ZINGIBERACEAEZINGIBERACEAEININ

SOUTHEASTSOUTHEASTSOUTHEAST VIETNAM

SOUTHEAST VIETNAMVIETNAMVIETNAM

Trần Hữu Đăng - University of Science, Hồ Chí Minh City, VIETNAMJana Leong-Škorničková - Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, SINGAPOREMark Ne man R l B t i G d Edi b h SCOTLAND

Trần Hữu Đăng - University of Science, Hồ Chí Minh City, VIETNAMJana Leong-Škorničková - Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, SINGAPOREMark Ne man R l B t i G d Edi b h SCOTLANDMark Newman - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, SCOTLANDMark Newman - Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, SCOTLAND

Oral Presentation in the 5th International Symposium of Zingiberaceae, China 2009

ZINGIBERACEAEZINGIBERACEAEPerennial herbs, 10 cm – 8 m, evergreen or partly dormant

More than 50 genera and 1500 spp.

O 3700 li t d l tOver 3700 names complicated nomenclature

Greatest diversity in Asia

Indochina is one of the biodiversity hotspots, but greatly under explored

50/1200 spp.

4/150 spp.1/200 spp.

IMPORTANCE OF GINGERSIMPORTANCE OF GINGERSIN VIETNAMIN VIETNAM

SPICES (ginger, turmeric, cardamom, galanga)

SOURCE of STARCH (C pierreana)

IN VIETNAMIN VIETNAMSOURCE of STARCH (C. pierreana)

VEGETABLES (Z. zerumbet leaves, A. galanga– cooked with dog meat)

MEDICINAL PLANTS (C. longa, K. galanga, K. rotunda, H. coronarium, Z. zerumbet)

ORNAMENTALS (E elatior A purpurata HORNAMENTALS (E. elatior, A. purpurata, H. coronarium etc.)

COSMETICS industry (C. longa - creams)

PACKING MATERIAL (Elettariopsis sp. –wraping cakes)

CULTURAL IMPORTANCE (myths, folk talesCULTURAL IMPORTANCE (myths, folk tales & black magic)

INDOCHINAINDOCHINA

LOUREIRO (1790)13 spp in CochinchinaVIETNAM 13 spp. in Cochinchina0 in SE Vietnam

GAGNEPAIN (1908)

VIETNAM

LAOS GAGNEPAIN (1908)103 spp. Indochina17 in SE Vietnam

LAOS

PHẠM HOÀNG HỘ (2003)98 spp. in Vietnam, 37 in SE Vietnam

CAMBODIA

VNM Herbarium (2008)29 specimens from Indochina 1 from SE Vietnam

SE

1 from SE Vietnam

MATERIALS & METHODSMATERIALS & METHODSMajority of Zingiberaceae flower during the rainy season all but one field trip were conducted from June to September 2008

MATERIALS & METHODSMATERIALS & METHODSHerbarium specimens & spirit samples (E, P, RUPP, SING, VNM & Nat. Uni. Laos)

D il d d i i & fl di i i fi ldDetailed descriptions & flower dissections in field

IUCN – following latest guidelines (2001)

RESULTSRESULTSACCOUNT

46 collections10 genera & 33 species

22 species in wild22 species in wild11 species cultivated or naturalized27 taxa identified up to specific level, 5 taxa provisional names(unclear taxonomy or nomenclature)dormant genera greater diversity consistent with climate of SEVietnam with pronounced dry season

IUCNIUCN25 species were ranked as Least Concern (LC)3 species were ranked as Near Threatened (NT)5 species were ranked as Data Deficient (DD)p ( )

MAIN HABITATSSemi-deciduous forestsGrassland in dipterocarp forestsOpen spacesHumid rocky places

Semi-deciduous forests

Grassland in dipterocarp forests

Open spaces

Humid rocky places

RESULTS RESULTS –– account of gingersaccount of gingers

Curcuma – 7 spp.S b Hit h i iSubgen. Hitcheniopsis

C. gracillima – rare, in bamboo forest

C. alismatifolia – rare, dipterocarp grasslands, horticultural potential

IUCN: Least concern (LC)

Curcuma gracillima Curcuma alismatifolia

Subgen. CurcumaSubgen. Curcuma

C. pierreana – widespread; recorded by Phạm as wild and cultivated, no cultivation

i SE Vi tseen in SE Vietnam

IUCN: Least concern (LC)

C ti l t

Curcuma pierreana Curcuma cf. petiolata

C. petiolata – rare, found only once

IUCN: Data deficient (DD)

Curcuma – 7 spp.Subgen. Curcuma

C longa source of turmeric widelyC. longa – source of turmeric, widely cultivated as a spice

IUCN: Least concern (LC)

C. aff. euchroma – naturalized and lti t d di i l l t

Curcuma longa

cultivated as medicinal plant

C. aff. viridiflora – naturalized and cultivated as medicinal plant

IUCN: Least concern (LC)

Both species commonly misidentified for C. longa

Curcuma aff. viridifloraCurcuma aff. euchroma

Amomum – 4 spp.

A. biflorum – widespread in various habitatshabitats

A. tomrey

A l h tAmomum biflorum Amomum tomrey

A. elephantorum

A. uliginosum – ligule very variable in length intraspecific variability or different g p yvarieties?

Amomum elephantorum Amomum uliginosum

IUCN: Least concern (LC)

Globba – 4 spp.T f th i hTaxonomy of the genus is hazy extensive changes in synonymy

Globba pendula – widespread reported by all three studies

Globba albiflora var. aureaGlobba pendula

Globba albiflora var. aurea – new record for Vietnam

Globba marantina – reported byGlobba marantina reported by Phạm as G. barthei

IUCN: Least concern (LC)

Globba geoffrayi – also new record for Vietnam, previously recorded from

Globba geoffrayiGlobba marantina

Cambodia

IUCN: Data deficient (DD)

Kaempferia – 4 spp.Kaempferia aff. marginata – so far not recorded from Vietnam

Kaempferia rotunda – reported by Phạm as Boesenbergia rotunda

IUCN L t C (LC)

Kaempferia aff. marginata Kaempferia rotunda

IUCN: Least Concern (LC)

Kaempferia angustifolia – rare

Kaempferia galanga – cultivated & naturalized

IUCN: Data Deficient (DD)

Kaempferia galangaKaempferia angustifolia

Zingiber – 4 spp.Z. officinale – commercially cultivated in SE Vietnam

Z. zerumbet – cultivated on local scaleZ. zerumbet cultivated on local scale & naturalized

Z. collinsii – high ornamental potential

Zingiber zerumbetZingiber officinale

IUCN: Least Concern (LC)

Z. pellitum – re-collected from TYPE locality; facing habitat loss

IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)

Zingiber collinsii Zingiber pellitum

Alpinia – 3 spp.

Alpinia conchigera Alpinia galanga

A. conchigera – widespread in various habitats

A l lti t d iA. galanga - cultivated as spice

A. purpurata – cultivated as an ornamental

Alpinia purpurataIUCN: Least Concern (LC)

Boesenbergia – 3 spp.

IUCN: Near Threatened (NT)

Boesenbergia xiphostachya Boesenbergia aff. longifloraBoesenbergia sp.

IUCN: Data Deficient (DD)

Found only in the altitude range 90-150 m in Tân Phú Forest and Cát Tiên NP near streams or waterfalls

( ) ( )

All 3 spp. not previously recorded

Etlingera – 2 spp.

Etlingera elatior Etlingera megalocheilos

E. elatior - cultivated as an ornamentale at o cu a ed as a o a e a

E. megalocheilos - recorded by Phạm as E. littoralis

IUCN: Least Concern (LC)IUCN: Least Concern (LC)

Elettariopsis & Hedychium - 1 sp.

E. triloba - flowering in the dry season

IUCN: Least Concern (LC)

Elettariopsis triloba

H. coronarium - cultivated as medicinalH. coronarium cultivated as medicinal and ornamental plant

IUCN: Least Concern (LC)

Hedychium coronarium

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION10 genera & 33 speciesout of 17 species reported by Gagnepain – 5 this study

t f 37 i t d b Ph 18 thi t dout of 37 species reported by Phạm - 18 this studyElettaria, Gagnepainia, and Stahlianthus - not recorded

16 species newly recorded for SE Vietnam in this study16 species newly recorded for SE Vietnam in this study

Destruction of habitats & loss of speciesMisidentifications and name changes for nomenclatural reasons

Sites mainly explored during rainy season, while Gagnepainia,Stahlianthus and some Curcuma often flower just before rainyseason, or Elettariopsis in dry season

More sites need to be explored

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

More fieldwork in unexplored areas andMore fieldwork in unexplored areas and different periods of the year are needed to fully understand the biodiversity of gingersfully understand the biodiversity of gingers

in SE Vietnam.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT

SEP project for fundingp j g

Vietnam National University and Singapore Botanic Gardens for facilities

Relevant Vietnam authorities in Vietnam for granting pemissions to collect

Organisers of China symposium for financial support toOrganisers of China symposium for financial support to attend the symposium

Prof. Lê Công Kiệt and Dr. Trần Triết from Vietnam National University who encourage us to study Zingiberaceae familyUniversity, who encourage us to study Zingiberaceae family in Vietnam