littoral zone b) Limnetic zone c)

Profundal zone.27. Energy is the capacity to do work.28. The conservation and expenditure of

energy is described by two laws ofthermodynamics namely Law ofconservation of energy and Law of

kinetic energy.29. The total amount of energy

converted into sugar by a plant iscalled Gross Primary Production.

30. Mainly two types of food chains are

recognized in an ecosystem. Theyare ; a) Grazing food chain b)Detritus food chain.

31. Elton for the first time described thenumbers of individuals belonging todifferent trophic levels, in the formof an ecological pyramid.

32. Winnie Edwards described

population as a self regulatingsystem. Study of the size of

populations and their distribution iscalled Population Ecology.

33. The growth and decline in the size ofa population, in a unit time, can berepresented in the form of growth

curves.34. Environmental Pollution: Environ

mental pollution can be defined as anundesirable change in the

environment, which adversely affecthuman beings and his belongings.

35. Environmental pollution is classifiedinto air pollution, water pollutionand land pollution.

36. Major air pollutants are CO, CO2,SO2, NO and aerosols.

37. Secondary air pollution is mainly

caused by photochemical smog andacid rains.

38. the main causes of water pollutionare sewage, industrial effluents,

pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive

substances and fluorine.39. Soil pollution is mainly due to

chemical fertilizers, pesticides andsolid wastes.

40. Environmental protection EPA cameinto effect in 1986.

41. World environmental day is on June5.

42. Wildlife conservation: According toInternational Union of conservationsof Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN) has categorized rare animaland plant species as endangered,vulnerable, rare and threatened

species.43. At present there are 80 national

parks, 441 sanctuaries existing in

India.

POLLUTION

The greenhouse effect:As the amount of CO2 concentration isincreasing year after year, the CO2 allowsthe sun rays to pass form atmosphere toearth surface but do not allow them inopposite direction, as a result thetemperature of the earth increases leading toGlobal warming.Due to global warming the polar ice capshave started to melt, as a result the sea &oceans level increases will lead to thesubmerging of some of the island and somecitiesThis is known as Greenhouse effect.Along with CO2 the other gases which areconsidered as Greenhouse gases areMethane (CH4) Chlorofluoro carbons,(CFCs), nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride(SF6).Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog.1. Reducing smog is also known as Londonsmog. The important component in thistype of smog is H2SO4. Hence it is alsoknown as Sumptuous smog. This smog iscommon during the early morning hours.

2. Photochemical smog is also known asLos Angeles smog. The importantcomponent in this smog is Peroxy Acetyl

Nitrate (PAN). Peroxy Benzoyl Nitrate(PBN). Nitrogen oxide chiefly NO2 reactswith unburnt hyderocarbons in presence ofsunlight and form the photochemicaloxidant PAN, PBN. Along with PAN andPBN other pollutants present are Aldehydes& ozone.Effect of photochemical smog:

1. It causes corrosion of metals.2. Reduces the visibility3. Irritation of eyes and impairment

of cardiopulmonary activities.4. Effects Hills reaction in plants.

Acid rains are formed due to condensation

of HNO2 and H2SO4. These are formed dueto release of oxides of Nitrogen andSulphur. When condensed they come downto earth as showers of rain. This is mostlyseen in industrial areas.

The pH value of acid rains isbetween 3 to 6.Effect: Acid rains cause great damage tomarble buildings, Limestone etc, damagethe crops, destroy nitrogen fixing bacteriaand reduce fertility of soil, effect the aquaticorganisms by changing the pH of water.Ozone pollution in the troposphere: Theozone in stratosphere protects the organismsfrom the harmful UV rays. But due todepletion of ozone layer the UV rays fall on

the earth.Ozone of troposphere causes warmingeffect. It causes Necrosis and yellow spotson leaves. Rate of photosynthesis isaffected by ozone,. It also damages themucous membrane of respiratory surface.At high concentration it is causing

pulmonary edema in man. It even causescracks in rubber goods.Heavy metal pollution and their effectson Man: Heavy metals are mostly released

by the industries and are released into waterbodies. They enter the organism throughfood chain and accumulate in organisms.The various heavy metals and their effectsare:

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

Diagonistic characters and common examples of a major groups of Phylum Annelida:

Class Sub-class/Orders Distincitve features Common Example

Polychaeta(Setae

manyon

parapodia)

Errantia

Sedentaria

Archiannelida

Parapodia with acicula.

Parapodia with out

acicula

Parapodia absent

Nereis, Heteronereis,Aphrodite

Chaetopterus

Polygordius.

Oligoch

aeta(Setaefew;

no

parapodia)

Lumbriculida

Monilogestrida

Haplotaxiada

Male gonoducts confined

to the segment bearing

testes.

Male gonoducts do not

pass thorugh a septum.

Male gonoducts passthrough one or two septa

Lumbriculus

Monilogaster

Lumbricus, Pheretima,Tubifex.

Hirudinea(Setaeand

parapodiaabsent

Acanthobdellida

Rhynchobdellida

Gnathobdellida

Pharyngobdellida

Proboscis absent; Jaws

present,

Proboscis protrusible;jaws absent

Proboscis absent; 3 jaws

present

No proboscis ; no jaws

Acanthobdella

Pontobdella

Hirudo, Hirudinaria

Erpodella


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1. Mercury: It is released by paper andpaint industries. In water it is convertedinto soluble dimethyl mercury by microorganism. This substance enters the body offishes. When man eats that fish he issuffers from the disease called Minimatadisease.

pollutants are 1) CO 2) CO2 3) SO2 4)Oxides of nitrogen.i) Carbon monoxide: its is mainly

produced due to incomplete combustionof fossil fuels and in towns and cities dueto use of motor vehicles.CO interferes with the transport of

PHYLUM ANTHROPODA

Honey Bee:Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : Hymenoptera

2. Lead: It is released by smelters,automobile exhaust. Disease caused aredamage to liver and kidney, hypertension.3. Cadmium: Causes bone deformation,sterility.

4. Arsenic: Causes cancer, muscularatrophy.5. Nickel: Causes Dermatitis.6. Chromium: Causes cancer to lungs andskin7. Selenium: Causes cancer8. Silver: Causes arrythmia.Radioactive pollution: radioactivesubstances like radium, thorium, uraniumetc., emit the radioactive, rays, which cause,the pollution of air, water and land. Eventhe nuclear dust is also causing radioactive

pollution.Effects of radioactive pollution:1. lodine 131 damages Bone marrow,

spleen, lymph nodes and causes bloodcancer.

2. Strontium 90 causes bone cancer.3. Radioactive rays cause mutations in

plants and animals.Sewage as an important water pollutant:Sewage is the wastes from houses, animaland food processing plants mixed in water.Domestic sewage includes human excreta,detergents and water soluble paints.The important problems that are caused bythis sewage is 1) Depletion of oxygen 2)Eutrophication 3) Micro organism.1. Depletion of oxygen : Sewage containorganic wastes. This it reduces thedissolved oxygen as it is acted upon byaerobic bacteria.2. Eutrophication: Enrichment of organic

nutrients in water is eutrophication. Due tothis algal blooms increase, depletion ofoxygen takes place, death of consumersoccur and even water may disappear.3. Micro-organism: The sewage maycontain several disease causing microorganisms which cause various diseases bycontamination.Some water borne diseases are jaundice,cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, dysentery mayoccurd due to various micro-organisms likeCryptosporedium parvum, Entamoeba coli,Giardia, Salmonella typhinurium etc.The pesticide pollutants and their effecton organisms.The pesticides are organochlorinecompounds, organophospheates, carba

mates, synthetic pyrethroids.1. Organochlorine compounds: DDT,BHC, Aldrin. They are on degradable andhighly toxic acid, effect reproductivesystem in female birds.2. Organophosphates: Malathion,

parathion, phosphomidon. These effecthuman Nervous system.3. Carbamates Carbaryl, aldicarb. Theseenter the food chain and reach humansthrough milk.4. Synthetic pyrethroids These are leastharmful pesticides.The major pollutant gases and theireffects:Gaseous Pollutants: The major Gaseous

oxygen from the respiratory organs to thetissues. CO poisoning causes symptomslike headache, blurred vision in lowerconcentration. In higher concentrations itcauses coma and death. In the case of CO

poisoning, pure oxygen is given to thevictim, as the above reaction is areversible one.ii) Carbon dioxide: CO2 is a very usefulgas for green plants, as they use it in

photosynthesis. The percentage of CO2 inthe atmospheric air is very low, i.e., only0.03%. As a result it was not consideredas a major pollutant till recently. But dueto large scale destruction of forests andincreasing use of fossil fuels, itsconcentration is going up in theatmospheric air.Greenhouse effect: When the CO2concentration goes up in the atmosphericair it affect the heat budget of the earth. Itraps the heat and prevents its escape. As

a result the atmospheric temperatureincreases. The effect of CO2 resemblesthe conditions that exist in a greenhouse.For this reason its effects are referred toas greenhouse effect. In the opinion ofthe scientists, if CO2 continues to increaseat the present rate for another 100 years, itraises the atmospheric temperature by 3 to8C. As A result the plant and animal lifeand their distribution will be affected. Itmay also affect agricultural production,leading to famine, large scale hunger anddeath. Even the polar ice caps melt,raising the sea level by few meters. Thisresults in the submergence of manyislands, low lying coastal regions and

cities lie Kolkatta, Mumbai, Chennai,New York, London, Tokyo, Hongkongetc.iii) Sulphur dioxide: It is mainly

produced due to burning of fossil fuels.Melting of sulphur ores is also animportant cause of SO2 production.SO2 causes acute respiratory problems,slows down ciliary movement andsubjects the respiratory tissues to serveirritation. It also causes severe headache.The effects of SO2 are also severe oncrops like alfalfa, wheat and cotton.White spots appear on the leaves and theywilt. As a result the crop yield comesdown.The SO2 also affects the mechanical

strength of the paper. The paper turnsyellow and becomes brittle and maycrumble to powder. SO2 also causes acidrains.iv) Nitrogen oxides: these are major

primary pollutants. Important nitrogenoxides causing pollution are Nitric oxide(NO), Nitrous oxide (N2O) and Nitrogendioxide (NO2). The primary source ofthese oxides is auto mobile exhaust. NOand NO2 mainly found in the combustiongases of automobiles. The effect of NOand NO2 is seen on the respiration ofanimals. Nitrogen oxides also contributefor acid rains and photochemical smog.

Differenct species Land mark

1. Apis mellifera

2. Apis indica

3. Apis dorsata

4. Apis floria

European

honeybee

Indian honeybee

Giant honeybee

Little honeybee

Apis indica is employed for commercial

bee keeping in India. Culturing of honey

bes is called apiculture.

Honeybee : Honeybee is a social insect

and lives in a colony.

Each colony contains.

a) Sterile diploid females Workersb) Fertile diploid females Queen

c) Fertile haploid males Drones.

In the colony workers are more in

number. Workers have lapping andchewing type of mouth parts. They have

pollen basket (or) carbicula on the tibia of

3rd leg. On the abdomen wax glands

(hypodermal glands) are present whichproduce wax. They construct honeycomb.

They collect nectar from flowers, mix

with their saliva and produce honey.

Honey is stored in the honeycomb. Apoison sting is present at the posterior end

of the body which is a modified

ovipositor.

The worker bees communicate with each

other by wagging dance. This wasdescribed by Karl Von Frisch, for which

he got the Nobel prize.

The colony consists of a queen which is

concerned with reproduction Royal jelly

is produced from the pharyngeal glands ofworkers. Royal jelly is fed to the queen

and the larva that develops into queen.

Drones are formed parthenogeneticallyfrom haploid eggs. Drones copulate with

queen. The larvae are called grubs. Theyexhibit Holometabolic type of

metamorphism.

Uses of Honey and Wax:1. Honey is good food with vitamins

and sugars.2. It is of medicinal value.

3. It is antiseptic and blood purifier.

4. Bee wax is used in polishes, candle

making etc.5. Bee poison is useful in the

treatment of arthritis.Honeybee serves as a good

pollinating agent.

Harmful Insects:1. Mosquitoes:

Phylum : Arthropoda

Class : Insecta

Order : DipteraMost important mosquitoes which

transmit diseases to man are:

1. Anopheles 2. Culex

3. Aedes 4. PsorophoraThe body of Mosquito is divisible into

head, thorax and abdomen. They have

piercing and sucking type of mouth parts.


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called

are

are is 10

S.

No Mosquito

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

(

It

:

::

S.No

1.

2.

(

the

5

It

But

::

:S.

No

1.

2.

The

a

type.

:

:

on

is a

i) It

ii)

by sp ).

i) in

) Taenia is a

a full set of both

in the of

of

in

larva is

1) 2))

and 4)

Female mosquitoes are ectoparasitic on

man. Male mosquitoes depend on plant

juices. In females antennae bear few hairs.

In males they ae brush like, bearing many

hairs. Head shows a pair of antennae andone pair of compound eyes. At the base of

antennae auditory sense organs

Johnsons organs present. Thorax is

three segmented with 3 pairs of legs andone pair of wings. The wings are spotted in

Anopheles but not in Culex and Aedes.Metathorax bears rudimentary wings called

Halteres (or) Balancers. They are probably

sensory in function. Mesothoracic wings

useful for flight. Abdomensegmented. Their life cycle includes egg,

larva (wriggler), pupa (tumbler) and imago.

Holometabolus type of metarmorphism.

These mosquitoes spread many diseases:Name of the Disease spread by it

FemaleAnopheles

Female Culex

Female Culex

Female

Aedes

FemaleAedes

FemalePsorophora

Stegomyia

Malaria (by injectingsporozoites of

plasmodium).

Elephantiasis (by

injecting microfilarialarvae)

Encephalitis (by

injecting virus)Yellow fever (by

injecting virus)

Dengue fever or)Break bone fever

(by injecting virus)

It transfers the larvaeof Dermatobiaboat fly

to the skin of man.

causes Dermatobiasis.

Is a vector of the

virus causing yellowfever.

2. Bed-Bug:Phylum Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Order Hemiptera

Species Location

Cimex

hemipterus(formerly

called Cimexrotundatus)

Cimex

lectularius

Seen in India Indian

Bed bug)

Cosmopolitan in

distribution

The bed bug lives as an ectoparasite onman. The body is dorsoventally flattened.

So it can live in crevices of walls wooden

furniture etc. Mesothorax has a pair of stub

like vestigial wings called hemielytra. So

bed-bugs are considered as blood suckingectoparasites with wings. Second pair of

wings are absent. The mouth parts are of

piercing and sucking type.Bed-bug produces peculiar stinky smell due

to the presence of stink glands located at the

base of their legs.The female bed-bug lays its eggs in

crevices of furniture and other narrow

spaces. The eggs undergo development and

the nymphs come out within four or fivedays. They undergo 3 or moults to

become the adults. The whole life cycle is

completed in about a month.

Bed-bug lives in human environment.

feeds on human blood. Hence bed-bug areknown to transmit a number of disease like

kala azar, relapsing fever, plague, typhoid,

tuberculosis, small pox and leprosy.

there is no substantial evidence in support

of this belief.

3. Housefly:Phylum Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Order DipteraSpecies Location

Muscadomestica

Musca nebula

Common in Europe

Common in India,Pakistan etc.

Housefly is worldwide in distribution. Its

body is divisible into head, thorax and

abdomen. It has 2 pairs of 3 jointed

antennae and pair of compound eyes.Sponging and sucking type of mouth parts

are present in them.

Mesothroax consists of first pair of wings.

These are useful for flight. Metathoraxshows second pair of wings, which are

reduced, called Halters (or) Balancers.

females are slightly larger than

males. Females lay 120 to 160 eggs in

decaying organic matter.The eggs hatch and liberate a larva called

maggot (or) gentle. It transforms into apupa called coaretate type. Pupa l ives in

a hardened larval skin called puparium.

Pupa transforms into imago. Suchmetamorphosis is called Holometabolus

The feeding and moving habits of thehousefly are responsible for the spread of

diseases. Insanitary habits of the flymakes the human food contaminated.

When man takes such contaminated food,

he suffers from disease like Dysentery,

Diarrhoea, Typhoid, Cholera.

Tuberculosis, Polio, Ascariasis etc.The diseases can be prevented by keeping

the surrounding clean, protecting the food

stuff from flies and killing the flies.

4. Head Louse:Phylum : Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Order Anopleura (or) Siphunculata

1. Pediculus homonis capitis present on

the hair follicles of man.2. Pediculus homonis corporis lives

the body of man.

3. It wingless blood sucking

ectoparasite of man.4. It shows piercing and sucking type of

mouth parts.

5. Head bears minute teeth called buccal

denticles. They serve to anchor to the

head.The blood sucking habit is responsible

for serving as vector of two pasthogens

namely spirochaeta and Rickettsia.Spirochaeta cuase Typhus to man.

The bite of the head louse causes

abrasions on the head, results dandruff

and secondary infections.6. It has legs with claws.

7. Their eggs are called nits, which hatch

and give nymphs.causes disturbance to human

beings.It transmits typhoid and relapsing

fever. (relapsing fever is causedirochaeta recurrents

Life history of Taenia solium.Tapeworm completes its life cycle in twohosts.Primary host: Man, Secondary host: Pig.

Infection: Taenia infects mancysticercus larval stage. The larvae enterman who eats improperly cooked pork.ii Fertilisation:hermaphrodite. Each mature proglottid

contains male and female reproductive organs. Fertilisationoccurs ootype femalereproductive system. Self fertilizationoccurs in tapeworm.As a result of fertilization, a zygote isformed. The vitelline gland or yolk glandsecretes a yolk cell which joins thezygote. Later the viteline gland secretes ashell around these two cells. The shelledzygote is called capsule. Each capsule iswith one zygote cell and one yolk cell.

Now these capsules enter into uterus bylubrication caused by the secretionMehlis glands. The uterus developslateral branches and occupy almost the

entire space of the proglottids andthousands of capsules keep pouring intoit. Such proglottides are called gravid

proglottides which are released out by theprocess of Apolysis.

Importance of cysticercus in Taeniasolium.Cysticercus larva is developed thestriated muscles of pig. It is covered bytwo layers outer cuticle and innergerminal layer. The cysticercus can be ina dormant condition in pig for 5 to 6years. Hence the main important functionis to be in an inactive condition and isready to enter the host whenever it isavailable.

Cysticercus larva or bladder worm is theinfective stage of Taenia to man. Thepork containing cysticercusknown as Measly pork.The parasitic adaptations exhibited are

Absence of digestive system.Presence of enzyme resistant tegument. 3Presence of Hooks suckers.Presence of complex reproductive organs.

Male Female

1. Shorter in size.2. Posterior endcurved3. Cloaca is presentat posterior end.4. Male genitalopening in the

cloaca.5. Cloaca bearsunequal sizedcopulatory spicules.6. Copulatory

papillae present.

1. Longer.2. Posterior endstraight.3. Anus is presentat posterior end.4. Female genitalopening is anterior.

5. Copulatoryspicules absent.

6. Copulatorypapillae absent.

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI Microfilaria larva: is present in the blood ofman. It enters the vector.Microfilaria larva is covered by a loosecuticular sheath or egg shell. The larvalsurface is covered by flattened epidermalcells. Inside the body there are manynuclei in a syncytial conditon.The anterior end there is stylet where thefuture mouth develops in the adult.

TAENIA SOLIUM


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thorax,

thorax

2pairpe

r

Head&

segments

segment

All

cephalothor

-ax,

1pairper

None

ax

Body

Legs

by

Common

j

-Group -

--

Genus -

in

are 20 of

CollarTrunk into

b

region.

--

Class --

Order -Genus -

-

its base.5. It

the mature so self

Ciona:

--

Class -Order -

-Genus - Ciona

2. Ciona is marine

4. isand in a

6. of

-Group -

-- Agnatha-- (

-is

8.and

General Characteristics of the Major Classes of Phylum Arthropoda

Insecta

Head,

abdomen

1pair

Mandibles,

Maxilllae1

pair,labium

3pairson

Tracheae

Mainly

terrestrial

Insects

Diplopoda

Head,short

thorax,lo

ng

abdomen

1pair

Mandibles,

maxillae

1

pair

segmen

t

Trachea

e

All

terrestrial

Millipedes

Chilopoda

longbody

ofsimilar

1pair

Mandibles,

Maxillae2

pairs

1pairper

Tracheae

terrestrial

Centipedes

Crustacea

Usually

abdomen

2pairs

Mandibles,

maxillae2

pairs,

Maxillipede

segmentor

less

Gillsor

body

surface

Mainly

aquatic

Prawn,

Crab

Archnida

Cephalothor

ax,

abdomen

Chelicerae

Pedipalpi

4pairson

cephalothor

Lungbooks

ortracheae

Mainly

terrestrial

Spiders,

Scorpions

division

Antennae

MouthParts

Respiration

Main

habitat

examples

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

Differences between Rough and Smooth Endoplastic Reticulum:

Smooth ER Rough ER1. Well developed in steroid hormonesecreting cells2. It tends to be tubular.3. It is devoid of ribosomes.4. Riboporphyrins I and II are absent in themembrane.

Well developed in protein-secreting cells.

It tends to be cisternal.To it remain adhered the ribosomes.Riboporphyrins I and II are present in themembrane.

Differences between Rough-ER and Plasma Membrane:

Rough ER Plasma membrane1. 50 80 A in width2. Membranes symmetrical with densecross bridges (globular in appearance).

3. In negatively stained preparations noglobular surface pro ections are found.4. Little cholesterol is found.5. Ribosomal RNA occurs in the membrane

75 100 A width.Membrane shows more typical trilaminaror unit structure; asymmetricallythickened on the inner lamina.In negatively stained preparations,globular surface projection are found.

No cholesterol is found.No ribosomal RNA is found.

ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM

Balanoglossus:Classification:Phylum Chordata

Acrania (protochordata)Subphylum HemichordataClass Enteropneusta

Baalanoglossus1. Balanoglossus is commonly known asacorn or tongue worm.2. It is cosmopolitan or world wide

distribution, especially in the tropical andsubtropical seas.3. It is a marine worm like animal adaptedfor burrowing life in the sandy bottom.4. There nearly speciesBalanoglossus and one showsphosphorescence, while others give a smelllike that of Indo-form which sometimeshelps in locating the animals in that locality.Diagnostic features :Wormlike, cylindrical body, divisible into

proboscis, collar and trunk.muscular. divisible reddish

PROTOCHORDATA

rachiogenital region, brown hepatic regionand a posterior abdominal region. Doublerow of hepatic caeeae are present in hepatic

Herdmania:Classification :Phylum ChordataGroup ProtochordataSubphylum - Urochordata

AscidiaceaSubclass Pleurogona

Ascidiae simplicesHerdmania

Species Pallida

1. Herdmania is commonly known as Seasquirt.2. It is found in Indian, Pacific and Atlanticoceans and also from Malayasia and WestIndies.3. It is an exclusively marine and verycommon ascidian found in shallow waters.4. Animal is solitary and sedentary form,living attached to some hard substratum by

is hermaphrodite or bisexual butprotogynous (the ovaries mature first and

testes later) thatfertilization is ruled out.6. Fertilization is internal and cross.

Classification :Phylum ChordataGroup ProtochordataSubphylum - Urochordata

AscidiaceaEnterogona

Suborder Phlebobranchia

1. Its popular name is tube sea-squirt.a simple, solitary,

tunicate found attached to rocks and othersubstratum.3. it is distributed in temperate and coldseas in shallow waters of western regions.

The body cylindrical, tubular,transparent enclosed thintransparent test.5. Body measures about 10-12 cm long

Anterior ends body possessesbranchial and atrial siphons, the former ishigher than the later.

7. Mouth opens into branchial siphon andanus into the atrial siphon.

Petromyzon:Classification :Phylum Chordata

CraniataSubphylum VertebrataDivisionClass CyclostomataOrder Petomyzoniformes or)

PetromysontiaGenus Petromyzon1. Petromyzon commonly known aslamprey or lamper eel and found in bothfresh and salt waters.2. It is world wide in distribution, mainlyfound in North America, Europe, Africa,Australia, Chile, Japan, New Zealand andTasamania.3. The body is cylindrical, long, eel likemeasuring about one metre in length.4. The body is differentiated into head,trunk and tail with 2 dorsal and I caudal fin.5. Fertilization is external.6. Development is indirect and includesammocoete larva.7. Lempreys have very little food value.

They injure and destroy fishes bysucking blood causing secondaryinfection through the left out scars on the

body of the fishes.

CLASS-CYCLOSTOMATA


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Myxine:Classification :Phylum - ChordataGrooup - CraniataSubphylum - VertebrataDivision - AgnathaClass - CyclostomataOrder - Myxiniformes

Genus - Myxine1. Myxine is commonly called as hag fish.2. It is exclusively marine, found buried inthe sandy or muddy sea bottom.3. It is widely distributed along sea coasts of

both Atlantic and Pacific oceans occurring inthe coasts of Europe, America and Japan.

Diagnostic features :Eel like, elongated animal. Absence of

buccal funnel and jaws. Presence oftentacles and one pair of gill pores.

PISCES

Scoliodon:

INSECTSClassification :Phyium - Chordata

Classification of Insecta at a Glance Subphylum - Gnathostomata

Group - Craniata or Vertebrata

(1,2 = Apterygota ; 3 to 12 = Exopterygota ; 13 to 18 = Endopterygota) Series - PiscesClass - Chondricthyes (or)

S.No

Orders Wings Mouth parts Development Examples ElasmobranchiSubclass - SelachiiSuper Order - Squaliformes

(Pleurotremeta)Order - Lamniformes

Genus - Scoliodon1. Scoliodon is commonly called as Dogfish.2. It is a most common marine Indianshark (Cartilaginous fish) which lives inopen sea.3. Scoliodon is widely distributed inIndian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans. 4

species are found all along the Indian sea

coast.4. It is a fast swimmer and catches hold ofthe prey by the sharp teeth.5. Fertilization is internal.

6. Economically Scoliodon is importantbecause it is used as food, as suitableanimal for study by dissection inlaboratory.7. Liver oil is extracted from the liver.

1 Collembola Absent Biting Ametabolic Spring tail2 Thysanura Do Do Do Silver fish3 Ephermerida Both pair

membranous,not folded;fore winglarger

Vestigial Hemimetabola May flies

4 Oronata Both pairsmembranous,not folded;nearly alike

Biting Hemimetabola Dragon flies

5 Orthopetera Fore wings(elytra)

leathery;hind wingsmembranousfor flight.

Do Paurometabola Cockroaches,grasshoppers,

crickets, leafinsects,mantids.

6 Dermaptera Fore wingshard, short;hind wingsthin, fan-like

Do Do Earwig

7 Isoptera Sexual formswith like

Do Do Termites

wings, otherswingless.

Pristis:Classification :Phylum - Chordata

Group - Craniata or VertebrataSubphylum - GnathostomataSeries - PiscesClass - Chondrichthyes

(Elasmobranchii)

Subclass - SelachiiSuper Order - HypotremataOrder - Rajiformes

Genus - Pristis1. Pristis is popularly known as Saw fish

because its head is drawn out into a longand flat rostrum or saw, armed on eitherside with a series of 23-25 strong knifelike teeth.2. It is a cartilaginous, marine fish mainlydistributed in warm sea particularly ofAmerica, West Indies, China and Gulf ofMaxico.

3. The body is long, depressed and shark

like.Diagnostic features :Saw like rostrum having a series of 23-25strong knife-like teeth.

Torpedo:Classification :Phylum - Chordata

Group - Craniata or VertberataSubphylum - GnathostomataSeries - Pisces

Class - Elasmobranchii(Chondrichthyes)

Subclass - Selachii

8 Mallophage Absent Do Do Bird lice9 Anopleura Absent Piercing and

suckingDo Lice

10 Heteroptera3 Fore winbghalf leathery;

hind wingfilmy

Do Do Plant bugand water

bug

11 Homoptera3 Both wingsuniform,

Do Do Scale insect

12 Thysanoptera Both pairsnarrow,fringed withhairs.

Asymmetricals;Lacerating andsucking

Do Thrips

13 Coleoptera Fore wingshard,veinless;hind wingfilmy andfoleded.

Biting Paurometabola Beetles

14 Neuroptera Both pairsfilmy roofed,nearly alike

Do Do Antlion,alderflies,Dobson flies

15 Lepidoptera Both pairsfilmy,covered byfine overlapped scales

Sucking Holometabola Butterflies ormoths

16 Diptera Only onepairfunctional

Piercing orSucking orSponging andSucking

Do Mosquitoesand flies

17 Hymenptera Both pairsfilmy

Biting andSucking

Do Ant, bees,wasps.

18 Siphonoptera None Piercing andSucking

Do Fleas

1. Orthoptera is now split into four orders; Orthoptera (Crickets and grasshoppers),Blattaria (cockroaches), Mantodea (mantids) and Phasmida (leaf-insects).

2. Formerly included under Hemiptera.3. Formerly include under Anopleura.

Super Order - HypotremataOrder - TorpidiniformsGenus - Torpedo


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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

Acipenser:Classification :Phylum - ChordataGroup - VertebrataSubphylum - GnathostomataSeries - Pisces

Class - Ostejchthyes (or)Teleostomi

Subclass - ActinopterygiiOrder - AcipenseriformesGenus - Acipenser

1. Acipenser is commonly known as

Sturgeon (Fish yielding caviare andisinglass).2. It is a marine fish abundantly distributedin Black sea, Sea of Azor, Caspian sea,Atlantic coast of North America and in

Group - Vertebrata

Subphylum - GnathostomataSeries - PiscesClass - TeleostomiSubclass - Actinopterygii

rivers of Europe and China.

3. Acipenser is a marine, bottom dwellingfish but it ascends the rivers for breeding,thus the fish is anadromous.4. Single fish can lay 2-3 million eggsduring one breeding reason. These eggs

are sometimes used by men to prepare adelicacy, the Caviare.5. This fish is carnivorous and feeds onworms, molluscs and other smaller fishes.6. Fish is used as food.

Diagnostic features :

Flat fish, both the eyes on left side. Dorsaland ventral fins long and contionuous.Caudal fin homocercal.

Hippocampus:Classification :Phylum - Chordata

Order - Syngnathiformes

Diagonistic Characters and common examples of major groups of phylum Mollusca.

Order Distinctive CommonClass

Polyplacophora

Sub-class

1. Torpedo or Astrape is commonly called

as Electric fish, because of the presence ofa pair of electric organs one on either sideof the body between head and the pectoralfins.2. It is a marine fish found on flat, sandy

or muddy sea bottom.3. It enjoys world wide distribution,mainly found in Mediterranean, Red sea,Atlantic, Pacific ocean and Indian ocean.4. Ophiocephalus punctatus and O. striatus

are two common species of India.

Diagnostic features :Snake like head, Anal and dorsal fins aresingle. Head covered by large cycloidscales. Mouth superior. Lower jaw

protruding beyond upper jaw.

8 transversecalcareous

characteristicsFlat food;Dorsal surface

with a series of

examplesChitron

Genus

2. It is found in tropical and temperate seasincluding Indian and Atlantic oceans

- Hippocampus1. Hippocampus is commonly known asSea horse because its anterior end is

shaped like the neck and head of the horse.

in India, Japan, Malaysia,

Scaphopoda

Gastropodawith

Prosobranchia(Nervous

Archaeogastropoda

Shell andmantle tubular;Food conical

plates

2 auricles inheart

Dentalium

Patella

particularlyChina.3. This fish is a highly nourishing andvaluable food for human beings.4. It is also used in laboratories forexperimental purposes.5. It is quite common in Indian rivers,lakes and ponds.

Diagnostic features:Body, elongated with depressed headhaving 4 pairs of barbels. Dorsal fin long.Pectoral fins having pungent spines. Headcovered by bony plates.

Anguilla:Classification:Phylum - ChordataGroup - VertebrataSubhylum - GnathostomataSeries - PiscesClass - TeleostomiSubclass - Actinopterygii

Order - AnguilliformesGenus Anguilla1. Anguilla is commonly known as Eel.2. It is widely distributed in tropicalregions of the world such as Europe, North

America, West Indies, North Africa,Australia, Mexico, New Zealand.

Scales in Fishes:

The body of a fish is generally coveredwith scales. The scales of the fishes arederivatives of integument and constitutethe exoskeleton of the fishes. Here thedermal scales are mesenchymal in origin.

They are small, thin, cornified, calcareousor bony plates, which fit closely together

or overlap. Scales vary in size and shapein different species. Following are thedifferent types of scales met in existing

fishes.1. Placoid scales2. Ganoid scales

asymmetry,usually aspirally coiledshell withradula)

system a figureof 8; Gillsanterior

Mesogastropoda 1 auricle inheart; Edge ofshell lacks asiphonal canalor notch

CypraeaPila

Neogastropoda

Anaspidea

1 auricle inheart; Edge ofshell with asiphonal canalor notch

Shell internal;

ConusMuex

Aplysia

systemsecondaryunwound; Gills

posterior

Opisthobranchia(Nervous

Naudibranchia

Stylommatophora

Shell absent;Dosal surfacewith cerata.

Cerata absent

Tentacles 2

Doris

Limax

cavity modifiedas respiratorysac)

Polmonata (Nogill; Mantle

LamellibranchiaGills W-

Basommatophora

Anisomyaria

Tentacles 1pair,

pairs

Gills filliform

PlanorbisLymnaea

Helix

PectenBivalvia (Shellof two valves) (

shaped) Heterodonta Gills

eulamelibranchwith siphon

with no siphon

Solen

Pinctada

Schizodonta

Adapedonta

Gilleulamellibranchwith schizonthinge

Siphon long

Unio

Teredo

Cepalopoda(foot modifiedinto arms)

Nautiloidea

Coleoidea(Shell internal;siphon tubular)

Decapoda

Octopoda

Shell external,coiled in one

plane, dividedinto septa

and united

Ten arms

Eight arms

Nautilus

SepiaLoligo

Octopus

3. Cycloid scales4. Ctenoid scales


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Name

R. Brownj

R. Virchow

W. Flemming

C. Benda

)

e)

f)

i)

i)

i)

i)

i)

i)

i)

-Group -

--

Suborder -Genus -

and where

Eel 3 of

-Group -

-

-Suborder -Genus -

Crested Newt.3. it is

-Group -

--

Suborder -Genus -

is

Rana:

-Group -

-

Order - AnuraSuborder -Genus - Rana

-as

is tropical and

a) --

Important Scientists of Cylology:

Year ContributionRobert HookeA. van Leeuwenhock

N. GrewM. MalpighiJ.B. Lamarck

R.J.H. Dutrochet

F. Du ardinJ.E. PurkinjeM.J. Schleiden &T. SchwannJ.E. Purkinje &H. Von Mohl

Huxley

E. Strasburger

W. WaldeyerO. HertwigC. Golgi

J.B. FarmerM. Knoll & E. RuskaJ.D. Watson &F.H.C. CrickC. de. DuveH. Khorana

16651674168216611809

1824

183318351837183818391839

1855

1863

18791882

1888189218981898190519321953

19551970

Introduced the walled-in cellDiscovered free cellsDescribed vesicles suggesting cellsSuggested cells when referring to utriclesSaid, no body can have life if its constituent parts arenot cellular tissue or not formed by cellular

Stated, all organic tissues are really globular cells ofan extreme smallness which are untied only bycohesionDiscovered the cell nucleus

Named protoplasm as sarcode in ProtozoaIntroduced the term Protoplasm.Formulated Cell Theory

Adopted the term protoplasm

Confirmed that cells arise from pre-existing ones,Ominis cellulae cellulaGave statement that protoplasm is the Physical basisof lifeDescribed mitosisIntroduced the term cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Introduced the term chromosomesGave Protoplasm TheoryDescribed Golgi apparatusIntroduced the term mitochondriaIntroduced the term MeiosisInvented Electron Microscope (EMProposed the model for the DNA molecule

Gave the term lysosomeSynthesized an artificial gene from DNA nucleotides

Functions of Major Cell Components :

Cell components Functions

1. Plasma membrane

2. Cytoplasma) Endoplasmic reticulum

b) Golgi apparatus

c) Mitochondria

d) Centriole

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

g) Plastids

3. Nucleusa) Nuclear membrane

b) Nucleus

c) Chromatin

Protects the cell cytoplasm.ii) Controls the substances entering and leaving the cell.

Provides an increased surface area for the metabolicactivites.ii) Synthesis of steroids.iii) Concentration of products of synthetic activities ofthe cell.

Produces secretions.ii) Provides surface for the synthetic reactions andconcentration and chemical modifications of them.Acts, as power house of cell and release energy by theoxidation of food,Participates in the formation of spindle during cell-divisionActs as protein factories of the cell and synthesize

proteins.In the presence of light, chlorophlasts manufacture

carbohydrates.

ii) Brings about digestion of foreign substances thatenter the cell.

in the presence of light, chloroplasts manufacturecarbohydrates.ii) Chromoplasts give colours to the structures.

Protects the nucleusii) Regulates the passage of substance entering andleaving the nucleusStores RNA and controls synthesis of ribosomes and

proteins.Controls nuclear and cell metabolism.

ii) Stores hereditary information.

CELL COMPONENTS

Proteus:Classification:Phylum Chordata

VertebrataSubphylum GnathostomataClass AmphibiaOrder Caudata or Urodela

ProteidaProtenus

1. Proteus is commonly known as Olm orEuropean blind salamander.2. It is a cave dwelling Salamander foundin many deep and dark limestone caves ofEurope America completedarkness prevails.Diagnostic features:

like elongated, having pairsexternal gills, two pairs of gill slits, taillong with caudal fin. Eyes rudimentary,non-functional.Triton (NEWT):Classification:Phylum Chordata

VertebrataSubphylum GnathostomataClass Amphibia

Order Urodela or CaudataSalamandroideaTriton or Triturus

1. Taricha was formerly known as Tritonor Triturus.2. Triton is commonly known as European

distributed in U.S.A. fromCalifornia to southern Alaska and Europe.4. It is a terrestrial animal.Diagnostic features:Animal with 4 limbs, thick long tail and acrest in male.Salamandra:Classification:Phylum Chordata

VertebrataSubphylum GnathostomataClass AmphibiaOrder Urodela or Caudata

SalamandroideaSalamandra

1. Salamandra commonly known asEuropean fire Salamander.2. It is terrestrial in habit, lives under logs,stones, cracks and crevices of old walls.3. It is distributed in Europe, Eastern Asiaand North America.

Classification:Phylum Chordata

VertebrataSubphylum Gnathostomata

Class Amphibia

Diplasicoela

Species tigrina1. Rana tigrina is commonly calledIndian bull frog.2. It is true frog and mainly found in moist

places, freshwater ponds and streams.3. Rana is a world wide in distribution and

well represented in alltemperate countries. In India the followingfour species are found.

Rana tigrina in North Indiab) R. cyanophsycitis in Madhya

Pradesh & Rajasthan

AMPHIBIA


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c) R. limnocharis -in Himalyasd) R. malabaricus - in Maharastra.4. It is amphibious in habit i.e., terrestrialand aquatic but never found in the sea.

1. Draco is commonluy known as Flying

lizard or flying dragon.

2. It is distributed in India, Malaysia,

Myanmar, Sumatra, Java etc.

3. It is an arboreal lizard, living on trees andflies from tree to tree.

Subclass - Diapsida

Order - Squamata

Suborder - Lacertilia

Genus - Protenus

1. Gecko is commonly called as HouseGecko or wall lizard. It has similarity inREPTILIA

Diagnostic features: appearance with hemidactylus.

2. It has worldwide distribution in warm

Classification:Draco:

tail and patagia. Limbs pentadactylous.

This ligard can be recognized by its long

temperate countries but specially found in

Phylum - ChordataGroup - Vertebrata

Subphylum - GnathostomataClass Reptilia

Subclass - DiapsidaOrder - Squamata


Gular pouch and hooks present in throat

region.

Gecko:Classification:

Phylum - Chordata

Group - VertebrataSubphylum - Gnathostomata

Asian and European countries.

Hemidactylus:Classification:

Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata

Subphylum - GnathostomataClass - Reptilia

Genus - Draco Class - Reptilia Subclass - Diapsida

Order - Squamata


Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: 1. Hemidactylus is commonly known as

wall lizard or house lizard.

2. It is distributed in India, Africa, Sri

Lanka and China and also in all warmercountries.

3. It is a common house lizard found in

every home, nocturnal in habit, cold

blooded animal.4. The lizard is pale yellow in colour

measuring about 25 cm in length.

Chameleon:Classification:Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata

Subphylum - Gnathostomata

Class - ReptiliaSubclass - Diapsida

Order - Squamata


Genus - Chameleon1. Chameleon is the highly specialized and

arboreal lizard.

2. It is distributed in India, Sri Lanka,

Africa, Madagaskar and South Arabia.3. The body is laterally compressed.

Vipera (Russels Viper):Classification:

Phylum - Chordata

Group - VertebrataSubphylum - Gnathostomata


Order - SquamataSuborder - Ophidia

Genus - ViperaSpecies - russelli

1. Vipera russelli is commonly called asRussels viper or daboia or true viper or

pitless viper or chain viper.

2. It is the largest Indian pitless viper andis mainly distributed in India, Sri Lanka,

Burma and Siam.

3. It is a common poisonous snake found

in rocky and bushy regions where the

Genus Hemidactylus-

Prokaryotic cells (Procell)(Bacteria and blue-green algae)

Eukaryotic cell (Eucell)(other animal and plant cells)

1. Cell wall is non cellulosic2. Chlorophyll when present is not inchloroplast.3. Flagella lack 9+2 structure

4. Nuclear membrane is absent5. Membrane limited organelles such asGolgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc. areabsent (endo-membranes are absent)6. Single chromosome is found.7. DNA is circular and devoid of histone

protein. It is naked.8. Nucleolus and mitotic apparatus areabsent.9. Ribosomes 70S (50S+30S)10. Respiratory and photosyntheticenzymes are located in the plasma-membrane.11. Exocytosis and endocytosis absent.12. Cell divides by amitosis.

1. Cell wall in pant is cellulosic2. Chlorophyll when present is inchloroplast.3. Flagella when present posses

characteristic 9+2 strucutre.4. Nuclear membrane is present.5. Endo-membranes are present.

6. Multiple chromosomes are found.7. DNA is linear combined with proteins.

8. Nucleoli and mitotic apparatus arepresent.9. Ribosomes 80S (60S+40S).10. Respiratory and photosynthetic enzymesare located in mitochondria and chloroplastrespectively.11. Exocytosis and endocytosis present.12. Cell divides by mitosis and meiosis

both.

Some of the Enzymes found in Lysosomes and the Cell components which are theirSubstrates.

Enzyme Substrate Source of lysosome

a) NucleasesAcid ribonucleasesAcid deoxyribonuclease

b) PhosphateseAcid phosphataseAcid phosphodi-esterase

c) ProteasesCathepsinCollegenase

Peptidasesd) Lipid digestingenzymesEsterasesPhospholipasese) Polysaccharide and

RNADNA

Most phosphomonoestersoligonucleotides and

phosphodiesters

ProteinsCollagen

Peptides

Fatty acid estersPhospholipids

Many tissues of animalsand Plant; protists

AnimalsBone

Animals; plants; protists

Animals; plants; protists

mucopolysaccharide colouration on the skin is in keeping withdigesting enzymes- Galactosidase

-Glucosidase

GalactosidesGlycogen

Animals; plants; protistsAnimals

the surroundings.

Naja:Classification:

-GlucuronidaseLysozyme

Hyaluronidase

Arylsulphatase

Mucopoly and polysaccharides

Bacterial cell wall and mucopolysaccharidesHyaluronic acid; chondrotinsulhatesOrganic salphates

Animals; plantsKidney

Liver

Liver; plants



Class - Reptilia

Subclass - Diapsida

Order - Squamata


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Suborder - Ophidia

Genus - Naja

Species - naja

1. Naja naja is commonly called as Cobra

or Indian Nag.2. Naja (Cobra) is the deadly poisonous

snake, widely distributed in Afro-Asian

countries, from southern Africa or Asia

including India, China, Philipines and SriLanka.

3. It is found under stones near thickvegetation or under roof in old thatched

roofed houses, in cervices in very old

buildings inhabited by rats.

Diagnostic features:Black glistening black coloured, hood

present, binocoellate mark on upper

surface of hood.

Bungarus (Krait):Classification:Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata



Order - Squamata

Suborder - Ophidia

Genus - Bungarus1. Bungarus is commonly known as Krait.

2. It is distributed in South Eastern Asia,

India and Malayasa.

3. In India it occurs all over near humanhabitations, under the logs and stones and

in crevices of the walls and often creeps in

to the houses.

4. It is nocturnal, highly poisonous landsnake.

Trionyx:Classification:



Class - Reptilia

Subclass - AnapsidaOrder - Chelonia

Genus - Trionyx

Species - gangeticus

1. Trionyx is commonly known as fresh

water terrain or tortoise.2. Trionyx has many species and they are

widely distributed in the rivers of Asia,Africa and North America. T. gangeticus

is found in the rivers of north India..3. It is found in the muddy bottom of

rivers and ponds.

Testudo:Classification:Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata


Subclass - Anapsida

Order - Chelonia

Genus - Testudo1. Testudo is commonly known as giant

land tortoise.

2. It is widely distributed in tropical and

temperate regions of Asia, Africa and

Europe. In India and Sri Lanka, Testudoelegans is found in dry grassy places and it

goes to water in hot weather.

Diagnostic features:Big sized tortoise, covered with polygonalscales having large yellow stars.

Crocodilus:Classification:

Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata


Suborder - Diapsida

Order - Crocodilia

Genus - CrocodilusSpecies - porosus

1. Crocodilus porosus is commonly knownas muggar of India or marsh crocodile.

2. It has a wide distribution. It inhabits

rivers, ponds, tanks and marshes in India,

Burma, Sri Lanka, Malacea, Malay islandsand Baluchistan.

3. It lives in tunnels under water.

4. It is dark olive brown on dorsal side and

pale ventrally.

Diagnostic features:Body covered by dorsal scales, heavy

laterally compressed tail, long and pointed

snout. Ventrally body and tail flattened.

Gavialis:Classification:

Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata


Subclass - Diapsida

Order - Crocodilia

Genus - GavialisSpecies - gangeticus

1. Gravialis gangeticus is commonly called

as gharial or naka.

2. It is found in India inhabiting chiefly thebasin of Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus,

Mahanadi and Arakan rivers.

3. It is the largest of all crocodilians and

measures upto 8 metres in length.

3. They are found in small ponds, freshwater marshes, on river banks and alongwooded streams.4. It is a solitary, wading bird.

Psittacula (Parrot):Classification:Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata


Class - AvesSubclass - Neornithes

Superorder - Neognathae

Order - PsittaciformesGenus - PsittaculaSpecies - krameri1. Psittacula is commonly known as Indianrose-ringed Parakeet.2. It is distributed throughout India,Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Burma.3. It is commonly seen on fruit trees, ripecrops and in jungles.4. They live in flocks and feed on fruitsand grains.

Bubo (Owl):Classification:Phylum - Chordata

Group - Vertebrata


Class - AvesSubclass - Neornithes

Suborder - Neognathae

Order - Strigiformes

Genus - BuboSpecies - bubo

1. Bubo bubo is commonly known as greathorned owl.

2. Owls are world wide in distribution butthis species, Bubo bubo is common in

India, Pakistan and Burma.3. It is a nocturnal, carnivorous and

predator bird.

4. It lives in woods, but avoids thick forest,

loves deserted buildings and spends day

time resting on the ground under somebushes.

Feathers in Birds:In birds the following types of feathers are

seen:

1. Quills or flight feathers.a) Remiges Wing feathers

b) Rectrices Tail feathers

c) Coverts Base feathers of wings

and tail2. Contour feathers or pennae.

3. Filoplumes.

4. Down feathers or plumulae.

5. Rictal bristles.

AVES

Picus (Wood Pecker):Classification:Phylum - ChordataGroup - VertebrataSubphylum - GnathostomataClass - AvesSubclass - NeornithesSuborder - NeognathaeOrder - PiciformesGenus - Picus1. Picus is commonly called as Wood

peacker and in Hindi as Kathphora.2. It is a very familiar, arboreal small birdmeasuring about 20-25 cm in length.3. It is distributed throughout India,Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Butorides (Heron):Classification:Phylum - ChordataGroup - VertebrataSubphylum - GnathostomataClass - AvesSubclass - NeornithesSuperclass - NeognathaeOrder - CiconiiformesGenus - ButoridesSpecies - striatus1. Butorides striatus is commonly called asIndian green heron.2. It is distributed in Eurasia, Australia,Eastern and Central U.S.A., New Zealand,India and some islands.

MAMMALIA

Ornithorhynchus:Classification:Phylum - ChordataGroup - VertebrataSubphylum - GnathostomataClass - MammaliaSubclass - PrototheriaOrder - MonotremataGenus - Ornithorhynchus1. Ornithorhynchus is commonly known asduck-billed platypus or locally called aswater mole.2. It is found in the rivers in eastern andsouthern Australia and Tasmania.


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