Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy · The National Climate Change Response...
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Zimbabwe’sNational Climate Change
Response Strategy
GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWEMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND CLIMATE
ZIMBABWE
Facilitated by Supported by
Zimbabwe’sNational Climate Change
Response Strategy
GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWEMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND CLIMATE
ZIMBABWE
The impacts of global climate change and variability are becoming more evident with increased incidencesof droughts, floods, hailstorms, more hot days and heat waves. Climate change is one of the biggest threatsfacing global development with the devoloping countries being more vulnerable due to their low adaptivecapacity. Climate change has been widely recognizd and accepted as a reality and that it poses seriousproblems with far reaching social,political, economic and environmental consequences, particularly invulnerable.
The impacts of Climate Change in Zimbabwe are likely to stall the country’s development, pose a seriousrisk to food security and adaptive capacity. The National Climate Change Response Strategy was amongthe processes that sought to establish specific provisions for dealing with climate changes issues,understanding the extent of the threat and putting in place specific actions to manage potential impacts.
Science has clearly demonstrated that there is extreme urgency in taking real action irreversible damages toour planet. Reports of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) state that Africa will sufferthe most from the impacts of climate change. The serious under-development of the continent signifies highvulnerability to climate change impacts. The global nature of climate required the widest cooperation andparticipation in an effective and appropriate international reponse comprising mitigation and adaptationmeasures based on the principles of the Climate Change Convention.
However, taking note that the impacts of climate change are felt at the Local level and most felt by the poorcommunities due to their low adaptive capacity, the Government of Zimbabwe has developed a NationalClimate Chnage Response Strategy to guide national response measure in addressing the impacts ofclimate change.
The strategy further provides guidance on the integration of climate change issues into national developmentplanning processes at national, provincial, district and local levels and ensures coordinated activities.
The Government’s commitment to develop a climate-resilient Zimbawe has also been demonstrated by theelevation of the Climate Change Office into a fully fledged Climate Change Department. The countryenvisages developing adaptation strategies that can mitigate the diverse and complex impacts of climatechange and improve community livelihoods.
The country’s vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change makes adaptation a national priority,demanding policy direction at the highest level. Therefore the development of the National Climate ChangeResponse Strategy seeks to address the climate change issues and contribute to a climate-resilientZimbabwe. It is my hope that the strategy will create a solid foundation for mainstreaming climate changethinking into all key socio-economic sectors in order to bring about an integrated response across all sectors.
Finally, I would like to thank UNDP, COMESA, UNICEF and Global Water Partnership for the financial andtechnical support, Institute of Environmental Studies (IES) and all those who made it possible to have thestrategy in place.
Hon. Saviour KasukuwereMinister of Environment, Water and Climate
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy i
Foreword
The Government of Zimbabwe regards climate change as one of the threats to the country and its peopleand is also of the view that climate change has the potential to undermine many of the positive developmentsmade in its meeting the country’s development goals. Both climate change and policies to minimize its effectshave enormous socio-economic and environmental implications. The challenge for the country is how todevelop adaptation strategies that can reduce and mitigate the diverse and complex impacts of climatechange. The National Climate Change Response Strategy is a response to this challenge and also aims tocontribute towards achieving Zimbabwe’s Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset)2013-2018 and beyond. The Zim Asset recognises that the country is susceptible to perennial droughts andfloods caused by climate change emanating from global warming. It also notes that climate change affectsthe country’s agro-based economy whose livelihoods largely depend on rain-fed agriculture, livestockproduction and natural resources. Thus the government has created a Ministry of Environment, Water andClimate in recognition of the importance of climate and climate change to the country’s development.
Zimbabwe has actively participated in international negotiations on climate change from as far back as 1992.It was among the first countries to sign and ratify the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) in 1992 and also acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009. Although Zimbabwe isconstrained by its limited ability to put in place appropriate measures in order to respond to climate changebecause of lack of human, institutional and financial resources, it has continued through the years to supportthe United Nations efforts to curb the escalation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy mainstreams climate change through a sectorial approachto ensure that each sector implements adaptation and mitigation actions. Each sector will therefore be ableto direct its project proposals to the appropriate funding mechanism. The Response Strategy is divided intosix sections. These include an introductory section which comprises a brief profile of Zimbabwe and the Vision,Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives, Pillars and Guiding Principles of the National Climate Change ResponseStrategy (Section 1). This is followed by a synopsis of climate change across scales from global, regional,national to local level (Section 2); sector specific challenges, risks and impacts as well as relevant adaptationand mitigation measures (Section 3); strategy enablers such as capacity building; technology transfer; climatechange education, communication and awareness (Section 4); climate change governance (Section 5); andfinally a section on Action Plans, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization (Section 6).
The National Climate Change Response Strategy provides a framework for a comprehensive and strategicapproach on aspects of adaptation, mitigation, technology, financing, public education and awareness. It willhelp to inform Government on how to strengthen the climate and disaster risk management policies.
The vision of Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy is to create a climate change resilient nationwhile its mission is to ensure sustainable development and a climate proofed economy throughengaging all stakeholders recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe’s natural resources andsociety.
The goal of the Response Strategy is to mainstream climate change adaptation and mitigation strategiesin economic and social development at national and sectoral levels through multi-stakeholderengagement.
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Executive Summary
The strategic objectives are to:
a) Mainstream climate change in all the key sectors of the economy.
b) Promote resource use efficiency and less carbon intense pathways in all economic activities and developa climate change resilient energy infrastructure that is not carbon intense.
c) Develop climate proofed and environmentally sustainable transport systems that are less carbon intense.
d) Promote sustainable development, management and utilization of water resources under changing climaticconditions.
e) Promote sustainable land-use systems that enhance agricultural production, ensure food security andmaintain ecosystem integrity.
f) Develop Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a step towards low carbon developmentstrategies.
g) Address climate change through evidence-based research, technology development and transfer.
h) Promote and protect health under a changing climate.
i) Develop an effective climate change communication information management and communication systemthat facilitates access by all stakeholder groups.
j) Strengthen and mainstream climate change in all education curricula.
k) Mainstream gender, children and youth, people living with HIV and AIDS and other vulnerable groups intoall climate change interventions.
l) Develop and maintain an appropriate climate governance framework and institutional mechanisms aimedat coordinating climate change responses.
The Climate Change Response Strategy has seven pillars which include:
Pillar 1: Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.
Pillar 2: Mitigation and low carbon development strategies (LCDS).
Pillar 3: Capacity to effect: l Adaptation and mitigation.l Climate change communication.l Education and raising awareness.l Research and development.l Appropriate institutions to address climate change issues.
Pillar 4: Governance framework:
l Institutions.
l Networks.
l Negotiations.
Pillar 5: Finance and Investment:
l Partnerships.
l International Financing.
Pillar 6: Technology development and transfer, including infrastructure.
Pillar 7: Communication and advocacy; information management and dissemination.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy iii
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy is guided by the following Guiding Principles:
a) Demand driven by national aspirations.
b) Country-driven and predicated on national development priorities.
c) Aligned with national laws, international obligations and commitments.
d) Mainstream climate change into policy and legal framework as well as development planning.
e) Mainstream sustainable development.
f) Participation and engagement of all stakeholders.
g) Response which is knowledge and evidence based that incorporates indigenous knowledge systems,culture and science.
h) Access to information.
i) Precautionary principle.
j) Mainstream the rights based approach.
The following are the strategies that will be implemented under each theme or sector:
Natural Systems
Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollutiona) Carry out an assessment to determine the main sources and levels of short-lived climate pollutants in
Zimbabwe.
b) Introduce measures to control and capture short-lived climate pollutants.
c) Promote use of cleaner technologies.
d) Develop and implement policies and regulatory frameworks that restrict release of short-lived climatepollutants.
Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector
Water Resources Availability Issues
a) Strengthen and intensify monitoring institutions for hydro-meteorological parameters.
b) Conduct more frequent yield assessments of surface and groundwater resources.
c) Promote water use efficiency in all sectors.
Water Development Issues
a) Develop, rehabilitate, maintain and protect surface and groundwater resources.
b) Invest in management of effects of extreme events.
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Water Management Issues
a) Strengthen stakeholder structures in water resources management.
b) Promote more efficient water use practices.
c) Promote catchment protection.
d) Adopt data analysis and prediction tools that incorporate climate change.
Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
Land-use and Land-use Change
a) Develop and enforce policies that regulate change from one land-use to another especially the clearanceof forests and woodlands to other land-uses.
Climate Change and the Forestry Sector
Adaptation in the Forestry Sector
a) Promote establishment of land-use plans at district, ward, village and farm management levels that clearlyidentify forestry as a recognized land-use.
b) Strengthen research, planning and financial support to forestry and natural resources management, todevelop cost effective adaptation options.
c) Build capacity for forest management in a changing climate.
Mitigation Options in the Forestry Sector
a) Develop national capacity to design carbon projects for accessing different carbon financing mechanismsand to implement and support the projects.
b) Maintain, account for, and expand carbon sinks.
Biodiversity and Ecosystems
a) Promote and strengthen biodiversity conservation management and the integrity of natural ecosystemsby using an ecosystem based approach to adapt to climate change.
b) Promote appropriate climate smart land-use options for the drier natural regions where cattle productionand wildlife ranching are the most suitable land-use options.
c) Strengthen the effectiveness of Trans-frontier Conservation Areas as a mechanism for sustainablebiodiversity conservation and climate adaptation.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy v
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Economic SectorsAgriculture and Food Security
Overarching Issues in Agriculture and Food Security
a) Develop frameworks for sustainable intensification and commercialization of agriculture at different scalesacross agro-ecologies.
b) Strengthen capacity to generate new forms of empirical knowledge, technologies and agricultural supportservices that meet emerging development challenges arising from increased climate change andvariability.
c) Strengthen early warning systems on cropping season quality, rangelands conditions, droughts, floods,disease/pest outbreaks and wildlife movement in order to enhance farmer preparedness.
Thematic Issues and Proposed Strategies for the Agricultural Sector
Farming Systems
a) Develop frameworks for supporting agricultural specialization according to agro-ecological regions,including mechanisms for commodity exchange, trade and marketing.
Crop Productivity
a) Strengthen the capacity of farmers, extension agencies, and private agro-service providers to takeadvantage of current and emerging indigenous and scientific knowledge on stress tolerant crop types andvarieties, including landraces that are adaptable to arising climatic scenarios.
b) Develop frameworks for promoting science based crop production and post harvest technologies andmanagement practices.
Livestock Production
a) Strengthen the capacity to identify and promote adoption of indigenous and improved livestock breedsthat are tolerant to climate related stresses.
b) Establish monitoring systems for greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural systems and supportmechanisms for their reduction.
Agriculture and Watera) Strengthen national research and extension capacity for development and integrated management of
agricultural water resources.
Industry and Commerce
a) Introduce policies that promote the use and adoption of clean and efficient energy in industry.
b) Create a policy and regulatory framework that promotes resource use efficiency and cleaner productionin industry and commerce.
c) Create an enabling policy and legal framework that encourages the setting up and operation of climateresilient industries.
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Mining
a) Develop regulatory frameworks to encourage emissions reduction and invest in resource efficienttechnologies.
b) Enforce and monitor the implementation of mandatory and voluntary environmental management systems.
c) Adopt practices that reduce energy consumption in the mining sector.
d) Develop a framework for enhancing the capacity of small scale miners to improve their environmentalperformance.
Tourism
a) Mainstream climate change into policies and legislation that guide the tourism sector.
b) Promote and strengthen Zimbabwe’s tourism sector’s resilience to climate change.
c) Build and strengthen the capacity of the tourism and wildlife sectors to adapt to the challenges of climatechange.
d) Promote mitigatory measures to ensure a low carbon footprint/emission and sustainable growth anddevelopment in Zimbabwe’s tourism sector.
Physical and Social Infra-structureEnergy
a) Introduce policies and regulatory frameworks for renewable energy, energy conservation and energyefficiency.
b) Strengthen energy planning, research and development.
c) Promote low carbon energy provision and use.
Transporta) Introduce a transport policy framework that encourages use of transport with low carbon emissions.
b) Integrate climate resilience into transport planning and infrastructural development.
Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements)
a) Develop an integrated and co-ordinated approach to reducing disaster risk and to address impacts ofclimate change through a multi-stakeholder approach.
b) Enhance early warning systems and capacity of hydro-meteorological services to advise on weatherrelated impacts on new infrastructure as well as mitigation of potential damage to existing infrastructure.
c) Review and update policy and by-laws on building standards and codes to make them adaptive to climatechange.
d) Invest in climate resilient social infrastructure.
e) Enhance community resilience to climate change.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy vii
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Waste management
a) Capacitate local authorities to deliver proper, effective and efficient waste management services in orderto reduce GHG emissions from waste management.
b) Create an enabling policy environment which encourages investment into alternative energy productionusing waste products.
c) Develop an enabling framework to promote waste minimization through education and behavioural changeof waste generators.
Healtha) Strengthen surveillance programmes for monitoring human health under a changing climate.
b) Build resilience against diseases that occur because of impacts of climate change.
Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groupsa) Mainstream climate change in policies for the vulnerable groups with their active participation at every
level.
b) Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable groups.
c) Enhance provision of early warning systems on droughts, floods and disease outbreaks to vulnerablegroups and ensure a coordinated approach in providing them with emergency services.
Children and Youtha) Understand the impacts of climate change on children and youth in Zimbabwe and create an enabling
environment that prevents harm to children and youth emanating from pressures of these impacts.
b) Ensure the inclusion of children and youth in the policy formulation process for climate change, and inadaptation and mitigation activities.
Strategy Enablers
Capacity Building
Capacity Building for Climate Changea) Build capacity to conduct comprehensive vulnerability assessments and develop appropriate response
models. b) Develop mechanisms to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk management into
development programmes.
The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change a) Strengthen the capacity of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to carry out research
on climate change through improved data collection and management, and climate modelling.
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b) Strengthen the documentation of and tapping into indigenous knowledge systems to complement scientificknowledge for climate change forecasting and early warning systems.
c) Establish an enabling framework for sharing and disseminating information on climate change (i.e. atprovincial, district and ward levels) in the country.
Technology transfer
a) Create a policy framework that will improve access to and promote uptake of cleaner and more efficienttechnologies across all economic sectors.
b) Support research and development of technologies in all relevant sectors to mitigate and adapt to climatechange.
Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness
Climate Change Education and Training
a) Enhance the teaching and learning of climate change at all levels of education (formal and informal).
b) Provide relevant training on climate change issues to educators and practitioners working withcommunities.
Public Awareness-raising and Communication
a) Implement a communication strategy for raising awareness on climate change.
b) Promote and strengthen stakeholder awareness on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
c) Encourage sharing of information and networking on climate change issues at local, regional andinternational levels.
d) Communicate climate change messages incorporating indigenous knowledge systems.
Climate Change Governance
Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework
Climate Change Governance
a) Mainstream climate change into urban and rural planning, infrastructure, investments and service delivery.
Climate Change Institutional Framework
a) Institutionalize a climate change response governance framework at national, provincial, district and wardlevels.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy ix
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Climate Change Policy and Legal Framework
a) Enact an enabling policy environment for climate change response.
Action Plans for these strategies that include: actions, indicative time frame, lead agency, cooperatingagencies, potential sources for resource mobilization and estimated costs are given in Annex 1. A summaryof the estimated costs is given in Table (i) and amounts to almost 10 billion United States dollars. The Actionswill be implemented over 10 years with a review after every 5 years.
Significant financial resources will need to be allocated by the Government treasury; the private sector, greenclimate funds; bilateral donor and international agencies support; adaptation fund, mitigation financingincluding Clean Development Mechanism; international, regional and local banks.
Table (i): Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for Zimbabwe’sClimate Change Response Strategy
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No Sector Amount USD (million)
1. Air Pollution 134
2. Water Resources 3,158
3. Land Use and Land Use Change 91
4. Biodiversity 74
5. Agriculture 2,386
6. Industry and Commerce 528
7. Mining 312
8. Tourism 252
9. Energy 262
10. Transport 1,071
11. Disaster Risk Management and Human Settlements 519
12. Waste Management 231
13. Health 52
14. Gender; People Living With HIV and AIDS and other Vulnerable groups 25
15. Children and Youth 32
16. Capacity Building 45
17. Role of Meteorological Services 23
18. Technology Transfer 574
19. Climate Change Education 15
20. Public Awareness 15
21. Climate Change Governance 88
Overall Total 9,887
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................xiii
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................xiv
GLOSSARY…......................................................................................................................................xix
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................11.1 A Brief Profile of Zimbabwe ...............................................................................................3
1.2. The Vision, Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives, Pillars and Guiding
Principles of Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy ......................................10
SECTION 2: CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE...............................................................................122.1 Climate Change from a Global Perspective ....................................................................12
2.2 Climate Change from A Southern African Regional Perspective.....................................14
2.3. Evidence of Climate Change in Zimbabwe over the Years .............................................16
SECTION 3: SECTOR SPECIFIC CHALLENGES, RISKS AND IMPACTS; ADAPTATION,MITIGATION AND OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................18
3.1 Natural Systems ..............................................................................................................18
3.1.1 Climate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution .........................................18
3.1.2 Climate Change Issues for the Water Sector ......................................................21
3.1.3 Land-use, Land-use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF) ........................................22
3.1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems...............................................................................28
3.2 Economic Sectors ...........................................................................................................31
3.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security .............................................................................31
3.2.2 Industry and Commerce ......................................................................................38
3.2.3. Mining..................................................................................................................39
3.2.4 Tourism................................................................................................................40
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xi
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
3.3 Physical and Social Infra-structure..................................................................................42
3.3.1. Energy .................................................................................................................42
3.3.2. Transport .............................................................................................................47
3.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Social Infrastructure (Human Settlements) ......48
3.3.4. Waste management ............................................................................................50
3.3.5. Health ..................................................................................................................52
3.3.6. Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups...........53
3.3.7 Children and Youth ..............................................................................................54
SECTION 4: STRATEGY ENABLERS.................................................................................................564.1 Capacity Building.............................................................................................................56
4.1.1 Capacity Building for Climate Change.................................................................56
4.1.2. The Role of the Meteorological Services in Climate Change ..............................56
4.1.3. Technology transfer .............................................................................................57
4.2. Climate Change Education, Communication and Public Awareness ..............................58
4.2.1. Climate Change Education and Training.............................................................59
4.2.2 Public Awareness-raising and Communication ...................................................60
SECTION 5: CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE..........................................................................…625.1 Climate Change Governance and Institutional Framework.............................................62
5.1.1 Climate Change Governance ..............................................................................62
5.1.2 Climate Change Institutional Framework ............................................................63
5.2 Climate Change Policy and Legal Framework ................................................................64
5.3 Framework for climate governance .................................................................................64
SECTION 6: ACTION PLAN, IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION...........................................................................................................................666.1 Action Plan ......................................................................................................................66
6.2 Resource Mobilization .....................................................................................................66
6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation...............................................................................................69
ANNEX 1 ACTION PLANS FOR THE CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE STRATEGIES..............70
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Zimbabwe and its neighbours. ..............................................................................................4Figure 2: Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions. .....................................................................................7Figure 3: Trends in temperature change and atmospheric CO2
concentrations 1850-2010....................................................................................................12Figure 4: Global near-surface temperatures from 1880 to 2000. ........................................................13Figure 5: 30-year running means of area averaged 2m-temperature .................................................15Figure 6: Number of days with a minimum temperature of 120C and a maximum of 320C
during 1950-1990 and national rainfall deviation during 1910-2000. ...................................16Figure 7: Time series of the national average rainfall for Zimbabwe 1901-2009.................................17Figure 8: A comparison of plant diversity under the current (2012) and worst case
scenario of the year 2080.....................................................................................................29Figure 9: A comparison of net primary productivity under the current and worst case
scenario of the year 2080.....................................................................................................29Figure 10: A comparison of the maize production zones under the current and worst case
scenario for the year 2080 ...................................................................................................35Figure 11: Key economic trends for Zimbabwe 1980 - 2005 ................................................................38Figure 12: The long term energy supply and demand projection. .........................................................43Figure 13: Trends in sectoral electricity consumption ...........................................................................44Figure 14: Number of new vehicle registrations per annum between 2000 and 2009 ..........................47Figure 15: Proposed Climate Change Governance Framework ...........................................................65
LIST OF TABLESTable 2.1: A summary of past and future climate trends in Zimbabwe...........................................17
Table 3.1: National area affected by veldt fire 2001-2013..............................................................33
Table 3.2: Production of electricity in Zimbabwe in GWh. ..............................................................42
Table 6.1: Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy. ........................................................67
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xiii
Table of Contents
AfDB African Development Bank
AGRITEX Agricultural Extension Services
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
APINA Air Pollution Information Network for Africa
ARC Agricultural Research Council
AvGas Aviation Gasoline
AWOS Automated Weather Observing System
AU African Union
BCSDZ Business Council for Sustainable Development Zimbabwe
BIOCLAM Bioclimatic
CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBOs Community Based Organisations
CC Climate Change
0C Degrees Celcius
CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDs Compact Disks
CH4 Methane
CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research
CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CMIP3 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CSAG Climate Systems Analysis Group
CSC Cold Storage Commission
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Abbreviations
CSOs Civil Society Organisations
CZI Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries
DDF District Development Fund
DFID Department for International Development
DNA Designated National Authority
DR & SS Department of Research and Specialist Services
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
ECZ Engineering Council of Zimbabwe
EMA Environmental Management Agency
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FC Forestry Commission
G Wh Gigawatt Hour
GCMs General Circulation Models
GCOS Global Climate Observing Systems
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GSO Global Surface Observations
GTS Global Telecommunication System
GUAO Global Upper Air Observations
GWP Global Water Partnership
HAZ Hotel Association of Zimbabwe
HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
ICT Information Communication Technology
IDRC International Development Research Centre
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xv
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO International Organization for Standardization
Km Kilometres
Kw Kilowatts
LAPs Local Area Prediction System
LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategies
LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
LULUCF Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry
MAMID Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development
MD Ministry of Defence
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MEPD Ministry of Energy and Power Development
MEWC Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate
MFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MHA Ministry of Home Affairs
MHCC Ministry of Health and Child Care
MHTESTD Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development
MIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce
MICTPCS Ministry of Information Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services
MJLPA Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs
MLGPWNH Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing
MLRR Ministry of Lands and Rural Resettlement
MMIBS Ministry of Media, Information and Broadcasting Services
MMMD Ministry of Mines and Mining Development
MPSE Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education
MPSLSW Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare
MRV Measurement Reporting and Verification
MSAC Ministry of Sports, Arts and Culture
MSMECD Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative Development
MTHI Ministry of Tourism and Hospitality Industry
MTID Ministry of Transport and Infrastructural Development
MTP Medium Term Plan
xvi Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
MW Megawatts
MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender and Community Development
MYIEE Ministry of Youth, Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride
NGOs Non-governmental Organizations
NMMZ National Museums and Monument of Zimbabwe
NMVOCS Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
NSSA National Social Security Authority
NTT National Task Team
O3 Ozone
OPC Office of the President and Cabinet
OTC Over-the-Counter
PFCs Perfluorocarbons
PJ Petajoule
PPCPs Public–Private-Community Partnerships
ppm parts per million
PPPs Public-Private Partnerships
PSC Public Service Commission
RCZ Research Council of Zimbabwe
RDCs Rural District Councils
REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAZ Standard Association of Zimbabwe
SF6 Sulphur Hexfluoride
SIRDC Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre
SLCPs Short-lived Climate Pollutants
SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (Netherlands Development Organisation)
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
TFCA Trans-frontier Conservation Area
UK United Kingdom
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xvii
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
UN United Nations
UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organisation
USD United States Dollar
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
WACDEP Water, Climate and Development Programme
WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene
WFP World Food Programme
WHO World Health Organisation
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WWF World Wide Fund
ZCT Zimbabwe Council for Tourism
ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Union
ZDF Zimbabwe Defence Forces
ZERA Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority
ZESA Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority
ZIE Zimbabwe Institute of Engineers
ZIM ASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation
ZIMPARKS Parks and Wildlife Management Authority
ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency
ZIMSEC Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council
ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority
ZNCC Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce
ZRP Zimbabwe Republic Police
ZTA Zimbabwe Tourism Authority
xviii Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Acced means assent or agree to a demand, request or treaty.
Adaptation is defined by the UNFCCC as “an adjustment in natural or human systems in response toactual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficialopportunities”. There are several kinds of adaptation: anticipatory, reactive, private, public, autonomousand planned. Adaptation measures include prevention, tolerance, sharing of losses, changes in activitiesor of location and restoration.
Adaptive capacity according to the IPCC is “the ability or potential of a system to respond successfullyto climate variability and change, and includes adjustments in both behavior and in resources andtechnologies”. The presence of adaptive capacity is a necessary condition for the design andimplementation of effective adaptation strategies and enables sectors and institutions to take advantageof opportunities or benefits from climate change.
Anthropogenic is an effect caused or resulting from human activity.
Biofuel is a mixture of volatile, flammable hydro-carbons derived from plant material, animal waste,treated municipal and industrial waste used as fuel.
Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by activities ofan individual, company, country, etc; usually expressed in equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide.
Carbon sequestration is the process of capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide or other formsof carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change.
Carbon sink is any process, activity or mechanism whether natural or artificial, that removes carbon-containing chemical compounds such as greenhouse gases, aerosols or precursors of greenhousegases from the atmosphere and stores them for an indefinite period.
Clean Development Mechanism is a mechanism funded by developed countries to undertake emissionreduction projects in developing countries. It is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol and allows acountry with emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under Annex B Party to implementan emission – reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certifiedemission reduction credits, each equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide, which can be countedtowards meeting Kyoto targets.
Climate change according to the UNFCCC means “a change of climate which is attributed directly orindirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in additionto natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. This differs from the IPCC usage
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy xix
Glossary
Glossary
where climate change refers to “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. usingstatistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists for anextended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether dueto natural variability or a result of human activity”.
Climate change mitigation according to IPCC is “an anthropogenic (human) intervention to reducesources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases”.
Climate is a composite measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity,precipitation, wind, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, atmospheric particle count and other meteorologicalvariables in a region over a long period of time (usually 30 years).
Climate risk means a risk resulting from climate change and affecting natural and human systems andregions. It is a combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. A societalelement is said to be at risk when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by theimpact of those hazards when they occur.
Climate variability is the way climatic parameters fluctuate during a few years to a few decades aboveor below a long term average-value. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within theclimate system or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing.
Climatic hazard is any event or change in climate, such as a single extreme event that exceeds acritical temperature threshold or a complex combination of changes involving variables and/or resultingin multiple impacts. It is an extreme climatic/weather event causing harm and damage to people,property, infrastructure and land-uses. It includes not only the direct impacts of the climate/weather eventitself by also other indirect hazards triggered by that event. A climatic hazard may be slow (like sea levelrise) instead of sudden and severe or may be benign in today’s world and become hazardous in a new,different climate regime.
Coping strategies are generally short-term actions to ward off immediate risk, rather than to adjust tocontinuous or permanent threats or changes. In some cases they deplete assets, leading to higher riskfor recurring hazards. Coping strategies can thereby undermine the possibility of long-term sustainableadaptation and so it is important to distinguish coping and adapting.
Decadal refers to the number ten, a group of ten things or a period of ten consecutive years.
Disaster risk management according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction is thesystematic process of using administrative directives, organizations and operational skills and capacitiesto implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impactsof hazards and the possibility of disasters. It aims to avoid and lessen or transfer the adverse effects ofhazards through activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness.
Early warming systems are according to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction the setof capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enableindividuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriatelyand in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss.
xx Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Energy demand management also known as demand side management, is the modification ofconsumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and education. It isusually used to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time ofenergy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and weekends.
Global warming is the gradual observed century-scale rise in the earth’s average atmospherictemperature generally attributed to the effect of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which trapheat that would otherwise escape from the earth.
Greenhouse effect is a process whereby the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbondioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) allow the incoming sunlight to pass through to the earth’ssurface but trap and absorb heat radiated back by the surface resulting in the elevation of the averagesurface temperature above what it would be in the absence of these gases. This effect makes the planetwarmer, in the same way a greenhouse keeps its inside temperature warmer.
Greenhouse gases are according to the UNFCCC “those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere,both natural and anthropogenic that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation”. The Kyoto Protocol addressessix anthropogenic greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide(N2O), sulphur hexfluoride (SF6) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Nitrogentrifluoride (NF3) was added in the second compliance period which began in 2012 and ends in 2017 or2020.
Renewable energy is energy that comes from any naturally occurring and replenishable source suchas biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, flowing water (hydropower) and geothermal heat.
Resilience according to IPCC is “the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbanceswhile retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization andthe capacity to adapt to stress and change”. Simply, it is the ability to survive, recover from and eventhrive in changing climatic conditions. It includes the ability to understand the potential impacts and totake appropriate action before, during and after a particular event, such as major flooding or prolongeddrought, to minimize negative effects and maintain the ability to respond to changing conditions includingunpredictable conditions.
Scenario is a sequence of events, course of events, chain of events especially when imagined. It is anaccount or synopsis of a possible course of action or events, a description of what could possibly happen.
Vulnerability according to IPCC is “the degree to which a system is susceptible to and unable to copewith, adverse effects of climate change including climate variability and extremes”. Vulnerability is afunction of the character, magnitude and rate of climate change and variation to which a system isexposed, its sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
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Glossary
SectionIntroduction
1Climate change is a global issue that shouldconcern every individual, group, organizationand nation. Mitigation measures and adaptationstrategies are needed for people toaccommodate the anticipated changes. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) projects that under a business-as-usualscenario, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, around380 ppm in 2007, will increase to 450 ppm.Stabilization at this level will cause an increasein temperature of 2°C and any increase intemperature beyond this point will not sustain lifeon the planet. Thus climate change presents thebiggest threat facing mankind today. Majoradverse impacts of climate change includedeclining water resources; reduced agriculturalproductivity; spread of vector-borne diseases tonew areas; changes in populations anddistribution of biodiversity; and turbulent weatherand climatic disasters.
Zimbabwe is experiencing more hot and fewercold days than before as a result of climatechange and variability. The country’s annualmean surface temperature has warmed by about0.40C from 1900 to 2000. The period from 1980to date has been the warmest since Zimbabwestarted recording its temperature. The timing andamount of rainfall received are becomingincreasingly uncertain. The last 30 years haveshown a trend towards reduced rainfall or heavyrainfall and drought occurring back to back in thesame season. The frequency and length of dryspells during the rainy season have increasedwhile the frequency of rain days has declined.
Such a scenario has impacts on Zimbabwe’seconomy which is primarily agro-based with over 70 per cent of the population living in rural areasand dependant on climate-sensitive livelihoodssuch as arable farming and livestock rearingamong others. Thus the Government ofZimbabwe regards climate change as one of thethreats to the country and its people and is alsoof the view that climate change has the potentialto undermine many of the positive developmentsmade in meeting the country’s developmentgoals. Both climate change and policies tominimize its effects have enormous socio-economic and environmental implications. Thechallenge for the country is how to developadaptation and mitigation strategies that canreduce the diverse and complex impacts ofclimate change.
Zimbabwe has actively participated ininternational negotiations on climate changefrom as far back as 1992. It was among the firstcountries to sign and ratify the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) in 1992 and also acceded to theKyoto Protocol in 2009. Although Zimbabwe isconstrained by its limited ability to put in placeappropriate measures in order to respond toclimate change requirements because of lack ofhuman, institutional and financial resources, ithas continued through the years to support theUnited Nations efforts to curb the escalation ofgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climatechange issues are broadly included inZimbabwe’s National Environmental Policy and
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SECTION 1: Introduction
Strategies. This has been done to demonstratethe country’s willingness to contribute to thepreservation of the global climate for the good ofpresent and future generations.
Zimbabwe has no official long term developmentplan but had a Medium Term Plan (MTP) 2012-2015 which was operational between 2011 andmid-2013. The MTP recognized that climatechange poses a significant and complexchallenge to social and economic development.It acknowledged that increased frequency andintensity of extreme weather events such asdroughts; reduced precipitation and gradualincreases in temperatures would adversely affectkey natural resource based climate sensitivesectors of the economy, particularly, agriculture,energy, forestry, water and tourism whichcontribute significantly to the country’s GrossDomestic Product (GDP). It also highlighted thatthe development choices that the country wouldmake under the MTP, particularly in the energysector, might contribute to increased emission ofGHGs thereby contributing to climate change. Ittherefore called for climate-smart policies thatplaced climate change concerns at the centre ofdevelopment strategies, plans and programmesin all sectors of the economy. This would ensurethe sustainability of strategies for social andeconomic development as well as theircompatibility with international best practices onclimate change adaptation and mitigation.
The MTP’s policy objective was to promoteclimate change mitigation and adaptationstrategies in social and economic developmentat national and sectoral level. Its three policytargets were the development of a NationalClimate Change Strategy; a Climate ChangePolicy and a National Action Plan for Adaptationand Mitigation. It also aimed to increase theintegration of adaptation and mitigationstrategies in economic and developmentactivities and policies at national and sectorallevel.
The Government of Zimbabwe startedaddressing these policy targets of the MTPthrough the Climate Change Office in the thenMinistry of Environment and Natural ResourcesManagement in 2012 when it initiated a processaimed at formulating a comprehensive NationalClimate Change Response Strategy.
The MTP has been superseded by theZimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) 2013 -2018 after the 31 July 2013 harmonizedelections. The Zim Asset recognises that thecountry is susceptible to perennial drought andfloods caused by climatic changes emanatingfrom global warming. It also notes that theclimatic changes affect the country’s agro-basedeconomy whose livelihoods largely depend onrain-fed agriculture, livestock production andnatural resources.
The new government has created the Ministry ofEnvironment, Water and Climate in recognitionof the importance of climate and climate change.The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climatefalls under the Food Security and NutritionCluster in the Zim Asset and some of the clusteroutputs include strengthening and implementingthe climate and disaster management policy;promoting conservation agriculture; rehabilitatingirrigation; promoting drought, high yielding andheat tolerant varieties; promoting biofuels andrenewable energy; all of which address climatechange.
Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategymainstreams climate change through a sectorialapproach to ensure that each sector implementsmitigation and adaptation actions. Each sectorwill therefore be able to direct its projectproposals to the appropriate funding mechanism.The Response Strategy is divided into sixsections. These include an introductory sectionwhich comprises a brief profile of Zimbabwe andthe Vision, Mission, Goal, Strategic Objectives,Pillars and Guiding Principles of the NationalClimate Change Response Strategy (Section 1).
2 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
This is followed by a synopsis of climate changeacross scales from global, regional, national tolocal level (Section 2); sector specific challenges,risks, opportunities and impacts as well asrelevant adaptation and mitigation measures(Section 3); strategy enablers such as capacitybuilding; technology transfer; climate changeeducation, communication and awareness(Section 4); climate change governance (Section5); and finally a section on Action Plans,Implementation Framework and ResourceMobilization (Section 6).
The National Climate Change ResponseStrategy provides a framework for a compre-hensive and strategic approach on aspects ofadaptation, mitigation, technology, financing,public education and awareness. It will help toinform Government on how to strengthen theclimate and disaster management policies.
1.1 A Brief Profile of Zimbabwe
Geographical Location AndCharacteristics
Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southernAfrica, lying between latitudes 15° and 23° Southof the Equator and longitudes 25° and 34° Eastof the Greenwich Meridian (See Figure 1). Itsarea is 390,757 square kilometres. The countryis bordered by Mozambique to the East, SouthAfrica to the South, Botswana to the West andZambia to the North and North-west. TheZambezi River to the north and the LimpopoRiver to the south, form Zimbabwe’s borders withZambia and South Africa, respectively.
Most of the country is elevated in the centralplateau (Highveldt) stretching from the southwestto the northwest at altitudes between 1,200 and1,600 m. The watershed is 650 kilometres longand 80 kilometres wide. The country's east ismountainous with Mount Nyangani as thehighest point in the country at 2,592 m. About 20
per cent of the country consists of the Lowveldtbelow 900 m, with the Zambezi and Limpoporiver valleys found in the north and south,respectively, having the lowest altitude of around500 m above sea level. Figure 1 showsZimbabwe and its current administrativedivisions, major towns including the capital cityHarare, infrastructural development as well as itsneighbours.
Zimbabwe has a sub-tropical climate with fourseasons: cool dry season from mid-May toAugust; hot dry season from September to mid-November; the main rainy season running frommid-November to mid-March; and the post rainyseason from mid-March to mid-May. The meanmonthly temperature varies from 150C in July to240C in November whereas the mean annualtemperature varies from 180C on the Highveld to230C in the Lowveldt. The lowest minimumtemperatures (70C) are recorded in June or Julyand the highest maximum temperatures (290C)in October, or if the rains are delayed, inNovember. The climate is moderated by thealtitude with the Eastern Highlands enjoyingcooler temperature compared to the low lyingareas of the Lowveldt.
Zimbabwe is generally a semi-arid country withlow annual rainfall reliability. The average annualrainfall is 650 mm but geographically it rangesfrom around 350 to 450 mm per year in theSouthern Lowveldt to above 1,000 mm per yearin the Eastern Highlands. The rainfall pattern ofZimbabwe is variable with years below andabove normal rainfall.
Environment and Natural Resources
Zimbabwe has abundant natural resources thatinclude wilderness, arable land, forests, wildlifeminerals, and surface and ground water. Itsforestry resources cover approximately 66 percent of the total land area.
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Almost 15 per cent of Zimbabwe is under someform of statutory protection within the Parks andWild Life Estate or State Land. Indigenousforests and woodlands include the Miombofloristic element comprising the followingwoodland types: Miombo, teak, mopane, Acacia,Terminalia and Combretum. The Afromontaneelement is localized in the Eastern Highlandsmainly on the windward side of the mountainswith the Cape Floristic element occurring on theNyanga Mountains.
Zimbabwe has 20 million mega litres of totalannual renewable available freshwater. Thewater is largely replenished through rainfall andthen runoff into rivers, streams, lakes andreservoirs, aquifers and freshwater aquaticsystems such as wetlands. The country relies onsurface water resources for 90 per cent of its
requirements while groundwater supplies theremaining 10 per cent. The estimatedgroundwater resources available for exploitationin Zimbabwe are 8 million mega litres. There areseven river catchments in the country, namelyManyame, Mazowe, Gwayi, Runde, Sanyati,Save and Mzingwane.
Zimbabwe has the second largest number ofdams in the Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC) region after South Africa.The country has almost 40 medium to largedams and lakes including Lake Kariba as well asabout 10,200 small dams. Zimbabwe is a drycountry with limited wetlands.
Agriculture uses most of Zimbabwe’s water, 81per cent for irrigation, fish farming and livestockwatering. The urban, industrial and institutional
4 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Figure 1: Zimbabwe and its neighbours. Source: www.nationsonline.org (accessed 12-10-2012_12:12hrs)
sector uses 15 per cent of available water, whilemining accounts for 2 per cent of the water. In2001, about 152,000 hectares of land wereunder formal irrigation with a total of 5,000 to20,000 under informal irrigation. There is afurther 600,000 hectares of land nationwide thatcan be made available for irrigation development.
Zimbabwe faces various natural hazards. Theseinclude frequent and recurrent droughts on oneextreme and some flooding especially in thelower Zambezi Valley on the other extreme.Severe storms, though rare, also affect thecountry with devastating impacts on thepopulation.
Current environmental problems includedeforestation; soil erosion; land degradation aswell as air and water pollution. Poor miningpractices have led to toxic waste and heavymetal pollution especially in the more arid partsof the country. The growth of the urbanpopulations has also led to pollution of watersources.
Zimbabwe, through the Ministry responsible forEnvironment launched the NationalEnvironmental Policy and Strategies in 2009that compliments the EnvironmentalManagement Act [Chapter 20:27], and otherlegislation pertaining to environmental protection,monitoring and sustainable management.Zimbabwe is a signatory to the followingmultilateral environmental agreements, amongothers: the Montreal Protocol on Substances thatDeplete the Ozone Layer; United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD);the United Nations Convention on BiologicalDiversity (UNCBD) and its Cartagena Protocolon Biosafety; Convention on International Tradein Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) and the United Nations Convention onthe Law of the Sea, in addition to the UNFCCCand its Kyoto Protocol.
Demographics and Human Well-being
According to the Zimbabwe National StatisticalAgency (ZIMSTAT) Census Report published in2013, Zimbabwe had a total population of13,061,239 people as of August 2012. Of these,41 per cent were children below the age of 15years while four per cent were the elderly abovethe age of 65 years. This means that Zimbabwe’spopulation still has the potential to grow eventhough its annual growth rate has declined inrecent years, with a 2002-2012 inter-censalpopulation growth rate of 1.1 per cent. With sucha growth rate, the population will double in about70 years.
The life expectancy at birth for Zimbabweans is58 years. The total fertility rate is 3.8 children perwoman which is one of the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The average household size is4.2 persons with 65 per cent of these householdsbeing male headed. Thirty three (33) per cent ofthe population live in urban areas and the inter-censal urbanization rate was about 2 per centper annum.
Poverty remains high in Zimbabwe, and isestimated to be around 63 per cent for TotalConsumption Poverty and 16 per cent for FoodPoverty for households according to the PovertyIncome Consumption and Expenditure Survey2011/12 Report. It is more widespread in therural areas at about 76 per cent, although smallpockets (about 6 per cent) of deep poverty alsooccur for households in urban areas. Poverty inZimbabwe has many causes, including weakmacro-economic performance and high andrising levels of unemployment, which leave mostpeople dependent on subsistence agriculture inclimatically marginal areas.
The major health issues in Zimbabwe relate tochild mortality, maternal health and the top fourkiller diseases, the human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS) epidemic, malaria, tuberculosisand diarrheal diseases. Though the adult
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SECTION 1: Introduction
prevalence rates for HIV and AIDS fell during theperiod 2000-2012 (from an estimated 34 per centin 2000 to13.7 per cent in 2009; according to theDemographic and Health Survey 2010-2011); 1.2million people live with HIV. In addition, thenumber of orphans is estimated at about onemillion and vulnerable children have alsoincreased as parents were lost.
Zimbabwe achieved near universal primaryeducation for all in the 1980s which laid afoundation towards the fulfillment of theMillennium Development Goal 2. This wasachieved through massive expansion of primaryand secondary education facilities throughout thecountry. The Zimbabwe Demographic HealthSurvey 2010-2011 found that the overall literacyrate for women was 94 per cent whereas that ofmen was 96 per cent. By 2011 Zimbabwe hadthe highest literacy rate in Africa. The nationalcensus of 2012 put the national literacy rate at96 per cent.
Economic Sectors
Economy and labour force: Zimbabwe has afairly diversified economy based on agriculture,mining, manufacturing, commerce, forestry, andtourism, among others. Over the period 1980-1999 the GDP measured in real terms, grew atan average rate of 3.8 per cent per year.However, the economy faced severe challengesduring the period 2000-2008 with the annual realGDP growth suffering declines averaging 5.3 percent between 2003 and 2008. The countrywitnessed an unprecedented decline in GDP percapita to levels as low as USD300. According tothe Zim-Asset, Zimbabwe’s economy has beenon a recovery path since 2009, registeringgrowth, with a real GDP growth rate of 5.4 percent in 2009, 11.4 per cent in 2010 and reachinga peak of 11.9 per cent in 2011. However, therecovery remained fragile as the growth declinedfrom 11.9 per cent in 2011 to 10.6 per cent in2012 and 3.4 per cent in 2013.
The Nominal GDP was estimated at USD8.9billion in 2011 and at USD7.4 billion in real terms.Since the introduction of multi-currencies in2009, the GDP per capita grew from US$520 perperson in 2009 to US$693 per person in 2011.The introduction of the multi-currencies alsobrought the rate of inflation to a halt in January2009 after it had reached an all-time high of 231million per cent in July 2008. Inflation inZimbabwe has been hovering between 3 and 4per cent from January 2010 to December 2012.The year on year rate of inflation as at December2012 stood at 2.9 per cent.
Zimbabwe has an estimated potential labourforce of 7,661,295 million adults aged 15 yearsand above. However, the economically activepopulation was estimated as 5,120,540 millionby the national census of 2012. Of this number,66 per cent are employed in agriculture, 24 percent in services and about 10 per cent inindustry. The unemployment rate increased from6 per cent in 1999 to 9 per cent in 2002 and was57 per cent for women and 31 per cent for menby 2010-2011 when the ZIMSTAT carried out thelast Demographic and Health Survey. Thepercentage varies with the definition ofemployment and whether those in the informalsector are defined as being employed. The 2012national census using the broad definition ofemployment put the unemployment rate at 11.1per cent of the economically active labour force.
Agriculture: Zimbabwe has an agriculturalbased economy with the sector contributingabout 15 per cent each year to the GDP.Agriculture provides about 60 per cent of the totalemployment and also supplies raw materials toindustry. Zimbabwe’s agricultural sector isdivided into four major sub-sectors namely; largescale commercial farms, small scale commercialfarms, communal and resettlement areas. Theagrarian structure has changed with the recentland reform in Zimbabwe with 99 per cent of the
6 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
farmers now being smallholder farmers. Of these81 per cent are communal farmers, 18.7 per centresettled farmers and 0.1 per cent large scalefarmers.
The country is divided into five natural regions onthe basis of soil type, rainfall, temperature andother climatic factors (Figure 2). These regionsalso represent the agricultural potential for theproduction of crops and livestock. The countryproduces a variety of crops in its different agro-ecological zones which include staple crops suchas maize, sorghum, mhunga (pearl millet),rapoko (finger millet), oilseeds (sunflower,groundnuts and soya beans) and industrial cropswhich include tobacco, cotton, edible dry beansand paprika. The country rears a variety oflivestock that include cattle, sheep, pigs andgoats. There is also a thriving wild life industryrepresented by national parks andconservancies.
Industry: Industry comprising the construction,manufacturing, processing and secondaryproduction sectors, is a key contributor toeconomic development in Zimbabwe. Itcontributes 14 per cent of GDP. The industrysector used to be mainly formal; however, theintroduction of the Economic StructuralAdjustment Programme in the 1990s and theresulting opening up of the economy andretrenchment of employees, induced growth ofthe informal sector. Indeed, according to the2012 national census the formal sector now hasabout 1.5 million employees compared to 2.5million in the informal sector.
The manufacturing sector is diversified and wellintegrated with the rest of the Zimbabweaneconomy and has strong linkages withagriculture, mining, construction and commerce.Zimbabwe’s manufacturing sector is well knownfor the diversity of its products. The industries
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 7
SECTION 1: Introduction
Figure 2: Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions.Source: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (accessed 07-11-2012)
SECTION 1: Introduction
include food processing, metals, leather andleather products, wood and furniture, clothingand textiles, chemicals, paper and plastics,among others. Most of these manufacturingindustries make use of the agricultural andmining outputs as their raw materials.
The manufacturing sector at its peak, contributed23 per cent to GDP. However, since 2006 thesector recorded declines in output and isestimated to have declined by 73.3 per cent in2008. According to the Zim Asset the averagecapacity utilization was 57 per cent in 2011 and44 per cent in 2012. The Industrial DevelopmentPolicy (2012-2016) aims to institute measures toraise capacity utilization to above 90 per cent by2016. The services industry is also a veryimportant sector that has contributed to thecountry’s GDP.
Mining: The mining sector accounts for about 44per cent of Zimbabwe’s GDP, at least 30 per centof foreign exchange earnings and 5 per centformal employment. Zimbabwe has more than1,000 mines producing about 35 minerals themain ones being gold, platinum, gold, nickel,chrome, iron ore, copper, coal, cobalt, tin,granite, chrysotile asbestos, lithium and morerecently diamonds. The country is among thelow-cost producers of minerals because ofabundant shallow deposits.
Similar to other sectors, mining suffered declinesduring 2000-2008, but there has beenresurgence in the sector with increasingproduction in gold, coal and platinum and thediscovery of new minerals such as diamonds.Whereas the agricultural and manufacturingsectors have been the main contributors toexport earnings, these have been overtakenlately by the mining sector, which now accountsfor about 50 per cent of the country’s totalexports.
Trade: Zimbabwe’s trade performance declinedboth in volume and value during 2008-2010
compared to the 1990s. A negative balance oftrade has been experienced since 2002;however, export earnings were projected to growby at least 10 per cent from around US$4.3billion in 2011 to US$4.7 billion in 2012 as aresult of the gradual economic recovery since2009. This is underpinned by favourableinternational commodity prices and improvedoutput of export commodities from theagriculture, mining and manufacturing sectors.The import bill was projected to marginallyincrease from around US$5.6 billion in 2011 toUS$5.7 billion in 2012 with food importsexpected to decline while non-food imports wereprojected to increase.
South Africa remains Zimbabwe’s single largesttrading partner accounting for at least 40 per centof total exports and 60 per cent of total imports.Traditionally, the European Union (EU) used tobe the major export destination for Zimbabweaccounting for two-thirds of total exports. Chinais the third most important market for Zimbabweafter South Africa and the EU, with around 7 percent share of Zimbabwe’s total exports.
Zimbabwe launched its National Trade Policy(2012-2016) in 2012 whose main objectives areto increase exports and promote thediversification of the country’s export basket withan ultimate target of increasing the exportearnings by at least 10 per cent annually fromUS$4.3 billion in 2011 to US$7 billion in 2016;promote enhanced value-addition of primarycommodities in all sectors; consolidate andexpand existing markets and explore newmarkets, with the main focus being to expandinto regional markets; enhance trade facilitationin order to expedite trade flows by reducingand/or eliminating barriers to trade; giveguidance to trade policy instruments such astariffs, non-tariff measures and trade defensemechanisms with the aim of promoting trade,
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protecting local industry from unfair tradepractices, as well as improving access byconsumers to a wide range of goods andservices.
Energy: The main sources of energy used inZimbabwe are electricity (from coal-fired stations,hydro-electricity and solar energy), petroleumproducts (including kerosene/paraffin), propanegas and fuel wood. Zimbabwe has coal reservesto meet ten times its electricity and petroleumneeds for the next 100 years; hydro-power whichif fully developed can meet the country’s needs;abundant coal-bed methane gas deposits as wellas uranium deposits. Most of the electricity isused in urban areas.
Fuel wood is the most commonly used fuel forover 90 per cent households in rural areas.Charcoal is not widely used in the country. Thenational fuel wood consumption is estimated ataround 9.4 million tonnes per year. The AfricanDevelopment Bank estimated a sustainable yieldof 13 million tonnes per year in 2004.
Energy demand is growing gradually, by over 2per cent annually. Local supply does not meetdemand. The shortfall is made up with imports ofelectricity from Zambia, Mozambique and SouthAfrica. However, with the rising demand ofelectricity regionally, Zimbabwe has beenworking on expansion projects of the existingplants and also initiating new hydro-powergeneration projects particularly on the majorrivers that border the country. Furtherdevelopment of solar power and bioenergy arealso being pursued.
Transport and Communication: Zimbabwe’stransport sector is dominated by road transportwith 88,133 kilometres of road overall, of which17,420 kilometres are paved. There are 2,400km of rail track. There has been a steadyincrease in the registered vehicle population inthe country with the number of vehicles doubling
over the last 10 years. Other forms of transportare air, and boats which are used in the man-made dams of the country. The transport sectorcontributes about 7 per cent to GDP.
Zimbabwe has several radio stations as well asfixed and mobile telephones services. The latteris the fastest growing sector in thecommunication industry with more than 9 millionsubscribers in 2011.
Tourism: Tourism is the fourth leading foreignexchange earner in Zimbabwe contributing about10 per cent to the country’s GDP which rises to16.3 per cent when other key supply chainactivities are considered. Real growth, in termsof services has occurred in the tourism industrysince 2009, with the number of arrivals risingfrom year to year.
The country is richly endowed with a variety oftourist attractions. It has one of the SevenWonders of the World, the Victoria Falls, whichis a World Heritage Site. The scenic easternhighlands are dominated by mountains,waterfalls and forests. The country has a varietyof national parks and trans-frontier parks withover 100 large mammal species which includethe big five; elephant, rhinoceros, leopard, lionand buffalo. The country is proud of both itstangible and intangible heritage; the formerconsisting of historic structures such as the GreatZimbabwe and Khami Ruins both of which areWorld Heritage Sites.
Political and Decision Making Structures:Zimbabwe is a Sovereign State with ademocratically elected Executive President whois both head of State and Government. TheZimbabwe legal system is based on RomanDutch Law. A new constitution was adopted inMay 2013 to replace the Lancaster HouseConstitution of 1979. Harmonized elections areheld every five years.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 9
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SECTION 1: Introduction
1.2 The Vision, Mission, Goal,Strategic Objectives, Pillarsand Guiding Principles ofZimbabwe’s Climate ChangeResponse Strategy
1.2.1 VisionTo create a climate change resilient nation.
1.2.2 Mission
To ensure sustainable development and aclimate proofed economy through engaging allstakeholders recognizing the vulnerable natureof Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society.
1.2.3 Goal
To mainstream climate change adaptation andmitigation strategies in economic and socialdevelopment at national and sectoral levelsthrough multi-stakeholder engagement.
1.2.4 Strategic Objectives
a) Mainstream climate change in all the keysectors of the economy.
b) Promote resource use efficiency and lesscarbon intense pathways in all economicactivities and develop a climate changeresilient energy infrastructure that is notcarbon intense.
c) Develop climate proofed and environmentallysustainable transport systems that are lesscarbon intense.
d) Promote sustainable development,management and utilization of water resourcesunder changing climatic conditions.
e) Promote sustainable land-use systems thatenhance agricultural production, ensure foodsecurity and maintain ecosystem integrity.
f) Develop Nationally Appropriate MitigationActions (NAMAs) as a step towards lowcarbon development strategies for Zimbabwe.
g) Address climate change through evidence-based research, technology development andtransfer.
h) Promote and protect health under a changingclimate.
ii) Develop an effective climate changecommunication information management andcommunication system that facilitates accessby all stakeholder groups.
j) Strengthen and mainstream climate change inall education curricula.
k) Mainstream gender, children and youth,people living with HIV and AIDS and othervulnerable groups into all climate changeinterventions.
l) Develop and maintain an appropriate climategovernance framework and institutionalmechanisms aimed at coordinating climatechange responses.
1.2.5 PillarsPillar 1:
Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.
Pillar 2:
Mitigation and low carbon developmentstrategies (LCDS)
Pillar 3:
Capacity to effect: l Adaptation and mitigation.l Climate change communication.l Education and raising awareness.l Research and development.l Appropriate institutions to address climate
change issues.
10 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Pillar 4:Governance framework:
l Institutions.
l Networks.
l Negotiations.
Pillar 5:Finance and Investment.
l Partnerships.
l International Financing.
Pillar 6:Technology development and transfer, includinginfrastructure.
Pillar 7:Communication and advocacy:
Information management and dissemination.
1.2.6 Guiding Principles
a) Demand driven by national aspirations.
b) Country-driven and predicated on nationaldevelopment priorities.
c) Aligned with national laws, internationalobligations and commitments.
d) Mainstream climate change into policy andlegal framework as well as developmentplanning.
e) Mainstream sustainable development.
f) Participation and engagement of allstakeholders.
g) Response which is knowledge and evidencebased that incorporates indigenous knowledgesystems, culture and science.
h) Access to information.
i) Precautionary principle.
j) Mainstream the rights based approach.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 11
SECTION 1: Introduction
SectionClimate and Climate Change
22.1 Climate Change From a
Global Perspective
The earth’s climate system has demonstrablychanged at both global and regional scales sincethe pre-industrial era, with some of thesechanges attributable to human activities whichhave increased the atmospheric concentrationsof greenhouse gases and aerosols. Theatmospheric concentrations of key anthro-pogenic greenhouse gases [i.e., carbon dioxide(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), andtropospheric ozone (O3)] reached their highestrecorded levels in the 1990s, primarily due to thecombustion of fossil fuels, agriculture, and land-use changes.
The increase in GHGs is a process thatcontinues today, leading to an ever increasing
atmospheric concentration of these gases.Global atmospheric concentrations of the GHGshave increased since 1750, rising by 70 per centbetween 1970 and 2004. The annual emissionsof carbon dioxide grew by about 80 per cent overthe same period (Figure 3). Continued GHGemissions at or above current rates would causefurther warming and induce many changes in theglobal climate system during the 21st centurythat would very likely be larger than thoseobserved during the 20th century.
Global increase in CO2 concentrations isprimarily a result of fossil fuel use, with land use-change providing another significant but smallercontribution. The observed increase in CH4concentration is predominantly caused byagriculture and fossil fuel use; whereas theincrease in N2O concentration comes primarilyfrom agriculture and transport.
12 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Figure 3: Trends in temperature change and atmospheric CO2 concentrations 1850-2010.Adopted from Global Environment Outlook, 2012.
The IPCC has published four assessmentreports that progressively identify humanactivities as the driving force behind present andfuture global climate change. Its conclusion isthat: “warming of the climate system isunequivocal, as it is now evident fromobservations of increases in global average airand ocean temperatures, widespread melting ofsnow and ice, and rising global mean sea level.”There is new and stronger evidence that most ofthe warming observed over the last 50 years isattributable to human activities.
According to the IPCC Fourth AssessmentReport (2007), the period 1995-2006 ranksamong the warmest years in the instrumentalrecord of global surface temperature since 1850(Figure 4), with the final decade of the twentiethcentury being regarded as the warmest in thepast millennium.
systems are enormous, it becomes important toestimate the possible range of future climates wemay experience over the next one hundredyears. This is determined using computer modelsand scenarios. General circulation models aredynamic computer models of the atmosphereand oceans that have been used to estimateclimate change attributed to a doubling of CO2and to transient increases in GHGsconcentrations. Currently these models are theonly methods that permit prediction of futureclimate change. Generally, these models agreeon the importance of GHGs, especially CO2, indriving global warming and climate change.
Global warming is inducing instabilities in theEarth’s climate, which are already known to havemany harmful effects. What is not yet known ishow serious the situation could become. Thepossibilities range from bad and costly to fix(such as saving many valuable coastal areasfrom flooding and fighting new and morepervasive diseases) to the much less probablebut potentially catastrophic effects of a sudden,significant climate shift that would be difficult toreverse.
Altered frequencies and intensities of extremeweather, together with sea level rise, areexpected to have most adverse effects onnatural and human systems. Anthropogenicwarming and sea level rise would continue forcenturies because of the time scales associatedwith climate processes and feedbacks, even ifGHG concentrations were to be stabilized.Anthropogenic warming could lead to someimpacts that are abrupt or irreversible, dependingupon the rate and magnitude of the climatechange. Although the exact extent of harm fromglobal warming may be difficult to predict now, itcan be said with confidence that the harmfuleffects of global warming on climate willsignificantly outweigh the possible benefits. Animportant consequence of climate change is thatthe future climate will be less familiar, moreuncertain and, possibly, more extreme.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 13
SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change
Figure 4: Global near-surface temperatures from1880 to 2000. Source: IPCC 2007.
Modelling results from research centres inEurope, America and Japan agree that theperiod 1997 to 2011 were the warmest years onrecord with 1998 and 2010 being the hottest.These findings add weight to the commonconclusion that in spite of short-term spatial andtemporal variability, the clear long-term trend isone of global warming.
Given that the potential consequences of arapidly warming climate for natural and human
SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change
In order to deal with this phenomenon, theinternational community adopted the UNFCCCin 1992 that aims to stabilize concentrations ofGHGs at a level that would prevent anydangerous interference with the climate systemand to bring down GHGs emissions in 2000 tothe 1990 emission level. The internationalcommunity also adopted the Kyoto Protocol; todefine legally binding targets in emissionreduction for UNFCCC for developed countrieslisted in Annex 1 in order to halt and reverse theupward trends in GHG emissions.
The international committee recently met toreview progress at the Rio+20 conference andhad a declaration that emphasized adaptation toclimate change as an urgent global priority thatmust feature high on any agenda and that theglobal nature of climate change requires allcountries to cooperate and participate in theinternational action to fast-track reduction inGHG emissions.
2.2 Climate Change From aSouthern African RegionalPerspective
Significant progress has been made in the IPCCFourth Assessment Report (2007) in manyaspects of the knowledge required to understandclimate change. However, there remainimportant areas where further work is required,in particular, the understanding and prediction ofregional changes in climate and climateextremes; and the quantification of climatechange impacts at the regional and local levels.
Modellers in the region, particularly in SouthAfrica, are trying to address the prediction fortime scales between that for weather forecasts(typically seven days ahead) and seasonalforecasts, and between seasonal forecasts andmulti-decadal climate change projections.
Decadal climate predictions will be highlyexperimental until a much better understandingof the physical mechanisms of decadal climatevariability has been developed. Modeldevelopment and improvement efforts and thestudy of the climate system with expandedocean, land, atmosphere and ice observationalnetworks are needed to achieve theseobjectives.
The warming trend observed in southern Africaover the last few decades is consistent with theglobal trend of temperature rise in the 1970s,1980s and 1990s and the timing of periods ofmost rapid warming has also been similar. Thesix warmest years have occurred since 1980,with the period 1986-1995 being the warmestand driest. The temperatures in the southernAfrican region have risen by 0.50C over the past100 years and are further expected to increaseat a rate of 0.050C per decade.
According to the 4th IPCC Assessment Report,there is already evidence that Africa is warmingfaster than the global average, and this is likelyto continue. The warming occurs all year-round.By 2100, temperature changes will fall intoranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8°C increase inmean surface temperature compared to 1990.This warming will be greatest over the interior ofsemi-arid margins of the Sahara and centralsouthern Africa.
There is strong evidence, based on analysis ofminimum and maximum temperature trends thatthe region is getting warmer. The trends aredisplayed as departures (or anomalies) from the1961-1990 average. After the mid-1970s, theseanomalies are almost all positive; approximately0.8 °C above the 1961-1990 average over thelast two decades. These anomalies are alsolarger in more recent years, suggesting that therates of increase in minimum and maximumtemperatures are increasing. This is consistentwith detected increases in global annual surfaceair temperatures.
14 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Regional scenarios for future climate changeover southern Africa based on general circulationmodels project temperature increases ofbetween 1 and 3° over most land areas byapproximately 2060 (Figure 5).
Predicted increases are greatest towards the aridregions in the southwest of the African landmass,which are also the regions which are suggestedto receive the largest decreases in averagerainfall in the future. Temperatures are alsoexpected to rise more during the dry season ofJune to November than during the wetterDecember to May season.
Changes in rainfall are harder to detect becauserainfall varies so much from place to place andfrom year to year across southern Africa. Existingevidence for rainfall trends suggests moderatedecreases in annual rainfall over parts ofsouthern Africa. There is also evidence whichshows that inter-annual rainfall variability oversouthern Africa has increased since the late1960s and that droughts have become moreintense and widespread in the region. Thepattern of anomalies demonstrates that year-to-year rainfall variability is high across the region,and has been a persistent feature of the region’s
climate for many years. These alternatingpatterns of above-normal/below-normal rainfallperiods clearly illustrate the rainfall cyclesprevalent in southern Africa.
Many impacts of climate change will beexperienced through the changes in extremeevents such as droughts, floods and storms.Already extreme wet and dry years have beenrecorded, which resulted in floods and droughts.In 1999-2000, for example, tropical cyclone Elinecaused widespread flooding in southern andcentral Mozambique, south-eastern Zimbabweand parts of South Africa and Botswana. In 1982-1983, 1986-87 and 1991-92 serious droughtswere experienced that caused a decrease incrop and livestock production in many parts ofthe region.
Unfortunately, assessments of climate changeare often limited to mean temperature andprecipitation. Knowledge of changes in extremesis sparse, particularly for southern Africa. Resultsof analysis of extreme events using the bestclimate models from the IPCC FourthAssessment Report show that different modelsproject different trends in wet and dry extremes
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 15
SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change
Figure 5: 30-year running means of area averaged 2m-temperature in Scenario 1. Shown are the anomalies from the 1961-1990 mean. Full (dashed) lines denote 30-year Unit: 0C periods that are (not)significantly different from the control period. Source: Katarina et al., 2006.
DIFMAMJJASCN
DIFMAMJJASCN
SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change
in some regions. Generally the results show anincreasing intensity of both floods and droughts.
Area averaged rainfall series for north-eastSouth Africa, Zimbabwe, western Mozambiqueand southern Malawi and Zambia show thatmulti-decadal rainfall oscillations have occurredduring the 20th century. The models generallyshow a drying trend for much of the 21st century,although decade-to-decade rainfall fluctuationsin the simulations are evident early in the century.The simulated annual cycles in a warmer climateshow a one month delay of the rainfall onset andno shift in rainfall cessation months, thusimplying shorter rainy seasons. This delayedseasonal rainfall onset is predicted even in thenorthern parts of southern Africa.
Extremely low rainfall (defined as the intensity ofevents occurring once every ten years) ispredicted to become less extreme over centralSouth Africa and Lesotho, increasing by about50 per cent around 2100. Most models simulatean increase of the extreme dry events over theKalahari by up to 30 per cent. Such conditionsare favourable for a further eastwardencroachment of the Kalahari Desert. Themodels are unable to simulate tropicalcyclones/storms, which are one of the mainsources of torrential rains and flooding(www.knmi.nl/africa_scenarios).
Global climate for much of the year 2011 washeavily influenced by one of the strongest LaNina events in history and was closelyassociated with many notable extreme regionalevents including drought in east Africa andflooding in southern Africa.
2.3 Evidence of Climate Change inZimbabwe Over the Years
Zimbabwe has experienced a warming trendtowards the end of the twentieth centurycompared to the beginning, with the annual-
mean temperature increasing by about 0.40Csince 1900. The 1990s decade has been thewarmest during the last century. This warminghas been greatest during the dry season. Day-time temperatures have warmed more thannight-time temperatures during the wet season.There has been an increase in both the minimumand maximum temperatures over Zimbabwerepresented by a decrease in the number of dayswith a minimum temperature of 120C and amaximum of 300C (Figure 6).
Future scenarios have predicted increases inglobal-mean temperature of between 1.30 and4.60C by 2100, representing global warming ratesof between 0.10 and 0.40C per decade.Zimbabwe's continental interior location meansthat it is predicted to warm more rapidly in thefuture than the global average.
There has been an overall decline of nearly 5 percent in rainfall across Zimbabwe during the 20th
16 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Figure 6: Number of days with a minimum temperature of 120C and a maximum of 300C during 1950-1990 and national rainfall deviation during 1910-2000.
century with the early 1990s witnessing probablythe driest period in the past century (Figures 6,7). There have also been substantial periods, forexample, the 1920s, 1950s, 1970s that havebeen much wetter than average.
Model experiments suggest that annual rainfallwill decrease across Zimbabwe in the future.
This decrease is predicted to occur in allseasons, but is more conclusive for the early andlate rains than for the main rainy season monthsof December to February. By the 2080s, annualrainfall averages are projected to be between 5per cent and 18 per cent less than the 1961-1990average. Table 1 summarizes the past and futureclimate trends in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 17
SECTION 2: Climate and Climate Change
Figure 7: Time series of the national average rainfall for Zimbabwe 1901-2009. Courtesy of the Zimbabwe Meteorological Services.
Adapted from the Department for International Development, UK, Support to the Strategic Programme Review for Climate Change, Zimbabwe.
Table 2.1. A summary of past and future climate trends in Zimbabwe
Climate feature Key messages Source
Past climate variability High variability, frequent drought yearsand occasional flood events
Historical rainfall records
Past climate trends Increasing temperatures(~0.1°C/decade)
No conclusive changes in precipitation
Historical temperature and rainfallrecords
Future climate trends Increasing temperatures of around2.5°C by 2050
Possible decrease in rainfall particularlyduring the rainy season onset (Sep-Nov)
World Climate Research Programme’sCoupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) Global Climate Model Multi-model Projectionsand Climate Systems Analysis Group(CSAG), University of Cape Town finerscale projections
SectionSector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts;Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
3Climate change adaptation is of great importanceto Zimbabwe and other countries that areexperiencing the effects of this phenomenon.Zimbabwe’s contribution to GHG emissions isvery insignificant, yet the country has sufferedthe brunt of climate change in recent yearsespecially through the increased frequency ofdroughts, floods and epidemics. These makeclimate change adaptation a necessity forZimbabweans.
However, while the country’s focus is mainly onadaptation to climate change, this does not makemitigation irrelevant. Various activities are beingimplemented to reduce the amounts of GHGsemitted, and to promote a green economy.Whereas the definition of ‘green economy’ iswidely contested, it generally implies aneconomy that results in “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantlyreducing environmental risks and ecologicalscarcities”. The following issues are identified aspertinent for the development of Zimbabwe’sClimate Change Response Strategy.
3.1 Natural Systems
3.1.1 Climate Change Issues Associatedwith Air Pollution
The main causes of change in atmosphericcomposition in Zimbabwe are urbanization;motorization; economic activity and powergeneration using fossil fuels; use of biomass for
energy, especially for domestic cooking andheating; and open burning including vegetationfires and waste burning. These are drivers ofemissions of substances into the atmosphere.
Among these emissions are short-lived climatepollutants (SLCPs), the major ones beingmethane, black carbon and tropospheric ozonethat are responsible for a substantial fraction ofclimate change and have detrimental health andenvironmental impacts. Black carbon exists asparticles in the atmosphere and is a majorcomponent of soot. It has significant humanhealth and climate impacts. Black carbon is nota GHG but it warms the atmosphere byintercepting sunlight and absorbing it. It absorbsvisible light and this absorption leads to adisturbance of the planetary radiation balanceand eventually to warming. Black carbon canalso influence cloud formation and precipitationpatterns. It results from the incompletecombustion of fossil fuels, wood and otherbiomass. Black carbon is emitted from manycommon sources found in Zimbabwe, such ascars and trucks; biomass stoves, forest fires andsome industrial facilities.
Ozone is a reactive gas that exists in two layersof the atmosphere with the stratospheric (upperlayer) being considered beneficial as it protectslife on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultravioletradiation. By contrast the tropospheric ozone(ground level to about 15 km) is an air pollutantharmful to human health and ecosystems, and isa major component of urban smog. In Zimbabwe
18 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
there is increasing evidence of deteriorating airquality in the main cities, particularly over the drywinter months when thermal inversions prevail,trapping particulates pollutant gases, andcausing smog. Tropospheric ozone is asignificant GHG and is the third most importantcontributor to the anthropogenic enhancement ofglobal warming after CO2 and CH4.
Tropospheric ozone is formed by the action ofsunlight on ozone precursors that have naturaland anthropogenic sources. These are CH4,nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO).Studies by the Air Pollution Information Networkfor Africa (APINA) showed that CO constituted74 per cent of Zimbabwe’s total emissions using2000 as the base year and was mostly fromsavannah burning and vegetation and forestfires. The other pollutants such as NOxcontributed about five per cent. Methaneemissions were not included in the emissionsinventory but were reported under Zimbabwe’sFirst and Second National Communications tothe UNFCCC. Reductions in both CH2 and COemissions have the potential to substantiallyreduce ozone concentrations and reduce globalwarming. In contrast, reducing VOCs has a smallimpact on the global scale while reducing NOxhas minimal net impact on climate but reducingboth substances can have a beneficial effect onpeak ozone concentrations in cities andassociated rural areas.
The Air Pollution Information Network for Africahas also modelled tropospheric ozoneconcentrations over southern Africa and showeda band of high surface ozone values extendingover Botswana and Zimbabwe down into north-east of South Africa. However further modellingand ground-truthing is needed to moreaccurately define the geographical extent andrisks of these high levels of surface ozone andto explore their possible contribution to globalwarming and climate change.
Short-lived climate pollutants have a relativelyshort atmospheric lifetime; their concentrationsdecline fairly quickly in the atmosphere if theirprecursor emissions are drawn down. Hencereducing methane and black carbon emissionscan be an effective way to slow global warmingover the next two to four decades. With the CO2measures alone it is likely that global warmingwill exceed 20C before 2050. Fast action toreduce short-lived climate pollutants especiallymethane and black carbon, has the potential toslow down the warming expected by 2050 by asmuch as 0.5 0C. The combination of CO2, CH4,and black carbon measures can be projected tohold the temperature increase below 20C until2070 if the measures to reduce emissions of theSLCPs are fully implemented. Because theyhave a short atmospheric lifetime, the removal ofshort-lived climate pollutants also has a relativelysmall effect on long term global warming. Hencewhile reducing short-lived climate pollutantshelps to slow global warming and avoidingexceeding the 20C target; immediate reductionsof CO2 and other long-lived GHGs are neededto meet the target over the long term.
A small number of emission reduction measurestargeting black carbon and ozone precursorscould begin to immediately protect the climate,protect human health and crop yields. Theseinclude the recovery of methane from coal, oiland gas extraction and transport; methanecapture in waste management; use of clean-burning stoves for cooking; diesel particulatefilters for vehicles and the banning of fieldburning of agricultural waste and veldt fires.Immediate action on priority mitigation measuresto reduce short-lived climate pollutants can beimplemented through existing governmentprogrammes, new national initiatives andinternational action programmes. Many of themeasures are cost-neutral and lead to efficiencygains as well as other socio-economic benefits
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 19
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
and are good options for integrating with widerdevelopment goals; for example measures in thewaste management sector and domestic cookingand heating.
Recognizing that mitigation of the impacts ofthese short-lived climate pollutants is critical inthe near term, a number of countries have cometogether to address the issue in a coordinatedmanner and formed a Climate and Clean AirCoalition to Reduce Short-Lived ClimatePollutants (CCAC) whose secretariat is UNEPParis.
Strategiesa) Carry out an assessment to determine the
main sources and levels of short-lived climatepollutants in Zimbabwe.
b) Introduce measures to control and captureshort-lived climate pollutants.
c) Promote use of cleaner technologies.
d) Develop and implement policies andregulatory frameworks that restrict release of short-lived climate pollutants.
3.1.2 Climate Change Issues for theWater Sector
The hydrological cycle comprises of 1.3 x 109
cubic kilometres of water of which 2.8 percent isavailable as freshwater to satisfy all thecompeting uses (environment, agriculture, urbanand industrial, sanitation, energy generation,etc.). Thus, water management faces challengesin trying to satisfy increasing competing usesfrom this little finite resource against abackground of degrading water quality. This alsocreates potential for conflict among the differentsectors and water users.
Climate change is generally viewed from theperspective of global warming associated withdisturbances in global energy balances. Theseimbalances also affect the hydrological cycle as
rain formation is a direct function of atmosphericconditions. Global warming will result in sea levelrises as water held as snow and ice melts. Asnoted earlier, global climatic models predict thatextreme events (droughts and floods) willincrease as a result of climate change with sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, receiving lessrainfall and experiencing higher temperaturerises. This means that Zimbabwe has to prepareitself for less rainfall and, hence, less naturalaverage runoff in rivers as a result of climatechange.
3.1.2.1 Water Resources Availability Issues
Zimbabwe’s long term average annual surfacerun-off is estimated to be 23.7 x 106 megalitres.The distribution of average runoff varies from 21millimetres per year in the Gwayi Catchment to126 millimetres per year in the Mazowe and partsof the Save Catchment. Water can be accessedfrom direct river abstractions or through storageworks. The country also boasts of groundwaterreserves which have been grouped into 10hydro-geological units which yield approximately1.8 x 106 megalitres from registered andmonitored uses.
Additional water can be obtained throughrecycling. Most recycling takes place in urbancentres where, potentially, wastewater can betreated to sufficient standards for discharge intopublic river systems. Assuming pre-treatment toacceptable water quality levels, recycling addsmore water into the supply system.
Climate change will affect the water sector inZimbabwe in a number of areas (e.g. domesticsupplies, agriculture, industry, energy, etc.). Thisis because the IPCC (2007) predicts a 3.10Ctemperature increase in the 21st centurytogether with a reduction in precipitation insouthern Africa of about 15 per cent. It ispredicted that, in general, seasons will changewith hotter dry seasons and colder winters
20 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
anticipated. The traditional onset and cessationof rainfall seasons will shift with fears of shorterand more erratic rainfall seasons.
The reduction in precipitation means that theregion will receive less water for runoff, infiltrationand evaporation. In addition, projectedtemperature rises will cause an increase inevaporation which will result in reducedquantities of available water. The projectedreduction in rainfall has amplified impacts onchannel flow as natural runoff will reduce by largeproportions.
Reduced river flows will result in less inflow intoreservoirs and, hence, reduced storages. In thelong term, this means that yields from reservoirswill be reduced and there will be less quantitiesof water available for allocation across allsectors. This will have impacts on food security,urban water supplies, industrial production andthe environment. There will be less wateravailable for self-purification processes for bothsurface and ground water which will negativelyimpact on the quality of water. This, incombination with increased threats of siltationfrom uncoordinated land-use practices, willseverely deplete the quantity and quality of riverflow and storage capacities.
Groundwater will be affected by reducedrecharge resulting in the general lowering ofaquifer levels. This implies larger pumping headsand increased costs for abstracting groundwater.In addition, reduced water levels affect baseflows as less water becomes available tocontribute towards river flows in dry seasons.
The impacts of reduced available water willinclude lower carry-over storage capacities indams from year to year thus reducing reservoiryields; reduced river flow and groundwaterrecharge; longer walking distances to morereliable water sources; diminished water securityfor livestock and gardening; and increasedexposure to diseases such as malaria, typhoidand cholera. This emphasizes the importance ofwater as a key driver to national efficiency, as
any negative climatic impacts on water resourceswill have serious consequences across theboard, as water issues are cross-cutting andmulti-sectoral.
Zimbabwe, like many countries in the sub-Saharan region faces challenges of datageneration as the rainfall and runoff gaugingnetwork is inadequate with the existing stationsfacing reliability problems. A sound monitoringnetwork is central to understanding the extent ofclimate change in the country.
Strategies
a) Strengthen and intensify monitoring networksfor hydro-meteorological parameters.
b) Conduct more frequent yield assessments ofsurface and groundwater resources.
c) Promote water use efficiency in all sectors.
3.1.2.2 Water Development Issues
About a quarter of the potential storage of waterhas so far been developed country-wide inZimbabwe. Although this estimation is based onmean annual flows which are projected todecline as a result of climate change, there is stillroom to develop more storage within the countryto supply current and future requirements.
Hydraulic infrastructure (dams, culverts, canals,etc.) will need to incorporate the anticipatedincrease in the occurrence of extreme events.This means that future hydraulic infrastructuredesigns will need to factor in the anticipatedoccurrence and magnitude of extreme events,particularly floods. Already increased floods havebeen observed in some areas such as LowerSave, Lower Manyame, Tsholotsho andMuzarabani.
Water development will need to be broadened inscope to include ground water exploitation,construction of multi-purpose storage works andpromotion of rain water harvesting. Currently
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 21
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
inter-catchment water transfers are being mostlypracticed in the south-eastern Lowveldt, otherparts of the country may need to consider suchtransfers to move excess water from someregions to areas of scarcity.
Strategies
a) Develop, rehabilitate, maintain and protectsurface and groundwater resources.
b) Invest in management of effects of extremeevents.
3.1.2.3 Water Management Issues
Water management will face the biggestchallenge because of variations in wateravailability and quality. This will be exacerbatedby increased demand from competing and oftenconflicting uses. More efficiency in waterallocation and effective monitoring processes willneed to be applied.
Challenges in water supply and sanitation arealso anticipated as a result of climate change.Reduction of yields against rising water demandsin urban communities will compromise thequantity and quality of drinking water and thedisposal of wastewater. Communities may resortto unsafe sources of water supply which mightexpose them to water-borne diseases. Similarly,during extreme events (floods and droughts)water quality and sanitation facilities may behighly compromised thus causing both rural andurban communities to resort to unsafe watersources and inadequate disposal facilities.
Traditionally, rivers have been polluted by manyactivities which discharge effluent into the waterbodies. Where flows are substantial andrelatively unpolluted, rivers act as naturalpurification agents against such pollution.However, with the anticipated reduced riverflows, this self-purification mechanism maydiminish resulting in more polluted water bodies.
Strategies
a) Strengthen stakeholder institutions in waterresources management.
b) Promote more efficient water use practices.
c) Promote catchment protection.
d) Adopt data analysis and prediction tools thatincorporate climate change.
3.1.3 Land-use, Land-use-Change andForestry (LULUCF)
3.1.3.1 Land-use and Land-use Change
Land-use and land-cover change have a directbearing on climate change and weather patternsin diverse and complex ways. These linksinclude the exchange of GHGs (such as watervapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide) between the land surface and theatmosphere; the radiation balance of the landsurface; the exchange of heat between the landsurface and the atmosphere, and the roughnessof the land surface and its uptake of momentumfrom the atmosphere.
The main land-use categories in Zimbabwe areagricultural land, rangelands, protected areas(mainly national parks, safari areas, sanctuariesand reserved forests), conservancies andsettlements (including rural, mining and urbanareas). Protected areas cover about 15 per centof the country’s total land area, however, asignificant proportion of these areas has beenencroached into and converted to other land-uses especially agriculture and rural settlements.
Land-use change is a driver of environmentaland climate change in Zimbabwe especiallythrough the expansion of agriculture; andeconomic and technological development.Increasing population pressure in the communalareas has led to the fragmentation anddegradation of forests as a result of theirclearance for agriculture and harvesting for
22 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
firewood, poles and other forest products. Anestimated 300,000 hectares are convertedannually to arable land and other land-uses.
Land reform has converted the formerly large-scale commercial farms and ranches intosmallholder plots and farms, which has resultedin increased clearance of land for agriculture. Itis estimated that part of the 8 million hectares ofland distributed in the post-2000 period, hasbeen cleared for cropping and other forms ofland-use. This has led to the reduction of forestsand woodlands that act as carbon sinks.
The land reform exercise has also seen changesin tenure arrangements that govern ownershipand hence management of rural land. Ownershipof all rural land is now vested in the State, withbeneficiaries being issued with instruments thatrange from “offer letters”, permits, to 99-yearleases. Lack of tenure was thought to be one ofthe major reasons why the resettled farmers didnot have stewardship of their land resulting inhigh levels of deforestation and land degradation.However, Government has made strides inissuance of 99 year leases and launched theissuance of A1 settlement permits in 2014 toaccord A1 farmers security of tenure. Farmershave to satisfy the Ministry responsible for Landand Resettlement on Proper farm stewardshipincluding setting up of woodlots for fuelwoodenergy and other uses as well as fireguards.
With regards to land-use policies, the currentland-use policy in Zimbabwe does notincorporate climate change. Thus, although thereis designation of land into land-use categoriessuch as forests and woodlands, rangelands andagricultural land in the resettled and communalareas, there is limited implementation of thepolicy. This results in reduction in vegetationcover, increased emission of GHGs because ofdeforestation, increased land degradation as wellas changes in biodiversity and ecosystem
functions. These changes expose such areas tonew and different effects of climate change.Government is however drafting a new NationalLand Policy which should ensure that climatechange concerns are captured.
Zimbabwe’s various land categories fall underdifferent land administration authorities. Forexample resettlement land is administered by theMinistry responsible for Lands and RuralResettlement while communal and urban land isunder the Ministry responsible for LocalGovernment and the land under protected areassuch as parks and that managed asconservancies is under the Ministry responsiblefor Environment, Water and Climate. Thisscenario naturally causes a discord in thegeneral administration and management of landresources.
The continued expansion of mining especiallyfollowing the discovery of diamonds and otherminerals and the expanded exploitation ofgranite have also resulted in major land-usechanges mostly from forests and woodlands tomining areas. Even more significant land-usechanges have occurred in peri-urban areas as aresult of growing urban populations.
Strategies
a) Develop and enforce policies that regulatechange from one land-use to anotherespecially the clearance of forests andwoodlands to other land-uses.
3.1.3.2 Climate Change and the ForestrySector
Zimbabwe is endowed with natural vegetationthat ranges from forests, woodlands, bushlands,to wooded grasslands, which all lend themselvesto various degrees of exploitation. About 40 percent (15.6 million ha) of Zimbabwe is covered by
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 23
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
woodlands and forests made up of indigenousmoist forest and plantations of exotic commercialspecies. The status of these resources varieswith land tenure category. Gazetted forest areascover 2.0 per cent of Zimbabwe, and serve toprotect some of the woodland and forest cover,though some of these areas are subject toperiodic harvesting for timber. Just under one-quarter (24 per cent) of the area under woodlandand forest is situated in National Parks, SafariAreas, Sanctuaries and Botanical Reserves, 43per cent is found in communal areas while theremainder occurs in commercial farming andresettlement areas.
Forests are at the centre of socio-economicdevelopment and environmental protection inZimbabwe. Forests, trees and woodlandsprovide the bulk of energy needs for ruralcommunities and the urban poor; support cropand livestock agriculture, wildlife and tourism;water resources and livelihoods. Thuslivelihoods, especially in rural areas, are shapedby the availability and quality of forest resourcesin many parts of the country.
The forestry industry is an important componentof the country’s economy and was estimated tocontribute 3 per cent to the GDP in the 1990s. Itis dominated by the exotic plantation basedtimber industry. According to the TimberProducers Federation exotic plantations coverabout 82,000 hectares and are dominated byvarious pine species, followed by eucalyptus.The indigenous hardwood timber industry issmaller and is based primarily on the extractionof the Zambezi teak and mukwa which aremainly found on Kalahari sands in north westernZimbabwe. Other species used include podmahogany, large false mopane and mountainmahogany.
The productivity of the sector has declinedsignificantly in recent years because of pastover-exploitation and degradation of theindigenous forests. The rate of clearance of
woodland in both the commercial andresettlement areas has increased markedlyfollowing the changes in land tenure associatedwith the Land Reform Programme. The nationalannual rate of deforestation has accelerated from100,000 hectares per year in the 1990s to327,000 hectares or -1.9 per cent per annum (thehighest in southern Africa) between 2000 and2010. These figures suggest that the rate ofdeforestation is now three times the estimatedaverage over the period 1985-1992.
Factors contributing to the high rate ofdeforestation and degradation across the countryinclude clearance for agriculture; over-exploitation for fuel wood; expansion of urbanand rural settlements; infrastructuredevelopment; inadequate land-use planning;elephant damage in some national parks andsafari areas and frequent late dry-season fires.The environmental impacts associated withdeforestation include loss of habitats andbiodiversity; less watershed protection (leadingto increased soil erosion, siltation of rivers, andthe disruption of hydrological systems); reducedavailability of important forest products andservices; and reduction in carbon sinks.
Fuel wood accounts for over 60 per cent of thetotal energy supply in Zimbabwe whilst nearly 96per cent of the rural poor rely on fuel wood forcooking and heating. The annual fuel woodconsumption of the country is estimated at 8.54million cubic metres.
The major environmental impacts from forestmanagement and utilization arise mainly from theuse of inappropriate harvesting techniques andpoor post-harvest management of slush andbranch wood that causes hot fires. Fire is one ofthe major causes of forest degradation in thecountry. Each year millions of hectares of forestsexperience hot dry-season fires that aredestructive to woody vegetation and contributeto high black carbon levels in the atmosphere (ashort-lived climate pollutant, See Section 3.1.1).
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The relationship between forests and climatechange is intricate and complex because climateaffects forests whilst forests also affect climate.The potential impacts of climate change onforests include changes in species compositionof forest ecosystems; shifts in forest ecosystemsboundaries and species ranges; changes inspecies density; changes in growth rates;increased flora and fauna migration; loss ofvegetation cover; loss of biodiversity; increasedfrequency and intensity of forest fires andincreased reliance on trees and forests forsurvival leading to over-exploitation. On the otherhand forests influence the climate throughcarbon sequestration, emission of water vapourand control of wind speed.
Least developed countries, especially in Africaare considered to be the most vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change and bear the highestrisk to their socio-economic development.Southern Africa is expected to experienceheightened water stress from frequent droughtsand reduced and erratic rainfall. This is expectedto exacerbate existing vulnerabilities caused byfloods and droughts and will require Zimbabweto make changes to its production systems andto protect its forest and woodland resources,especially in its rural areas.
a) Adaptation in the Forestry Sector
Adaptation is “adjustment in natural or humansystems in response to actual or expectedclimatic changes or their effects, whichmoderates harm or exploits beneficialopportunities.” Uptake of adaptation measurescan considerably reduce the projected socio-economic impacts of climate change. However,these measures are not costless as most involvean initial investment with benefits being realizedover a longer period of time.
Some of the barriers which have been identifiedas affecting the uptake of adaptation
opportunities in the forestry sector include limitedeconomic resources and infrastructure; lowlevels of technology; inadequate funding andsupport for research and development intoalternative technologies; limited climate data andmonitoring; inefficient institutions; limitedempowerment of communities to accessresources; lack of cost-benefit analyses ofadaptation options and for institutional, financialand policy environments that support adaptationand manage the transition to new systems; non-availability of information relating to climatechange impacts and the benefits of adaptation;lack of potentially large upfront investment andfor supporting communities in adaptation as wellas the difficulty faced by relatively smallenterprises in dealing with uncertainty andmanagement of risk.
The knowledge base and capacity to respond toclimate change through the forestry sector inZimbabwe is currently limited. Furthermore, littleis known about the potential of trees and foreststo adapt to climate change especially in the dryforest zone. Understanding of the responses ofindividual species, especially the dominantspecies, is critical for the development ofappropriate forest-based climate changeresponse strategies and measures.
Both climate change response and mitigation bytrees and forests need to be carefully assessedso that informed strategies that take into accountsocio-economic and ecological concerns are putin place. Emphasis should be placed onpromoting the role of trees and forests in climatechange, given their unique ability to contribute toboth climate change adaptation and mitigation.Research and development need to beundertaken with stakeholders in a participatoryway, recognising their key concerns and drawingon their expertise. Successful adaptation toclimate change will require an active, strategicapproach operating at all levels of society.
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
Strategiesa) Promote establishment of land-use plans at
district, ward, village and farm managementlevels that clearly identify forestry as arecognized land-use.
b) Strengthen research, planning and financialsupport to forestry and natural resourcesmanagement to develop cost effectiveadaptation options.
c) Build capacity for forest management in achanging climate.
b) Mitigation Options in the ForestrySectorForests have attracted attention in the globalclimate change debates because of their role inthe carbon cycle as sinks of carbon and assources of carbon when they are cut down. Theforestry sector is a significant emitter of GHGcontributing about 17 per cent of global yearlyGHG emissions. Reducing emissions fromdeforestation and forest degradation (REDD)through sustainable forest management, forestconservation and enhancement of carbon stocksis seen as a major strategy for mitigating climatechange.
Mitigation through International CarbonFinance
Payment for carbon sequestration to mitigateclimate change is one of the fastest growingenvironmental services markets. A range ofmarket and non-market measures have beenidentified at international level, to encouragemitigation in the forestry sector, including directliability or involvement in international emissionstrading schemes. International mitigation policiessuch as emissions trading provide opportunitiesfor the forestry sector which could contribute tooffsetting increased costs of energy and otherkey inputs. These include:
a) The production and supply of biomass forelectricity generation or bio-fuel production.
b) The creation of tradable offsets throughemissions reduction or carbon sinks especiallythrough avoided deforestation or reducedemissions from deforestation and forestdegradation (REDD+).
Three mechanisms were created under theKyoto Protocol, namely the Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM), joint implementation andemission trading. Carbon markets comprise themandatory or compliance markets under theKyoto Protocol and voluntary markets. The twomajor mandatory markets for carbon offsets arethe Kyoto Protocol’s CDM and the EuropeanUnion Emission Trading Scheme.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The CDM allows developed countries to fulfiltheir commitment to reduce emissions throughemission reduction or carbon fixation projects indeveloping countries. The main aim of CDMforest projects (restricted to afforestation/reforestation projects) is the capture of CO2 fromthe atmosphere by establishing forest plantationsor regenerating natural vegetation. However,natural forests are not yet included in thismechanism. The CDM regulations require a veryhigh performance level, the application ofsophisticated systems to measure and monitorthe carbon captured in plantations, thedemonstration of additionality and control ofpossible leaks. These are complicatedrequirements and procedures that are anobstacle particularly for small producers.
The level of accessing resources through theCDM is going to remain low, if the applicationprocedures are not simplified and if the capacityof African countries in how to make use of themechanism is not strengthened. For instance,out of the 13 afforestation and reforestation CDMprojects that have either been registered or are
26 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
in the pipeline, only two are based in Africa whileall others are located in Asia or Latin America.Zimbabwe has not accessed carbon financingunder the CDM to date.
Voluntary Carbon Markets
Parallel to the CDM, there is an open or voluntarycarbon market, which also responds tointernational agreements and markets, but is notgoverned by the Kyoto Protocol and itsregulations. In the voluntary market, forestprojects are introduced that focus on carboncapture and storage by establishing plantedforests; enriching and/or managing naturalforests and promoting conservation of naturalforests to avoid the CO2 emissions caused bydeforestation (avoided deforestation).
The voluntary over-the-counter (OTC) marketsare currently the main source of carbon financefor avoided deforestation, and they have a higherproportion of forestry-based credits out of totalmarket transactions than the CDM. However, thehigh cost of evaluation by certifying bodies andthe relatively low price of captured carbon oninternational markets mean that the possiblebenefit of these projects remains very low.
Various carbon fixation projects, especially forestplantations, are now being implemented in thevoluntary market. By using periodic directpayments, these arrangements work very similarto traditional incentives that subsidize theestablishment of plantations. One differencefrom subsidies lies in the requirement that theplantations be permanent and in the huge bodyof rules concerning project formulation andmonitoring.
The payment of carbon fixation certificates ismade after the fifth year, and every five yearsfrom then on, on the accumulated “stock” or theequivalent of metric tonnes of CO2. In generalthere are fewer forestry based carbon projects in
Africa than in the other developing regions of theworld. Even within Africa, the distribution ofcarbon sequestration projects is skewed, witheast Africa receiving the most carboninvestments.
Community development-oriented carbonsequestration projects can provide significanteconomic benefits to local communities in theform of cash incomes as well as through accessto non-timber forest products. There are very fewforestry based carbon projects in Zimbabwe.Thus the country has not benefited from thevoluntary carbon markets largely because of poor accessto information and lack of capacity especiallywithin government to develop carbon projects.
REDD+
In the last five years international discussionsunder the UNFCCC have focussed on thedevelopment of a climate change mitigationregime that will succeed the Kyoto Protocolwhich expired at the end of 2012. One of theproposed financial mechanisms tosimultaneously address forest conservation andmitigation, within the framework of sustainabledevelopment, that has emerged is the ReducedEmissions from Deforestation and ForestDegradation (REDD) Initiative.
REDD+ is an incentive based mechanism forpromoting and rewarding forest ecosystemconservation. Prospects for the economicviability of sustainable forest management innatural tropical forests are expected tosubstantially improve through carbon revenuefrom this mechanism. Zimbabwe has todetermine the policy, institutional and legalframeworks required to take advantage of thefinancial incentives from REDD+ whilemaintaining adequate safeguards such as rightsof communities to have livelihood activities thatare dependent on forests and maintenance of
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
ecosystem services especially biodiversity.These issues will need to be addressed eventhough the final architecture of the REDD+mechanism is still evolving as negotiationscontinue under the UNFCCC.
Mitigation through Local Programmes
The average tree biomass in miombowoodlands, which are the dominant vegetationtype in Zimbabwe, is estimated at 32tC/ha withan additional 76tC/ha of soil carbon.Deforestation and forest degradation aretherefore, important sources of GHG emissionsin the country.
Enhancing the contribution of forest resources inmitigating climate change can be achievedthrough such activities as afforestation andreforestation, agroforestry, and sustainablemanagement of natural forests to improvenatural regeneration. In addition, reducingdeforestation could bring other environmentalbenefits, for example the conservation ofbiodiversity and maintenance of soils and waterquality, as well as significant benefits for themillions of people who depend on forests for theirlivelihoods.
Strategies
a) Develop national capacity to design carbonprojects for accessing different carbonfinancing mechanisms and to implement andsupport the projects.
b) Maintain, account for, and expand carbonsinks.
3.1.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Zimbabwe has a rich biological diversity, whichprovides ecosystem services such as food,medicine, energy sources, building and craftmaterials as well as spiritual, cultural and
aesthetic services. The biodiversity alsoregulates climate; soil fertility; outbreaks of pestsand diseases; and maintains functionalecosystems. Vegetation is mainly savannahwoodland interspersed with open grasseddrainage lines or dambos (wetlands).
Zimbabwe has abundant and diverse tropicalanimals including bird species, mammals,reptiles, amphibians and fish species. Thebiodiversity is found in gazetted forests areas,national parks, safari areas, sanctuaries,botanical reserves, recreational parks and non-protected areas such as conservancies andfarming lands. The main problem affectingbiodiversity conservation and managementrelates to loss of biodiversity particularly in non-protected areas, such as communal andresettlement areas. The recurrent droughtsaffecting Zimbabwe have also resulted in loss ofa number of plant and animal species.
Vulnerability assessments carried out forZimbabwe’s Second Communication to theUNFCCC (Figure 8) show that by 2080 underthe worst case scenario, plant diversity isprojected to decline throughout the country andthe areas that currently harbour high diversity willshrink. The pressure on plant diversity will behighest in the western regions, lowest in theeastern regions and moderate for the centralparts of the country. The pressure pattern for thebest scenario is similar except that pressure onplant diversity is expected to be lower.
The assessments also suggested that theprojected decreases in precipitation coupled withincreases in temperature will cause acorresponding decrease in Net PrimaryProductivity in most parts of the country and thatthe western and southern parts of the country willbe worst affected by climate change (Figure 9).The eastern highlands and the central parts ofthe country appear to have the greatest adaptivecapacity to climate change as the vegetation inthese regions is less sensitive to climatevariability because of high rainfall. Net Primary
28 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Productivity provides an estimate of how muchbiomass and therefore forage is available in arangeland. Therefore the projected reduction inNet Primary Productivity will likely reduce thecarrying capacity of rangelands resulting in feweranimals being sustained within rangelands.
Zimbabwe is geographically divided into five agro-ecological regions on the basis of climaticconditions, farming potential and, to a certainextent, water resources (See Section 1.1.Figure2). Over 80 per cent of Zimbabwe falls in Agro-ecological Regions 3, 4 and 5 which are suitablefor livestock production, game ranching andwildlife, rather than rain-fed cropping.Rangelands, therefore, occupy a significant landarea in Zimbabwe and are characterized by anumber of habitat structures ranging from treesavannah, bush and grassland.
Rangelands provide livelihoods for a largeproportion of the population, mainly livestockfarmers and those individuals and communitiesengaged in enterprises based on wildlife. Wildlifeis also at the centre of Zimbabwe’s tourismindustry. Rangelands are already experiencingthe negative impacts of climate variability, andare vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
Figure 8: A comparison of plant diversity under the current (2012) and worst case scenario of the year 2080.Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC.
Areas with high plant diversity are expected to shrink by 2080
Figure 9: A comparison of net primary productivity under the current (2012) and worstcase scenario of the year 2080.
Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC.
NPP is expected to decrease by 2080
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
change such as decreased rainfall, highertemperatures, less water availability anddesertification. Desertification is landdegradation caused by overgrazing and soilerosion, resulting in bush encroachment anddeterioration of rangelands which will threatenlivestock and wildlife. Climate change will changepasture productivity, for example, the growth ofgrass is inhibited by erratic rainfall, and invasivespecies may proliferate under extreme climaticconditions.
Loss of biodiversity and degraded landscapeswill adversely affect the tourism industry.Furthermore, degraded rangelands willnegatively impact on the livelihoods of farmers,particularly small-scale, resource-poor farmersliving in marginal areas and is likely to increasetheir poverty.
Climate change can result in disruption of naturalecosystems and subsequent changes in species’ecological range; altering predator-preyinteractions; decoupling animals from foodsources and reducing habitat span. It is likely thatlivestock and wildlife will experience pressurefrom increased pests and diseases.
Livestock and wildlife have been previously lostin Zimbabwe, because of lack of water duringmajor droughts. Increased occurrence ofdroughts will cause massive livestock and wildlifedeaths and an increase in human-human andwildlife–human conflicts. There will beintensification of use of limited grazing and waterpoints, as well as increased incidents of wildlifedamage to livestock and crops.
Reduced rainfall, river flows and storages willpresent challenges to environmentalmanagement. Ecosystems will be affected byincreased frequencies of dry spells and extremeevents. The Zimbabwe Water Act acknowledgesthe environment as a legitimate user which isentitled to water allocations. However, withreduced water availability, the “silent” user mayexperience the biggest cuts with less water beingallocated to environmental flows from existingdams.
Water bodies are likely to be affected byrecurrent droughts, rising temperaturesbuttressed by high evaporation rates, andconditions that starve the water bodies ofinflowing water (See Section 3.1.2). This willhave consequences on fish stocks and reduceopportunities for fishing. The hydrologicalregimes of wetlands, some of which form nurserygrounds for fishery resources and which areused for arable agricultural activities during thedry season, will also be adversely affected byclimate change.
One of the most serious environmentalchallenges affecting rangelands is that of veldtfires resulting in massive losses of grasslandsand the lowering of the ability of ecosystems toprovide goods and services to society and theenvironment. Table 2 shows the trends of areaaffected by fires over the period 2001 to 2013.With the predicted drier climate under climatechange, fires are expected to increase inintensity. Therefore adaptation strategies shouldinclude reduction of non-climatic stresses suchas over-exploitation of biodiversity and fires.
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Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(ha) 407,950 444,037 500,312 921193 471,893 906,802 238,945
Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
(ha) 443,809 950,905 1,152,413 713,770 1,132,325 1,179,274
Table 3.1. National area affected by veldt fire 2001-2013Source: Environmental Management Agency (2010, 2013)
Currently, Zimbabwe is pursuing six Trans-frontier Conversation Area (TFCA) initiatives withits neighbours. Trans-boundary natural resourcemanagement is a process of cooperation acrossnational boundaries that aims to enhance themanagement of shared or adjacent naturalresources for the benefit of all parties in the area.These initiatives are important for opening upwildlife corridors, an important climate changeadaptation mechanism.
Strategies
a) Promote and strengthen biodiversityconservation management and the integrity ofnatural ecosystems by using an ecosystembased approach to adapt to climate change.
b) Promote appropriate climate smart land-useoptions for the drier natural regions wherecattle production and wildlife ranching are themost suitable land-use options.
c) Strengthen the effectiveness of Trans-frontierConservation Areas as a mechanism forsustainable biodiversity conservation andclimate adaptation.
3.2 Economic Sectors3.2.1 Agriculture and Food Security
3.2.1.1. Overarching Issues in Agricultureand Food Security
Critical Role of Agriculture in SustainableDevelopment
Sustainable development for Zimbabwe willhinge on a robust agricultural sector thatsupports household and national food self-sufficiency, providing inputs for industry, andreducing negative pressure on the environment.
Over 70 per cent of Zimbabwe’s employment isdirectly or indirectly accounted for by agriculture.However, the national agricultural productionlargely relies on rain-fed agriculture, which is oneof the most vulnerable sectors to climate changeand variability. The pending negative impacts ofclimate change and variability call fortransformational changes in the country’sagricultural systems. Zimbabwe has notsufficiently harnessed available scientific andindigenous knowledge and technologies toincrease productivity; stimulate industrial growthand participate in regional and global marketsand to support diversified livelihood options forthe different categories of its people.
The anticipated increase in erratic rainfallseasons, characterized by unpredictable lengthsof seasons; high temperatures; alternating floodsand dry spells; and variable rainfall amounts, willpresent new challenges to the majority offarmers in the absence of appropriate responsemeasures. Integrated response strategies aretherefore required across the differentdevelopment sectors if the current and futureclimate threats are to be addressed. Overall, theemphasis for response to climate change inagriculture should be on adaptation but clearlyembracing mitigation, recognising that soundoptions for adaptation will translate to bettermitigation measures.
Emerging Evidence on Challenges andOpportunities for Adaptation
Research in Zimbabwe has revealed that themajority of rural Zimbabweans live in semi-aridzones, and will suffer disproportionately from theemerging impacts of climate change andvariability including disasters associated withextreme weather events such as droughts,periodic flooding, disease outbreaks for both
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
human and livestock and loss of crop lands. Intheir efforts to cope with negative climaticimpacts, farming communities have moveddeeper into marginal lands, unsustainablyextracting natural resources and usingunsuitable agricultural practices. The studieshave thus revealed evidence of a degradingnatural resource base and a narrowing of optionsfor communities to adapt to future climatechange.
There are also currently strong links between adeclining natural resource base and theweakening of local institutions that have beentraditionally the pillars for protection of naturalresources and vulnerable social groups withincommunities. Unless appropriate interventionsare made, the negative impacts of climatechange and variability on agricultural productivitywill heavily stress current institutional structures,particularly at the grassroots levels.
Formal institutional mechanisms are failing tobuild on known traditional social safety nets inways that ensure increased agriculturalproductivity, management of strategic foodreserves, and the efficient use and conservationof natural resources. Efforts to revitalize theZunde raMambo1 concept to enhance foodsecurity under changing climatic conditions haverevealed opportunities to build the adaptivecapacity of communities by focusing onimproving their timely access to climateinformation, sufficient quantities and diversity ofagricultural inputs, production technologies andtechnical know-how; strengthening of localinstitutions; and empowering farmers to co-learnand self-organize for effective participation in
markets. This should be complemented bybuilding capacity of the national extensionsystem to rise to new challenges associated withclimate change and variability. However, thecurrent state and nature of vulnerabilities for thedifferent socio-economic sectors and sections ofcommunities are still poorly understood to informdecision-making.
There is therefore need, to support research onhow indigenous knowledge can be integratedinto evidence-based planning frameworks,informed by good science, in order to enhancedecision making by communities, localauthorities and higher level policy makers.Flexible and highly responsive adaptationmeasures will be necessary for the agriculturalsector as climatic effects will vary significantlywith the ecological and socio-economiccircumstances of communities. No singleadaptation approach will fit all current and futurescenarios.
Food Security
Zimbabwe faces a dilemma on how to balancethe short-term food needs and long termproduction goals of the different farmercommunities because of climate-induced cropfailures. Food insecurity is a major source ofvulnerability for individual households andcommunities in the country. Food shortages havebecome a perennial feature resulting in a highprevalence of undernourishment estimated at 30to 54 per cent between 2006 and 2012. As aresult there is an exceptionally high dependenceon food handouts/aid particularly for the rural
32 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1 Zunde raMambo is a Zimbabwean traditional concept where the chief designates common land for growing food crops as protection againstfood insecurity; members of the community take turns to participate in the entire production process; and the harvest is stored in the chief’sgranary as food reserves for distribution to the chief’s subjects in the event of critical food shortages.
FOOTNOTE
population, often undermining efforts to buildinternal mechanisms towards food self-sufficiency and better livelihoods by communitiesin the medium to long-term.
These trends imply that communities have verylimited choices to satisfy their food preferences,neither do they have a say about the quality offood they eat, raising critical concerns about foodsafety. During periods of climate-induceddisasters (e.g. droughts and floods), the basicsystems that ensure access, proper handling,preparation and storage of food are oftenseverely compromised, leading to frequentoutbreaks of food borne illnesses.
Increasing climate pressures will also inevitablylead to rising food prices weighing heavily onhousehold and national budgets. Disadvantagedsocial groups will therefore be condemneddeeper into hunger and malnutrition. Currently, itis estimated that food costs account forapproximately 60 per cent of household incomeexpenditures in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe’s recently concluded land reformprogramme has produced a new, and inevitablyheterogeneous generation of farmers who oughtto understand their production circumstances interms of agro-ecological zones, technical know-how and markets. This opens new opportunitiesfor farmers to employ new technologies toincrease productivity and effectively participatein market-oriented production systems. However,their sensitivity to risk and capacity to adapt islikely to be tested under the increasing climatevariability and change.
With adequate support for sustainable access toproduction resources, there is scope to maximizeproduction in the country’s high potential agro-ecological zones while creating appropriatemarket links with farmers in low potential zones.
However, there is currently lack of infrastructuraland logistical mechanisms for readyprocurement and transportation/transfer ofagricultural input supplies and food to needyareas within and across major agro-ecologicalzones.
The country therefore needs to initiate alivelihoods debate beyond aid/handouts andsubsistence. There is need to focus more oncommunity empowerment processes that enablefarmers to self-mobilize and self-organize forcollective action towards increased production,risk management and enhanced marketparticipation to improve their adaptation toclimate change. There is also need to re-designthe national social safety net systems at differentlevels in relation to agricultural production,development of markets and management offood security to enhance adaptation and reducerisks associated with poor rainfall distribution.One of the adaptation options is to enhance thecapacity of the farming communities to maximizeproduction during favourable cropping seasonsin order to fall back on such harvests during pooryears. Advances in post-harvest processing andstorage technologies are also required so thatharvests from good years can be stored forlonger periods to cater for the drought years.
Finally, Zimbabwe will need to take fulladvantage of its locally generated knowledgeproducts and technologies to adapt to climatechange. For example, there are opportunities topromote use of knowledge on integrated soilfertility management technologies, conservationagriculture approaches, as well as employavailable technological capabilities forconventional crop/livestock breeding,biotechnology and mechanization, to increaseproductivity without compromising diverseecosystems services that support livelihoods.
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
This will help to generate locally relevant andcontextualised ‘climate smart agriculturalsolutions’.
Overarching Strategies in Agriculture and FoodSecurity
a) Develop frameworks for sustainableintensification and commercialization ofagriculture at different scales across agro-ecologies.
b) Strengthen capacity to generate new forms ofempirical knowledge, technologies andagricultural support services that meetemerging development challenges arising fromincreased climate change and variability.
c) Strengthen early warning systems on croppingseason quality, rangelands conditions,droughts, floods, disease/pest outbreaks andwildlife movement in order to enhance farmerpreparedness.
3.2.1.2 Thematic Issues and ProposedStrategies for the Agricultural Sector
Climate change is a global phenomenon, butadaptation is a local phenomenon. This calls forstrengthening of information and knowledgesystems to enhance the capacity of communitiesto make timely decisions about appropriateaction(s) to take, and what tools and approachesto employ. Successful agricultural countries arecharacterized by the presence of vibrant anddynamic agricultural and environmental researchsystems.
Farming Systems
Zimbabwe is currently divided into five Agro-ecological Regions, based primarily on rainfalland type of soils (See Section 1.1). These twofactors also largely dictate the observedgeographical distribution of major vegetationtypes. The uneven distribution of the projected
impacts of climate change and variability willinevitably result in differential access patterns toagricultural services and bio-resources byhouseholds across different social gradients andagro-ecological zones.
There is increasing evidence that the boundariesof these agro-ecological zones are now changingand will require re-characterization and re-demarcation. There are currently no monitoringframeworks in Zimbabwe to benchmark thesechanges in agro-ecological zones with specificreference to existing and potential changes infarming systems, including shifts in prioritizationof crop and livestock types.
There are also no readily available forms ofnational statistics about the most vulnerablesocial groups within communities and acrossdifferent farming sectors. It is therefore difficult toproject the desired population structure anddynamics that can be potentially supported onthe nation’s resource base, and how these willbe affected by the changing circumstances as aresult of climate change.
Further, with soil fertility declining and yieldsfalling, farmers are reverting to extensiveproduction practices, especially in thesmallholder sector. This is resulting in mutuallyself-reinforcing mechanisms of increasing landdegradation and, in turn, accelerating povertyand food insecurity. Climate variability, poor soilfertility and market volatility are major sources ofvulnerability under these circumstances.Mechanisms are required to halt and/or reversethese trends and support transformativeprocesses into more competitiveness anddiversified farming systems.
Strategies
a) Develop frameworks for supporting agriculturalspecialization according to agro-ecologicalregions, including mechanisms for commodityexchange, trade and marketing.
34 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Crop Productivity
Projections indicate increasing agricultural waterscarcity and declining productivity of cropsbecause of climate change and variability.Reports of the IPCC forecast a 20-50 per centreduction in yields of staple cereals for southernAfrica which include maize, the staple crop forthe majority of Zimbabweans. MostZimbabwean farmers, particularly in thesmallholder sector, practice maize mono-cropping. However, despite achievements incrop breeding of high yielding varieties (e.g.greater than 10 tonnes per hectare for maize) inthe country, average yields have remained atless than 0.8 tonnes per hectare on smallholderfarms and approximately 1.5 tonnes per hectareon commercial farms.
Vulnerability assessments carried out forZimbabwe’s Second Communication to theUNFCCC (Figure 10) show that areas regarded‘excellent’ for maize will decrease from thecurrent 75 per cent to 55 per cent by 2080 underthe worst case scenario.
Zimbabwe has over the years done very little todiversify its cropping systems beyond maizegrown under rain-fed systems. Farmers havefailed to diversify into alternative crops, evenwhen they experience recurrent failure of maize.A major challenge is therefore to get mostcommunities out of this ‘maize-poverty trap’.
Drought tolerant crop types such as millets andsorghum (small gains) and high proteinleguminous crops that include cowpea,groundnut and Bambara nut have over the yearsbeen largely ignored. Processing and marketingopportunities for these crops have not beengiven due attention at the research level, and thewealth of related indigenous knowledge withincommunities has not been harnessed. Even theinternational research and developmentinitiatives have, in recent years, come underscrutiny for failing to support a systematicdevelopment of these and other indigenouscrops. Zimbabwe will therefore need to put inplace frameworks for developing such knownstress tolerant and under-utilised crops. Farmersalso need to timely access climate information inorder to make decisions about crop types,varieties to plant and timing of operations.
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Figure 10: A comparison of the maize production zones under the current and worst case scenariofor the year 2080.
Source: Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to the UNFCCC.
Maize and climate change
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
The emerging changes in climate will forcefarmers to adopt new crop types and varietiesand forms of agricultural production technologiesthat can respond to the new and changing stressfactors. For example, there could be changes incrop pests and diseases; however, there iscurrently insufficient knowledge about theexpected changes in their distribution andpotential ecological responses to emergingtemperatures and weather scenarios, as well astheir impacts. Without such knowledge, thecountry has limited scope to develop appropriateresponse measures. There is also overwhelmingevidence that alternative (off-farm) livelihoodopportunities will remain limited andunsustainable in the absence of a robustagricultural base in the country.
Globally, agriculture has been identified as asignificant source of GHGs particularly carbondioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. However,amounts measured from African farmingsystems are insignificantly low, and this has beenattributed to low use of both organic and mineralfertilizer inputs. There is, however, need to putmonitoring mechanisms in place in response tothe inevitable increase in fertilizer usage asfarming systems are intensified. Use of mineralfertilizer in Africa has been considered as ‘amust’ if current levels of production have to takethe much needed quantum leap. This hasimplications on the emission trends.
Strategiesa) Strengthen the capacity of farmers, extension
agencies, and private agro-service providersto take advantage of current and emergingindigenous and scientific knowledge on stresstolerant crop types and varieties, includinglandraces that are adaptable to arising climaticscenarios.
b) Develop frameworks for promoting sciencebased crop production and post harvesttechnologies and management practices.
Livestock ProductionLivestock have traditionally provided a majorsource of insurance against seasonal cropfailures for farmers as they can be sold topurchase food and other requirements duringdrought years. However, with increasingintensities of droughts this traditional copingstrategy may no longer suffice in future withoutmajor interventions.
One of the major threats to livestock productionis the continued expansion of cropping activitiesinto areas previously set aside for livestockgrazing. Lack of livestock feed resources duringthe dry season has been a traditional andperennial challenge for farmers in Zimbabwe.Recent studies in farming systems have alsodemonstrated increasing conflicts amonglivestock, wildlife and cropping systems, and thatoverally livestock are increasingly beingsqueezed out of the farming systems.
Informed actions are required to re-define thefuturistic role of livestock in supporting thelivelihoods of rural people as well as revitalizingand maintaining the commercial beef and dairyindustries. There are challenges associated withdiminishing annual yields in surface water andincreased periodic outbreaks of diseases. Thiswill most likely give rise to demands foralternative stress tolerant breeds or types,alternative feeding regimes and new diseasecontrol approaches.
Zimbabwe’s Second Communication to theUNFCCC carried out vulnerability studies in thelivestock sector. The assessments suggestedthat the projected decreases in precipitationcoupled with increases in temperature will causea corresponding decrease in Net PrimaryProductivity in most parts of the country (SeeSection 3.1.4, Figure 9). Net Primary Productivityprovides an estimate of how much biomass andtherefore forage is available in a rangeland.
36 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Currently there is a high dependency onranching in livestock production, rendering thesector vulnerable to any climatic changes thatare likely to reduce biomass productivity in therangelands. The high costs of supplementaryfeed resources also present a major challengefor the industry to reduce the currentdependency on natural grazing.
A few assessments of possible future changes inanimal health arising from climate variability andchange have been undertaken. Thedemographic impacts on trypanosomiasis, forexample, can rise through modification of thehabitats suitable for tsetse-flies exacerbated byclimate change and variability. Climate changemay also affect the spatial extent of otherlivestock disease outbreaks such as anthrax.Generally changes in disease distribution, range,prevalence, incidence and seasonality can all beexpected. It is therefore important to improvedisease surveillance in ranching regions tocontrol outbreaks. Heat stress and drought arelikely to have further negative impacts on animalhealth and milk production of dairy cows.
Livestock manure is a significant source ofGHGs, particularly methane, and is influenced bythe chemical quality of feed resources. Methaneemissions from livestock can be controlledthrough on-farm anaerobic digestion of manureas a mitigation measure (See Section 3.1.1).
Strategies
a) Strengthen the capacity to identify andpromote adoption of indigenous and improvedlivestock breeds that are tolerant to climaterelated stresses.
b) Establish monitoring systems for greenhousegas emissions in agricultural systems andsupport mechanisms for their reduction.
Agriculture and Water
The largest proportion of Zimbabwe’s agriculturalland is located in marginal rainfall areas. As aresult farmers, particularly smallholders, have fordecades been struggling to develop copingmechanisms. The worsening rainfall distributionpatterns, and in some cases the reduction in totalrainfall amounts, call for a re-thinking of watermanagement in the agricultural sector as well inas re-designing of the cropping and livestocksystems.
Key challenges in water availability for agricultureunder the changing climatic scenarios are relatedto three major elements; firstly, the developmentof irrigation systems and associated technicalcapacity. Secondly the development of droughtescaping, drought tolerant, high yield, highnutrient, water efficient crops and heat anddrought tolerant breeds of livestock. Thirdlymanaging episodic floods and excess rainfallusing infrastructure designed to adapt to frequentdroughts and decreasing rainfall.
Only 3.5 per cent of arable land in the SADCregion is under irrigation, and in Zimbabwe thisaccounts for less than 200,000 hectares.However, the major issues to consider inirrigation development are potential failures infilling up the water reservoirs because ofdroughts and low rainfall on one extreme and thewashing away of dam walls during extremeevents such as flooding on the other. Decliningwater tables and abandonment of dams havebeen common in arid and semi-arid zones.Globally there has been increasingly worry aboutthe future impacts of ground water pumping formega-scale irrigated systems as the impacts ofglobal warming continue to set in.
There are projections that net water requirementsfor some of the current crop cultivars mayincrease due to rising temperatures, withpotential negative implications on profitability of
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
irrigation systems. Designing of highly efficientirrigation systems is therefore a majorrequirement. Serious considerations should begiven to crop improvement programmes over thelong term. There could also be opportunities forharnessing more efficient carbon sinks inagricultural systems if crops that are moreadaptable to high CO2 intensities are developedand promoted.
Strategies
a) Strengthen national research and extensioncapacity for development and integratedmanagement of agricultural water resources.
3.2.2 Industry and Commerce
Zimbabwe’s industrial sector consists of a formalsector and a growing informal sector. It is highlydiversified comprising manufacturing, processingand the secondary production sector with strong
backward linkages. Manufacturing has stronglinkages with agriculture, mining, constructionand commerce.
The performance of agriculture, mining andmanufacturing are the main drivers of GDPgrowth contributing over 40 per cent of the GDPin any given year. Each time a drought occurs,the performance of the agriculture andmanufacturing sectors under-perform and dragthe GDP growth down (Figure 11). Thus anyreduction in agricultural production caused byfrequent droughts and more extreme eventssuch as floods resulting from climate change willhave a huge impact on Zimbabwe’s economy.
The industrial sector’s share of the GDP fell from25 per cent in the 1980s to around 15 per centfrom 2006-2008. The sector has been recoveringsince 2009 and is projected to grow if credit andbetter energy supply are availed. According tothe Zim Asset 2013-2015 mid-term plan theaverage capacity utilization was 57 per cent in2011and 44 per cent in 2012.
38 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
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Figure 11: Key economic trends for Zimbabwe 1980-2005.Source: Chimhowu et al, 2010.
Industrial activities have a number of adverseimpacts on the environment, that include theconsumption of both renewable and non-renewable resources and production ofpollutants such as emissions, effluents and solidwastes. The industries that produce GHGs areenergy production and manufacturing (includingbut not limited to cement production; fertilizerproduction; and processes in mining such as iron and steel manufacture and ferroalloyproduction). Industries’ main contribution toGHGs is through energy consumption. According to Zimbabwe’s Second NationalCommunications to the UNFCCC, industryaccounts for the largest consumption of bothelectricity and coal thereby contributing (directlyand indirectly) to at least 80 per cent of thecountry’s GHG emissions.
The major challenge for Zimbabwe’s industry hasbeen low investment in more resource efficientmachinery and equipment resulting in negativeenvironmental impacts especially with regards toemissions. There is potential for industry toreduce their contribution to global climate changethrough investment in cleaner energy as well asresource efficient production processes.
There is need for industry to look at alternativesources of energy like use of natural gas (thecleanest of all fossil fuels), solar lighting andother forms of renewable energy such as mini-hydro-electricity. There is general need to movefrom end of pipe technologies to technologiesthat enhance the efficiency and environmentalperformance of the full production process fromraw material to marketing of products. Industriesshould be encouraged to promote sourceseparation of waste and to apply the “cradle tograve” principle in their manufacturing practice(See Section 3.3.4).
The industrial sector is complimented by a largecommercial sector which ranges from provisionof services to retailing. Although the directcontribution of the commercial sector is limited,it has a large indirect impact on climate becauseof its energy consumption and waste production.Commerce is the third largest consumer ofelectrical power in Zimbabwe. The retail sectoris also dependant on imported products andhence it also contributes to climate changethrough transportation.
Strategies
a) Introduce policies that promote the use andadoption of clean and efficient energy inindustry.
b) Create a policy and regulatory framework thatpromotes resource use efficiency and cleanerproduction in industry and commerce.
c) Create an enabling policy and legal frameworkthat encourages the setting up and operationof climate resilient industries.
3.2.3. Mining
Zimbabwe is well endowed with minerals, withmining activities contributing significantly to theeconomy. The main minerals include gold,platinum, diamonds, coal, iron, chrome, nickel,phosphates, limestone, gypsum and graphite.
The mining sector accounts for about 44 per centof Zimbabwe’s GDP, at least 30 per cent offoreign exchange earnings and 5 per cent formalemployment. The country is among the low-costproducers of minerals because of abundantshallow deposits. Mining continues to play apivotal contribution to the economic wellbeing ofthe country despite the variability of thecommodity markets. During the period Januaryto November 2012 the mining sector produced
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 39
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
minerals worth US$1.6 billion, buoyed up by highlevels of gold and platinum production. Whereasthe agricultural and manufacturing sectors havebeen the main contributors to export earnings,these have been over-taken lately by the miningsector which now accounts for about 50 per centof the country’s total exports.
These mining activities, conducted in over 1, 000mines, have however, inherent destructiveelements to the environment and to climate inparticular. For instance open cast mining leadsto clearing of forests and woodlands which arecarbon sinks, whilst blasting leads to emission ofdust and gases which pollute the atmosphere.The health effects of emissions from miningactivities on workers and local residents are oftenunderplayed to the detriment of the communities,thus the reduction of emissions will have co-benefits.
Mining contributes to climate change throughGHG emissions and energy consumption. Themajor source of energy in the mining sector iscoal. Coal is converted to coke and used to smeltminerals inevitably leaving a negative carbonfootprint in terms of emissions. Electricity is alsoused in mines and mining is the fourth largestconsumer of electrical power. In Zimbabwe,electricity is generated from coal, a fossil fuel,and from Kariba dam (hydro-electricity).
The coal mines have stockpiles of high-sulphurcoal, which industry cannot use, that generatemethane and occasionally burn spontaneouslywhen the temperatures are high releasingGHGs. Projections of increased hot and dryclimate accompanying climate change willincrease the frequency of dump fires which willresult in increased emission of GHGs.
Climate change offers new opportunities for themining sector to reduce emissions and tradecarbon credits on the international carbonmarket. Mines can install clean technology such
as those for capturing and storing carbon andcan trade this on the international market underthe Clean Development Mechanism.
Climate change can affect mining operationsthrough extreme events such as excessive rainsand floods that may cause landslides.
There has recently been an upsurge of legal andillegal small-scale mining. The main challengesin the small scale/informal mining sector includelack of organizational capacity, capital equipmentand technical know-how to mine sustainably.These miners often cause veldt fires as a resultof methods used to detect minerals, resulting inGHG emissions and destruction of carbon sinks.
The recently promulgated Community ShareOwnership Trusts whereby the proceeds ofmineral exploitation by mining houses will includedividends to nearby and affected communitiesgives an opportunity for utilizing these resourcesfor climate change adaptation and mitigationactivities at the local level.
Strategies
a) Develop regulatory frameworks to encourageemissions reduction and invest in resourceefficient technologies.
b) Enforce and monitor the implementation ofmandatory and voluntary environmentalmanagement systems.
c) Adopt practices that reduce energyconsumption in the mining sector.
d) Develop a framework for enhancing thecapacity of small scale miners to improve theirenvironmental performance.
3.2.4 Tourism
The Government of Zimbabwe has earmarkedtourism as one of the country’s strategic sectorsfor economic growth and development, because
40 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
of its links with other industries and its positivecontribution to GDP, employment, foreigncurrency earnings and investment. The mainthrust is to have a sustainable tourism sector thatpromotes economic growth and improveslivelihoods.
Tourism in Zimbabwe is based on theenvironment, with the main attractions beingwildlife, wilderness areas, water bodies andlandscapes. Therefore, the quality of theenvironment and the experiences that peoplehave will be a major factor in the potential for thetourist market in Zimbabwe and its rate ofgrowth.
Vulnerability studies for the SecondCommunication to the UNFCCC predict adecrease in biodiversity in most parts of thecountry as a result of climate change, especiallythe western and southern regions where mostnational parks are located (See Section 3.1.4).This will have a negative effect on the tourismsector as most tourists visit the country to viewthe variety of game species and the uniquelandscapes the biodiversity offers. Thus,adaptation strategies for tourism may includeprotecting biodiversity both in and outside thepark estates.
Zimbabwe has a long tradition of progressivewildlife management and spearheaded thesustainable use of wildlife in the southern Africanregion. Wildlife-based tourism consists of bothconsumptive, mainly hunting, and non-consumptive, including photographic safaritourism. Zimbabwe is also in the forefront ofcommunity based natural resourcemanagement, such as the Communal AreasManagement Programme for IndigenousResources (CAMPFIRE) which is implementedin 59 of the 64 rural districts of Zimbabwe.CAMPFIRE provides opportunities in the tourismindustry for communities to generate income
through sustainable use of natural resources. Inaddition, Zimbabwe has pursued trans-boundaryinitiatives that promote regional tourismdevelopment.
There are two major threats to tourism thatZimbabwe may experience in the face of climatechange. One is that the changing climate willhave a detrimental impact on the quality ofZimbabwe’s tourism products, such as reducingbiodiversity and degrading the landscapes. Forexample: Mana Pools, a major tourist attractionand biodiversity hotspot, is prone to flooding; andtrout fishing, a niche tourist attraction in the coolstreams and dams of the Eastern Highlands, willbe adversely affected.
The second is the external threat from theinternational processes such as the introductionof mitigating measures in the aviation industrythat could result in potential tourists beingreluctant or desisting from travelling by planebecause of the carbon emissions associated withair travel. A fully ‘green’ tourism industry usingsustainable energy sources and otherenvironment-friendly practices would help tocounteract this perception and compensate forthe tourists’ carbon footprints.
Strategies
a) Mainstream climate change into policies andlegislation that guide the tourism sector.
b) Promote and strengthen Zimbabwe’s tourismsector’s resilience to climate change.
c) Build and strengthen the capacity of thetourism and wildlife sectors to adapt to thechallenges of climate change.
d) Promote mitigatory measures to ensure a lowcarbon footprint/emission and sustainablegrowth and development in Zimbabwe’stourism sector.
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
3.3 Physical and Social Infra-Structure
3.3.1. Energy
The energy sector stands at the centre of theclimate change discourse in Zimbabwe, becauseit is the major contributor of GHG emissions. Itcontributes the biggest share (60.7 per cent) ofthe country’s total GHG emissions, followed byagriculture 20.7 per cent, industrial processes16.6 per cent and waste 1.9 per cent. AlthoughZimbabwe contributes a mere 1.7 per cent to thetotal GHG emissions of the African continent, itis still important for future development planningto take cognisance of this low carbon footprintand to preserve it.
The relevance on energy in economicdevelopment is highlighted in key developmentpolicies, in particular, the Zim Asset. One of thedevelopment pillars of Zim Asset is Infrastructureand Utilities and this is the section that recognisesthe need for sustainable and adequate availableenergy as an enabler to the green growth of theeconomy that the country is pursuing.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the energysector emanate from combustion of carbon-based fuels as well as fugitive emissions duringcoal mining and handling processes. Carbon
dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the twomost important GHGs emitted by the energysector. Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbonmonoxide (CO) are also emitted fromcombustion of carbon-based fuels, especiallyfrom vehicles and stationary fuel poweredengines.
Zimbabwe’s commercial energy mix isdominated by conventional energy sources coal,hydropower, petroleum, ethanol and liquid gas.The energy resources of commercial significanceare coal, with total reserves of 10.6 billion tonnesof which half a billion are proven; petroleum, ofwhich about 40 petajoule (PJ) of finisheddistillates are imported every year; andhydroelectric power with a total potential of 4,200MW generated on the regionally shared Zambeziwatercourse. Fuel wood provides the bulk (60per cent) of the total energy supply.
There is heavy reliance on coal for electricitygeneration with over 46.4 per cent coming fromfour thermal power stations, namely Hwange,Munyati, Harare and Bulawayo. The other 53 percent energy is derived from non-carbonresources in the form of hydro-power from LakeKariba power station (Table 3). The balance isderived from renewable energy sources such assolar power.
42 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Power StationGenerated Energy (GWh)
2010 2011 2012
Hydro generators (Kariba) 5,798.78 5,091.42 5,372.00
Coal generators (Hwange, Munyati, Bulawayo, Harare) 2,711.78 3,811.60 3,575.00
Other renewable generators (Border Timbers, Hippo Valley, Triangle) 167.23
Other generators (not included above) 2.60
Total Energy Generated 8,510.56 8,903.02 9,116.83
Table 3.2. Production of electricity in Zimbabwe in GWh.Source: Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority.
The power stations are currently performing at66 per cent of the generation design capacitybecause of lack of adequate financing foroperations; high transmission losses; old ageand poor maintenance of equipment; and issuesof climate change related water availability inLake Kariba. The electricity energy supply anddemand scenario including its future projectionis given in Figure 12 below.
The long term scenario predicts that theelectricity demand of the country will havedoubled by 2020 and to meet this demandenergy generation capacity should increase bymore than twice the current capacity. Theimmediate option at the disposal of Governmentto address the current power generation shortfallgap of between 600–1,600 MW at peak hours iscoal which is locally available in abundance.However, thermal power production is a majorsource of GHGs. Therefore government shouldconsider an integrated resource plan with a richshare of renewable energy to curb further GHGemissions in the long term.
Access to electricity in Zimbabwe remains lowwith a national average of 40 per cent and of only19 per cent in rural areas. The energyconsumption pattern was transformed by theeconomic meltdown the country experiencedbetween 2006 and 2008. Since then there hasbeen a significant drop in the share of energyconsumption by industry, while on the other handthe increase in population and construction ofnew houses has seen a rise in domestic energyconsumption. The historical subsector energyconsumption is shown in Figure 13.
Agriculture accounts for the next largest sourceof demand for coal after generation of electricity.A limited amount of this coal, probably no morethan several thousands of tonnes per year, isutilized on large farms for tobacco curing anddomestic use. Use of coal in households is verylimited.
Zimbabwe is also endowed with coal-bedmethane deposits that are estimated to be morethan 600 billion cubic metres that could also
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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
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Figure 12: The long term energy supply and demand projection. Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority.
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
generate electricity. These are found in theLupane-Hwange area as well as Beitbridge andChiredzi. Use of cleaner coal-bed methane togenerate electricity would be a good substitutefor highly polluting coal. Resource constraintshave limited independent verification andextraction of the resource.
Biomass constitutes a major source of energy,for heating and cooking especially for the ruraland low-income urban population. Since 2007,there has been an increase in the number of theurban households using fuel-wood because ofthe intermittent availability of electricity.Zimbabwe’s forest cover diminished from 20.9million hectares in 1990 to 15.6 million hectaresin 2010 with the main drivers being the continueddependence on biomass for heating andcooking; the opening up of land for agriculture;poor management of forests; and use of firewoodfor curing tobacco. With a forest regenerationrate as low as 0.94 tonnes/ha/year in thecommunal areas, this has not matched the rateof extraction. Biomass extraction and use havetwo fold negative impacts on climate change.The extraction of biomass removes GHG sinksand the burning of firewood for cooking andheating adds to carbon emissions.
Biomass utilisation at domestic level isunsustainable as the open fire mostly used ishighly inefficient and the smoke emitted ispolluting to the environment and has negativehealth impacts. Indoor air pollution is a majorcause of concern as it affects mostly women andchildren who are responsible for collecting andusing firewood.
The agricultural sector uses fuel wood for agro-processing of tobacco. Small-holder farmershave limited capital. This has led them to resortto ‘low cost’ fuel wood for curing tobacco resultingin heavy depletion of forests. There are more than66,000 tobacco growers producing more than132 million kg of tobacco of which 62 per cent iscured by fuel wood. A tonne of tobacco consumesalmost three times the wood a person requiresper year. It is estimated that over 46,000 hectaresof forests were destroyed while 1.38 million cubicmetres of fuel wood were burnt to cure part of the127 million kilogrammes of tobacco delivered tothe auction floors in 2011. Thus about 47 per centof deforestation rates have been attributed tobiomass energy consumption for curing tobacco.The management of fuel wood resources anddemand are therefore a major issue in the energyplanning processes and GHG mitigation inZimbabwe.
44 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
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Figure 13: Trends in sectoral electricity consumption.Source: Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority.
Zimbabwe imports all its liquid fuel requirementsand the estimated monthly demand when theeconomy was at its peak for diesel, petrol and jetfuel were 105; 90 and 15 million litres,respectively. The transport and agriculturalsectors consume 60 per cent and 13 per cent ofthe fuels, respectively. Other liquid fuels areconsumed by aircraft and households mainlyparaffin (<1 per cent). Diesel contributes 54,petrol 29 and paraffin 8 per cent of the total liquidfuel supply. The remainder is shared betweenliquefied petroleum gas (LPG), aviation gasoline(Avgas) and Jet A1.
The use of renewable energy is low (less than 1per cent). The major renewable energy resourcecurrently used is hydropower from Kariba. Thereare other known sites where electricity could beproduced on the Zambezi River Basin such asthe Batoka, Devil’s, Mupata and Katamboragorges as well as on perennial rivers in theeastern highlands and the large to medium scaleirrigation dams across the country. Independentpower producers are tapping on the relativelyhigh hydro potential in the Eastern Highlands.These systems are generating 6.75 MW using acombination of mini-hydro and micro-hydropower stations that are feeding mostly the HondeValley. The absence of an enabling policy andregulatory environment has been cited as a keyfactor in limited investment in renewable energy.
Zimbabwe has a long history of ethanolproduction for fuel blending at Triangle SugarEstates starting in the 1970’s. The use of biofuelssuch as ethanol offers an opportunity for climatechange mitigation because they are carbonneutral as they sequestrate carbon dioxideduring plant growth.
More recently, a national biofuels programmewas launched in 2005 to partially substituteimported fossil fuels with locally producedbiofuels. Two approaches have been used andinvolve the use of the Jatropha curcas plant andthe processing of its seed into biodiesel and theexpanding of sugarcane growing and the
resuscitation of blending of petrol with ethanolbased on the involvement of Triangle SugarEstates and new entries that include HippoValley, Chiredzi and Chisumbanje Sugar Estates.A new plant was commissioned at Chisumbanjeand produces 200,000 litres of ethanol per day.All the sugar cane processing plants havecogeneration equipment that is generatingelectricity from bagasse helping to augment localpower production within the Chiredzi area. Withregards to Jatropha, this has not spread as muchas was initially projected, however communitiesare pressing the seeds for oil to use in householdlighting.
The government through the Zimbabwe EnergyRegulatory Authority introduced mandatoryblending of petrol with ethanol starting with 10per cent (E10) in 2013 and expected to rise to 20per cent in 2014. The mandatory blending willhelp to mitigate GHG emissions from combustionfuels.
Solar power is available in abundance with thesolar radiation peaking 6 kW/m2/day in mostareas. Applications of solar technology havefocussed on solar photovoltaic (production ofelectricity) for pumping of water, refrigeration,lighting in households and institutions, poweringof radios and televisions as well as solar thermal(heat production) for cooking, water heating andcrop drying. Over 100,000 solar energy systemshave been installed country-wide; however, theiruse is limited mostly to rural schools andhomesteads. Mimosa mine has the country’slargest installed domestic water heaters with 360units. The estimated installed capacity for solarwater heaters is equivalent to 1.5 MW. Thisexample can be replicated across the country’surban households and institutions to bringsignificant environmental benefits and reducepressure on power generation.
Wind speeds over Zimbabwe are generally low,averaging 3.0 m/s. Wind energy has been usedfor the pumping of water. A project to determinewind profiles in various parts of the country was
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conducted in the mid-1990s. It, however, did notgenerate sufficient data to produce a wind mapbut enabled the design and production of a windelectric machine able to operate on low windspeeds. These machines could be used toenhance irrigation particularly in the newlyresettled areas.
Biogas offers an additional source of householdenergy and its production should be used tomitigate emissions from farm and municipalwaste. There are more than 400 biogas digesterswhich range in capacity from 3-16 cubic metresin Zimbabwe. Unfortunately only two have beenknown to be functional. The Rural ElectrificationAgency and SNV a Dutch non-governmentalorganization have resuscitated the NationalBiogas Programme aimed at promoting biogasutilisation at household and institutional levels tohelp address energy supply for cooking.
The National Energy Policy of 2012 stronglyadvocates for the promotion of renewable energyto address the energy supply gap. Theavailability of reliable, adequate and sustainableenergy will be a necessary condition for theattainment of the projected GDP growth rates.Zimbabwe should develop an Integrated EnergyResources Plan that will give an optimal mix ofenergy resources that will address the country’senergy needs at the lowest possible cost.Greening the Integrated Energy Resources Planusing as much renewable energy as caneconomically be viable, will in the long termachieve national development goals while usinglow carbon pathways and attaining a national lowGHG footprint.
Other measures to green the energy sectorinclude reducing energy demand and increasingthe efficiency of energy production and usewhich, when combined should lower Zimbabwe’sGHG emissions. There are opportunities toincreasing energy efficiency both on the supply
and demand side through improving equipmentfor power generation, transmission anddistribution on the supply side; and improving theenergy performance of cook-stoves, lamps,appliances, boilers, buildings, vehicles andprocesses in the energy-intensive industriessuch as iron and steel, cement and fertilizermanufacturing on the demand-side.
With regards to fuels there are opportunities toswitch to less carbon-intensive fuels includinguse of ethanol in vehicles and for electricitygeneration, developing bagasse/biomasscogeneration/bioenergy systems and usingmicro-hydropower, wind and off-grid solarphotovoltaics among other renewable sources.
Mitigation measures should in the short termfocus on thermal energy which is expected toprovide the bulk of energy in the short-term.There are opportunities through the use ofcleaner coal technologies and reduction oftransmission losses. Growth in hydropower,biofuels and solar energy should provideopportunities for climate mitigation in the long-term. This will however require the creation of anenabling environment for investment in therenewable energy sector and an enhancedunderstanding of the importance of renewableenergy. The measures should start with thepiloting of the technologies followed by the up-scaling of successful technologies throughoutthe country. The recently launched NationalEnergy Policy (2012) has strategies which ifimplemented within the stipulated timeframesshould be able to complement the strategiesidentified in this strategy document.
Strategiesa) Introduce policies and regulatory frameworks
for renewable energy, energy conservationand energy efficiency.
b) Strengthen energy planning, research anddevelopment.
c) Promote low carbon energy provision and use.
46 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.3.2. Transport
The transport sector is a vital part of Zimbabwe’sdevelopment as it impacts on trade, commerce,business and participation of the labour force inthese sectors. The transport sector consists ofroad, rail, air networks and a small ferry service.Zimbabwe occupies a strategic position withinthe Common Market for Eastern and SouthernAfrica (COMESA) and SADC and thereforeneeds an efficient transport system as any trafficbottlenecks on the regional trunk road networkhave a detrimental effect on these two regionalgroupings.
Zimbabwe’s road infrastructure consists of adiversified network of roads totalling 88,133 km.Over two thousand (2,307 km) of Zimbabwe’sroad infrastructure forms part of the RegionalTrunk Road Network linking SADC andCOMESA member states. There has been aboom in trade of between 10 and 90 per centwithin the region, resulting in an upsurge of trafficvolumes traversing Zimbabwe’s roads.
The National Railways of Zimbabwe operates2,400 km of rail. However, there has been a nearcollapse of the railway infrastructure in recentyears that has resulted in more abnormal loadshaving to be transported by road.
There are over 200 airports and aerodromesspread across the country. The original designcapacity of the various terminals was sufficientfor up to 3.8 million passengers a year withHarare International Airport as the main hub.
The major challenges for the road transportsector that relate to climate change in Zimbabweare the rate of motorization and the quality offuel. The traffic sector is increasing rapidly withthe vehicle fleet doubling every 10 years. Thecentral vehicle registry registered 15,723 newvehicles in 2000 and 31,440 in 2009 as shownin Figure 14. The total number of vehicles inZimbabwe was estimated by the ZimbabweNational Road Authority at 896,012 in 2012 ofwhich 828,395 were small motor vehicles,
30,514 heavy vehicles, 9,399 convectional busesand 8,907 registered public buses, amongothers.
The majority of these vehicles are generallyreconditioned cars imported from industrializedcountries where they would have been discardedafter they reach their full economic life. There isneed to enforce emission standards for vehiclesand to use them to assess the emission ofimported vehicles before they are allowed intothe country.
The current and projected growth in the transportsector will increase GHG emissions. Already thetransport sector is one of the major contributorsof GHG emissions as it is responsible for about12 per cent of Zimbabwe’s GHG emissions.Nearly 97 per cent of transportation GHGemissions come through direct combustion offossil fuels, with the remainder being carbondioxide (CO2) from hydro-fluorocarbons emittedfrom vehicle air conditioners and refrigeratedtransport. A move towards the use of blendedfuels will reduce the GHG emissions from vehiclefuel combustion.
Current estimates suggest that Zimbabwe needsover 1 billion litres of diesel; over 730 million litresof petrol; and 180 million litres of jet fuel per year
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 47
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
000�s35
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25
20
15
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Figure 14: Number of new vehicle registrationsper annum between 2000 and 2009.
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
for transport (See Section 3.3.1). This equates to744,000 tonnes and 543,120 tonnes per yearCO2 emissions from diesel and petrolconsumption, respectively. In addition, vehiclesrelease nitrous oxide, methane and other organicpollutants, with the amounts emitted determinedby average speed and vehicle technology.
Introduction of an integrated transport system inZimbabwe would reduce the carbon footprintcaused by the road transport sector. Zimbabweneeds to develop an efficient public and masstransport system by introducing larger buses andtrains on urban commuter routes. This willreduce the number of people using private carsand reduce GHG emissions. There is also needfor promotion of use of non-motorized transportsuch as bicycles and walking to reduce carbonemissions. Such transportation has co-benefitsof improving health.
Climate change is expected to affect transportinfrastructure which is vulnerable to floods,storms, and extreme high temperatures. Forexample, bridge foundations are eroded byincreased run-off, and roads and small bridgesare often washed away by floods. Tarred roadsare also susceptible to extreme temperatures,which melt or soften the tar; while excessiverains cause the development of pot-holes andincreased erosion alongside the roads. There istherefore need to incorporate climate change inroad designs and transport related infrastructure.
The air, rail and ferry transport sector is relativelysmall but also contributes to GHG emissions.Coal is the main fuel used in rail traction.Zimbabwe’s air traffic currently consists mainlyof regional and domestic flights with a fewinternational flights. Of concern is that the carbonfootprint related to air travel is much higher thanany other mode of transport. It is estimated thatthe emissions in grams of carbon dioxide/perkilometre/per person transported by anaeroplane is about 322.8 g if the plane is
completely full while that of a car is 204.2 g. Atrain is estimated to emit 60.2 g per passenger ifthe train is 70 per cent full and a public bus 81.8g per passenger.
Given this scenario, the carbon footprint ofvisitors and tourists that come to Zimbabwe isincreased as a result of current internationaltravel arrangements where the majority ofvisitors have to fly to South Africa before they canfly to Zimbabwe, increasing their travel distance.Introducing direct international flights toZimbabwe will impact positively on the carbonfootprint of Zimbabwe’s air transport sector.There is also need to promote the use ofalternative modes of transport for visitors comingto Zimbabwe particularly regional tourists.
Strategiesa) Introduce a transport policy framework that
encourages use of transport with low carbonemissions.
b) Integrate climate resilience into transportplanning and infrastructural development.
3.3.3. Disaster Risk Management andSocial Infrastructure (HumanSettlements)
Zimbabwe has experienced an increasingnumber of weather-related hazards that includefloods, storms and droughts, among others.Climate change is predicted to further increaseand intensify these extreme events. Theseclimate induced disasters indiscriminately affectthe poor and marginalized people’s livelihoodsand health, and undermine the country’seconomic development.
The most affected people in Zimbabwe are ruralcommunities who are likely to have low adaptivecapacity to deal or cope with such disasters. Thatis why it is important to mainstream climate
48 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
change into disaster risk management. Disasterrisk management can be used to reduce theimpacts and losses from climate change and iscentral to adaptation. Therefore it should becomea central component in all of Zimbabwe’s climatechange adaptation strategies.
Zimbabwe has endorsed the Hyogo Frameworkfor Action 2005-2015 which was adopted by theWorld Conference on Disaster Reduction onBuilding the Resilience of Nations andCommunities to Disasters held in Hyogo, Japanin 2005. The Framework aims to reduce the risksof natural disasters and the effect they have onthe lives and livelihoods of the poor. Theimplementation of this framework requires thebuilding of climate and disaster resistant housingand implementing disaster preparednessthrough early warning systems. The Departmentof Civil Protection has developed a Draft DisasterRisk Management Policy, Bill and a DraftDisaster Risk Management Strategy aligned tointernational agreements and the HyogoFramework.
Local authorities are best placed to deal withdisasters but they lack adequate financialresources and capacity and are unable tomaintain sewers and drains meant to reducerisks associated with water-borne diseases; safedisposal of wastewater and to reduce floodingrisks and avoid blockages as part of disasterpreparedness. They are not able to deliveradequate healthcare systems in response toinjuries and illnesses which may arise fromclimate induced hazards. In addition, they are noteffectively enforcing building by-laws and land-use controls.
The laws, policies and by-laws on location ofsettlements, design, standards and quality ofbuildings are also fragmented. These should berevised to mainstream climate change and toinclude disaster risk management. They shouldalso be aligned with the EnvironmentalManagement Act that requires mandatoryenvironmental impact assessments of projects
such as housing developments and settlements.
Lack of enforcement of policy and by-laws hasresulted in some communities settling inendangered areas such as riverbanks, wetlands,gullies, sloppy areas, marginal lands as well asdisaster and flood prone areas which are notsuitable for human settlements. The vulnerabilityof communities is further increased by lack of co-ordination among infrastructure sectors; low levelof participation by the population in climatechange initiatives; lack of a culture of safetyamong the general population and of financialresources to construct flood and fire protectedinfrastructure.
In addition, the current infrastructure wasdesigned using historical climatic conditions andyet the climate is changing. The outdatedinfrastructure is not able to withstand extremeweather events. An effective and reliableinfrastructure is an important adaptationresponse to climate change. Therefore, one ofthe top priorities for climate change adaptationshould be the provision of a robust nationalinfrastructure. The design of climate proofedsettlements is an important imperative.
The generation and provision of reliable andappropriate information on present and futureclimate risks is a key component of disaster riskmanagement. Improved data sources andcapacity to model are required to create data onwhich adaptive strategies could be based.Understanding of climate change at local levelsin Zimbabwe is limited by the lack of data ofsufficiently high resolution and continuity. Low-resolution data has insufficient temporal andspatial coverage to detect crucial local climatechange trends or to validate projections fromregional climate models.
Zimbabwe needs to create a database for themanagement of disasters at all levels in thecountry. Lack of readily available nationaldisaster information and institutional memoryleads to poor planning, monitoring and
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 49
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
evaluation of trend analysis and forecasts. Thereis also need for technical assistance to supportdisaster risk management education and trainingthrough formal education and public awarenessprogrammes.
The development of flood and drought earlywarning systems is also important forsettlements in drought and flood prone areas.The strengthening of Zimbabwe’s nationalinstitutions such as the Departments ofMeteorological and Hydrological Services shouldbe a top priority for climate change adaptation.These should be effective and reliableinstitutions with capacities to monitor, detect,forecast and give early warnings about disasterssuch as floods, droughts and emerging threats.
They should also have capacity to carry outclimatological analyses of atmospheric hazards,as well as forensic analyses and assessments ofvulnerabilities of critical infrastructure. Forexample, forensic analyses would reveal thestructural failures of infrastructure such ashouses, electrical power distributioninfrastructure, communication structures anddams as a result of extreme weather conditions.When infrastructure is destroyed, the costs ofrebuilding and rehabilitation must be borne byinsurance companies. Zimbabwe is, howeverrecovering from an economic melt-down; thismeans most of the infrastructure is either notinsured or underinsured.
The Department of Civil Protection hasincorporated decentralized arrangements for theco-ordination of national, provincial, district andcommunity-level disaster risk managementinitiatives in the Disaster Risk Management Billand Policy. Some of the structures that havebeen created include the National EmergencyServices Subcommittee; National Food andWater Subcommittee; National Epidemics andZoonoses Crisis Subcommittee and NationalResource Mobilization Subcommittee. Thesestructural arrangements could be more beneficial
to all stakeholders if they were also used forclimate change governance. Currently, there aredifferent organizations that promote disaster riskmanagement and climate change adaptation inZimbabwe, but the interventions are notcoordinated.
Strategies
a) Develop an integrated and co-ordinatedapproach to reducing disaster risk and toaddress impacts of climate change through amulti-stakeholder approach.
b) Enhance early warning systems and capacityof hydro-meteorological services to advise onweather related impacts on new infrastructureas well as mitigation of potential damage toexisting infrastructure.
c) Review and update policy and by-laws onbuilding standards and codes to make themadaptive to climate change.
d) Invest in climate resilient social infrastructure.
e) Enhance community resilience to climatechange.
3.3.4. Waste management
Solid waste management poses a majorchallenge for the majority of urban localauthorities in Zimbabwe. This is because theyare practicing the traditional solid wastemanagement system which involves generation,storage, collection, transportation and disposalof solid waste at dumpsites. The traditionalsystem focuses on the disposal of solid wastewithout controlling its generation and promotingwaste re-use and recycling. It is estimated thatless than 48 per cent of solid waste generated inZimbabwe is not collected and is either beingillegally dumped in open spaces and onroadsides or disposed of by open burning. The
50 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
limited quantity of solid waste that is collected bylocal authorities is deposited at dumpsites whichdo not qualify as landfills because of their design.
The contribution of solid wastes to climatechange is through methane gas which isproduced by anaerobic respiration ofmicroorganisms when they decomposebiodegradable waste. This is a major issue asbiodegradable waste constitutes at least 50 percent of the overall waste generated inZimbabwe’s urban areas. In addition there areoften spontaneous or human caused fires atmost dumpsites fueled by the emitted methane,further releasing CO2.
When open burning of waste is practiced itcontributes to short-lived climate pollutants suchas black carbon (See Section 3.1.1).Incineration is mostly practised as a way ofdisposing medical hazardous solid waste andemits CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide(NOx) and non-methane volatile organiccompounds (NMVOCs). Further, combustion offuel used during collection, transportation andprocessing of wastes also contributes to CO2emissions. It is however, difficult to determine themagnitude of solid waste managementemissions because of limited data on wastegeneration, composition and management inZimbabwe, as well as inaccuracies in emissionsmodels.
Proper waste management practices can resultin climate benefits. These benefits can beachieved through adoption of the integrated solidwaste management system which prioritizeswaste minimization, re-use, recycling and waste-to-energy recovery. A larger stakeholderinvolvement in waste management that includesthe informal waste sector is needed as it haspotential to make a significant contribution toresource recovery. There is need to increase thelevel of recycling in Zimbabwe. Some industrieshave formed clusters where they are exchanging
waste materials for use as raw materials thusreducing solid waste that would end up at thedumpsites.
According to global IPCC inventories,wastewater management is the second largestsource of GHG emissions from the waste sectoras a whole. In Zimbabwean urban centres, liquidwaste is either collected in septic tanks or isdirected to the municipal sewerage treatmentworks where it is separated into liquidwastewater and sludge. Sludge digestion emitsmethane. Most urban authorities in Zimbabwe donot capture methane at their treatment workswith only the City of Harare flaring it at two of itssewage treatment works. A net benefit to climatecan be achieved through capturing methane gasproduced at landfills as well as by incineratorsand wastewater treatment plants. Use of theenergy recovered from waste managementprocesses also avoids the use of fossil fuelselsewhere in the energy system.
Zimbabwe has policies, legislation and statutoryinstruments that should help in reducing theamount of solid waste generated and themanagement of both solid and liquid waste.However, these are not fully implementedbecause of lack of resources for building therequisite infrastructure and for enforcinglegislation.
Strategies
a) Capacitate local authorities to deliver proper,effective and efficient waste managementservices in order to reduce GHG emissionsfrom waste management.
b) Create an enabling policy environment whichencourages investment into alternative energyproduction using waste.
c) Develop an enabling framework to promotewaste minimization through education andbehavioural change of waste generators.
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
3.3.5. Health
Climate change is likely to alter the ecology ofsome disease vectors in Africa. Consequentlythe spatial and temporal transmission of suchdiseases will also be altered. Most assessmentson health have concentrated on malaria andthere are still debates on the attribution ofmalaria resurgence in some African areas. Anestimated 700,000 to 2.7 million people die ofmalaria in sub-Saharan Africa each year and 75per cent of these are children. The economicburden of malaria is estimated as an averagereduction in economic growth of 1.3 per cent forthose African countries with the highest burden.The social and economic costs of malaria arehuge and include considerable costs toindividuals and households as well as high costsat community and national levels.
Results from the “Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa”project show a possible expansion andcontraction, depending on location of climaticallysuitable areas for malaria by 2020, 2050 and2080. Assessments using 16 climate changescenarios show that by 2100, changes intemperature and precipitation could alter thegeographical distribution of malaria in Zimbabwewith previous unsuitable areas of dense humanpopulation becoming suitable for transmission.
At a more local level, vulnerability assessmentscarried out for Zimbabwe’s SecondCommunication to the UNFCCC also usedmalaria as an indicator to assess the potentialimpact of climate change on the health sector asits distribution and seasonal transmissioncorrelates significantly with temperature andrainfall in the country. Further, understanding thechanges in malaria occurrence in a changingclimate is important since 75 per cent of thecountry is prone to malaria. A strong link wasdemonstrated among recorded malariaincidences, temperature and rainfall usingbioclimatic (BIOCLAM) GIS models. Resultsindicated that malaria incidences were lower in
drought years and exceptionally wet years buthigher in average years. This indicates thatexcessive rainfall coupled with hightemperatures may negatively affect the breedingpattern of malaria carrying mosquitoes found inZimbabwe.
Other weather sensitive diseases are also likelyto spread faster with global warming. Intensifiedflooding will increase incidences of water borneor related diseases such as cholera, typhoid andbilharzia, while warmer temperatures willenhance the spread of meningitis. Reducedavailability of safe water because of climatechange may also increase the prevalence ofdiseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid,guinea worms and dysentery through use ofunsafe water. In some areas, warming is likely totranslate into reduced crop yields and livestockproductivity and water scarcity, which willconcomitantly negatively affect human healthand nutrition. During periods of climate-induceddisasters (e.g. droughts and floods), the basicsystems that ensure proper handling,preparation and storage of food are severelycompromised, leading to frequent outbreaks offood borne illnesses.
Climate variability may also interact with otherbackground stresses and additionalvulnerabilities such as immuno-compromisedpopulations affected by HIV and AIDS resultingin increased susceptibility and risk to otherinfectious diseases e.g. cholera. The potential ofclimate change to intensify or alter flood patternsmay become a major additional driver of futurehealth risks from flooding.
Another potential impact of increasing averagetemperatures and changing weather patterns isthe loss of biodiversity which might includemedicinal plants, making them less available tocommunities that depend on them for treatment.Effective early warning and disease surveillancesystems that alert populations to anticipateddisease outbreaks would reduce vulnerability to
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a number of climate-induced epidemics andfacilitate timely and decisive responses.
Strategiesa) Strengthen surveillance programmes for
monitoring human health under a changingclimate.
b) Build resilience against diseases that occurbecause of impacts of climate change.
3.3.6. Gender, People Living with HIVand AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups
Zimbabwe’s demographic data published byZIMSTAT show that more women than men arepoor and live in the rural areas where livelihoodsare intimately linked with the exploitation ofnatural resources which are vulnerable to climatechange. They are further disadvantaged by oldage, disability and HIV status, among othervariables, which make them disproportionatelyvulnerable to the effects of climate change. Theyexperience the greatest impacts of climatechange because they are already vulnerable andmarginalized, while at the same time, they havethe least capacity or opportunity to prepare for itsnegative effects.
Moreover, because of gender differences inproperty rights, access to information, andcultural, social and economic roles, the effects ofclimate change are likely to affect men andwomen differently. For example, recurringdroughts and low rainfall patterns have impactson accessible water supplies and fuel wood,especially in the rural areas. This increases thedistances that women and girls have to walk tosecure these resources. Thus climate changeexacerbates existing inequalities in keydimensions that not only are the building blocksof livelihoods, but are also crucial for coping withchange.
Gender, HIV and AIDS, and other vulnerabilitiescoincide. Women are more vulnerable not onlyto climate change, but also to social problemsincluding poverty, unemployment and HIV andAIDS. Although Zimbabwe has made significantstrides towards the reduction of HIV prevalence,the levels remain significantly high at 15 per centin 2010/11, and the epidemic still bears awoman’s face, in terms of prevalence (women 18per cent and men 12 per cent prevalence).Furthermore, women care for the sick and theorphans, therefore their role as primarycaregivers in the HIV and AIDS pandemic placessevere strain on their resources, and this will beexacerbated by the increase in climate change-related diseases.
Unequal access, control and ownership ofnatural resources by women and men, youth, theelderly and other vulnerable groups extends theexclusion of the vulnerable groups fromimportant decision and policy-making institutionsthat govern the natural resources. Governanceand decision making structures at all levels arestill dominated by men. The impacts of climatechange will further widen the gaps and amplifythe inequities between women and men andother vulnerable groups.
Gender disaggregated data on climate change,its impacts and adaptation strategies are stilllimited in Zimbabwe. Anecdotal evidence showsthat climate change, as evidenced by frequentdroughts, floods, and erratic rainfall and hightemperatures, is negatively affecting smallholderfarmers who are mainly women, with little or noadaptation strategies. A study in the rural districtof Chiredzi, southeast of Zimbabwe, found thatthe most vulnerable households to climatechange included female-headed and child-headed households, those lacking access toirrigation and poor households.
According to the Disability Scoping Study carriedout by DFID in 2007 People Living With Disability
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SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
(1.4 million) constitute approximately 10 per centof Zimbabwe’s total population. The studyshowed that households with disabled membershad lower mean income and fewer meanexpenses regardless of seasonal fluctuationsthan households without disabled members.People Living With Disability have also beenexcluded from the land reform programme withless than one per cent having benefited fromboth the land reform programme and theprovision of agricultural inputs because they arenot regarded as very productive members ofsociety. This makes them more vulnerable to theimpacts of climate change.
The 2012 National Census carried out byZIMSTAT revealed that elderly people (65 yearsand above) comprise about four per cent of thetotal population. Elderly people find it difficult toparticipate in development initiatives because oftheir advanced age and home confinement.Aged men and women, however, haveindigenous knowledge important for adapting toclimate change owing to their experience innatural resources management and agriculture.This knowledge includes rainfall predictionsusing behaviours of certain animals, birds, treeand plant species as well as coping strategies.
Various strategies are being used to address theeffects of climate change in Zimbabwe. Theseinclude afforestation projects, conservationagriculture, and the expansion of small grainproduction as well as rearing of small livestock.Conservation agriculture has been criticised forbeing too labour intensive for vulnerable groupsespecially women, the sick, the elderly and thedisabled. Small grain and small livestockproduction as well as afforestation projects haveall targeted women, but without the necessarysupporting technology. This has increased theburden on women.
Strategies
a) Mainstream climate change in policies for thevulnerable groups with their activeparticipation at every level.
b) Strengthen the adaptive capacity of thevulnerable groups.
c) Enhance provision of early warning systemson droughts, floods and disease outbreaks tovulnerable groups and ensure a coordinatedapproach in providing them with emergencyservices.
3.3.7 Children and Youth
Zimbabwe has a young growing population.According to the 2011 Child Labour SurveyReport, there are about 5.8 million children below18 years representing 48.8 per cent of the totalpopulation. Youth are defined as personsbetween 15 and 35 years of age and accordingto the 2012 National Census there are about 4.7million youth in Zimbabwe. Children and youthare at increased risk from disease, under-nutrition, water scarcity, disasters and thecollapse of public services and infrastructure thatwill be exacerbated by climate change.
Most children in Zimbabwe, 73.5 per cent, live inrural areas, and are directly affected by low foodcrop production and food insecurity which areexacerbated by more frequent droughts, floodingand unreliable rainfall patterns.
Children are often most vulnerable to adversehealth effects from environmental hazardsbecause they are not fully developed physicallyand psychologically. Preventable and treatablediseases such as diarrhoea and malaria arepredicted to worsen with climate change. Wateravailability is predicted to reduce with climatechange. Access to clean safe water is crucial forgood health and development of children.
54 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Unsafe drinking water exposes them to the riskof contracting water borne diseases. Anotheradverse effect of water shortages is that asstreams and water sources dry up, children willhave to travel further to collect water.
Children may also face other growing difficultiessuch as lapses in education and insecuritycaused by climate-induced behavioural changesand livelihood choices of parents and otherfamily members, which may result in displace-ment, conflict, neglect and abandonment.Children may have to cope with higher levels ofpressures which keep them out of school andforce them into work too soon.
The effects of climate change will be particularlyhard on young people because they lacksupportive financial and natural capital to fallback on. Their condition has been worsened bythe effects of HIV and AIDS which has createdchild-headed households which are vulnerableto all shocks including climate change.
Zimbabwe has sound policy frameworks thatprovide for the protection and rights of childrenand youth. However, these existing policies donot sufficiently recognize or address children andyouth’s issues and unique vulnerabilities inrelation to the impacts of climate change. Thereis need to mainstream children’s issues and thevarious risks that climate changes poses forchildren and to put children at the forefront ofnational climate change adaptation policies andprogrammes. Similarly, the policies and plans failto draw on the practical knowledge, insights andcapacity for meaningful change that children canand do offer, most notably at sub-national andcommunity levels. The views of young peopleare particularly important to ensure thatadaptation approaches take account of theneeds of different children and different stagesof child development.
Children exhibit relatively high levels ofawareness and concern about climate changewhich affects their visions of and anxieties about
the future. Children have a major stake in thefuture and have the right and responsibility toparticipate in decisions that affect them, and totake adaptive action on climate change.Therefore, children and youth should be actorsin the climate change agenda, rather than beingtreated as passive observers or victims. Childrenshould learn about climate change issues in away that does not make them feel threatened,but rather, that addressing it is something theycan be part of.
Inclusion of children and youth in climate changeadaptations and mitigations is not just aboutconsulting them or asking their views. It meansgiving them access to information that they needto comprehensively understand the dynamics ofclimate change and its impact on their rights,opportunities and responsibilities. It meansencouraging them to use that knowledge increative and innovative ways to safe guard theirfuture, to design and implement their own actionswith the support they need, and to take part ininterventions initiated by adults.
Children and young people have the energy andenthusiasm which climate change responsestrategies can capitalize on. Through fosteringthe spirit of voluntarism embraced by theNational Youth Policy and building on theirenthusiasm, young people and children can bea resource in climate change mitigation andadaptation activities.
Strategies
a) Understand the impacts of climate change onchildren and youth in Zimbabwe and create anenabling environment that prevents harm tothem emanating from pressures of theseimpacts.
b) Ensure the inclusion of children and youth inthe policy formulation process for climatechange, and in adaptation and mitigationactivities.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 55
SECTION 3: Sector Specific Challenges, Risks and Impacts; Adaptation, Mitigation and Opportunities
SectionStrategy Enablers
44.1 Capacity Building
4.1.1 Capacity Building for ClimateChange
Capacity development and technology transferare some of the most important requirements tothe overall response to climate change impacts.Capacity development is required at community,district, provincial, national and regional levelsand across all sectors. However, inadequateresources are often devoted to capacitydevelopment initiatives in Zimbabwe limiting thecountry’s adaptive and mitigative capacity. Thereis therefore need to develop capacity toappropriately respond to climate change.
Capacity-building should focus on long termplanning of adaptation and mitigation actions. Itsimplementation requires cooperation across allscales from national, regional to internationallevels. There is need for capacity building inforecasting and in development and use ofclimate models. There is also need for training indifferent disciplines including climate relatedresearch and development of sustainable spatialdecision support systems. Linkages amongresearch institutions nationally, regionally andinternationally are required to tap intotechnologies and to increase their uptake.Exchange programmes should be encouraged toallow transfer of best practices and adoption ofbest methodologies.
It is important to establish public-private-community-partnerships with a special focus onfacilitating capacity development in climatechange, disaster risk management and socio-economic development.
Strategies
a) Build capacity to conduct comprehensivevulnerability assessments and developappropriate response models.
b) Develop mechanisms to mainstream climatechange adaptation and disaster riskmanagement into development programmes.
4.1.2. The Role of the MeteorologicalServices in Climate Change
The Meteorological Services Department ismandated to provide up-to-date information onclimate change issues in Zimbabwe. Theresponsibility also covers providing informationon Zimbabwe‘s emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs) and information on interventionsrequired to react to the adverse impacts ofclimate change.
Zimbabwe is taking part in the Global ClimateObserving Systems (GCOS) activities of theWorld Meteorology Organization (WMO) and is monitoring climate by maintaining a
56 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
systematic observation network. Meteorologicaland atmospheric observations in Zimbabwecover two aspects of the GCOS; the GlobalSurface Observations (GSO) and the GlobalUpper Air Observations (GUAO). TheMeteorological Service Department ObservationNetwork comprises of 64 stations operating as abasic synoptic network. All stations providesurface data while 14 of the stations have beenequipped to provide surface and upper air dataand participate in GCOS activities.Dissemination of data, products and services toregional and international data centres for WMOis done through the Global TelecommunicationSystem (GTS). The Department heavily relies onGlobal Circulation Models for weather predictionand forecast verification.
The Meteorological Services Department hostsdata from 1890 which is relevant for detectingclimatic trends and risks. It is also a source ofdownscaled future climatic data. However, mostof the equipment at the Meteorological ServiceDepartment is old and now costly to maintain.The shortage of and lack of spare parts to repairfaulty equipment gravely affects operations of theDepartment. The constant breakdown ofequipment often results in research being carriedout using a course resolution and creates gapsin datasets. The department has also suffered amajor brain drain.
The role of the Meteorological ServicesDepartment in disaster risk management andclimate change response should not beunderestimated. Its strengthening shouldtherefore be a top priority for climate changeadaptation. The Department should be aneffective and reliable institution with capacities tomonitor, detect, forecast and give early warningsabout disasters such as floods, droughts andemerging threats. It should also have capacity to
carry out climatological analyses of atmospherichazards, forensic analyses and assessments ofvulnerabilities of critical infrastructure.
Strategies
a) Strengthen the capacity of the NationalMeteorological and Hydrological Services tocarry out research on climate change throughimproved data collection and management,and climate modelling.
b) Strengthen the documentation of and tappinginto indigenous knowledge systems tocomplement scientific knowledge for climatechange forecasting and early warningsystems.
c) Establish an enabling framework for sharingand disseminating information on climatechange (i.e. at provincial, district and wardlevels) in the country.
4.1.3. Technology transfer
The increased emmision of GHGs by humanactivity has significantly distabilized energybalances resulting in the general shift in globalclimatic conditions. Technological processes inindustry are responsible for these emmisions asthese have focused mainly on boostingeconomic development with very littleconsideration of the long term negative impactson the climate. Technological advancements insome parts of the world have resulted in thedevelopment of more efficient technologies withreduced impacts to the climate. Therefore effortstowards adoption of more efficient technologiesare required as without technology transfers, “itmay be difficult to achieve emission reduction ata significant scale” (IPCC, 2007).
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SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers
SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers
Technology transfer is a key component inclimate change response strategies as there isneed for a serious shift in technologicalprocesses currently being applied. It requires aserious policy shift on the part of governments;education and awareness of communities andsignificant financial investments. Zimbabwe is asignatory of the Climate Change Conventionand, hence, is bound to “take steps to promote,facilitate, and finance environmentally soundtechnologies and know-how”. Such effortsshould not be restricted to high technologicalapplications only, as local communities will alsoneed to shift to more climate change resilienttechniques.
It is necessary to first identify critical sectorswhose activities contribute most to emissions atlocal, national and regional scales. Appropriateinterventions would then be identified togetherwith implementation mechanisms. It is alsoimportant to identify alternative technologicalapproaches that can be adopted at various levelsof society to enable communities to cope withthe challenge of climate change and to assessthe cost benefits of adopting such technologies.These activities would require attention as partof Zimbabwe’s contribution towards mitigatingglobal climate change.
Zimbabwe carried out a technological transferneeds assessment in 2008 to identify andprioritize the climate change initiatives it shouldundertake including areas of focus; capacityneeds; technology transfer needs; barriers toaccessing technologies and opportunities ofaccessing funds to undertake mitigation andadaptation activities.
The energy sector contributes most to climatechange (See Section 3.3.1.) as energy drivesthe economy through industrial and commercialactivities. Use of fuel wood for domestic energy
provision in rural areas and poor urban areas hasalso caused depletion of forest cover.Technological improvement in the energy sectorwill result in significant benefits in addressingclimate change. Other sectors of the nationaleconomy such as agriculture, rural and urbandevelopment and mining also need to adoptmore efficient technologies to enable the nationto cope with climate change.
Strategies
a) Create a policy framework that will improveaccess to and promote uptake of cleaner andmore efficient technologies across alleconomic sectors.
b) Support research and development oftechnologies in all relevant sectors to mitigateand adapt to climate change.
4.2. Climate Change Education,Communication and PublicAwareness
The countries that are parties to the UNFCCChave accepted certain responsibilities containedin Article 6 of the Convention which includeimplementing education, awareness and trainingon climate change at the national and sub-national levels. At the international level, eachmember of the Conference of Parties issupposed to cooperate and promote thedevelopment and exchange of educational andpublic awareness materials on climate changeand its effects. It is also tasked with thedevelopment and implementation of educationaland training programmes including thestrengthening of national institutions and theexchange or secondment of personnel to trainexperts in climate change.
58 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Zimbabwe has started participating in UNFCCCArticle 6 activities. This is seen by its inclusion ofa chapter on climate change education, trainingand public awareness in its National SecondCommunication to the UNFCCC. Severalworkshops were organized, especially between2009 and 2012, aimed at addressing the issueof education, awareness and training. To further,these activities, Government has tasked theMinistry of Environment, Water and Climate withoverseeing most of the activities related toclimate change including the coordination ofeducation, awareness and training. This NationalResponse Strategy is therefore an important stepin fulfilling the aims and objectives of Article 6 ofthe UNFCCC.
4.2.1. Climate Change Education andTraining
Education is a powerful vehicle for imparting newideas, especially to young people. The aim ofusing education to carry the climate changemessages is to create a new generation of youthwhose behaviour will be climate changecompliant. As stated in Section 1.2, Zimbabwehas almost achieved universal primary educationin line with Millennium Development Goal 2. Itsnetwork of schools is so extensive that mostyoung persons can be reached through theformal education system. Thus, all school goingchildren at primary level could receive climatechange education to create the sustainablebehavioural change needed to adapt to and tomitigate climate change.
There has been a general view that the contentof the curricula used in both primary andsecondary schools does not adequately addressclimate change. This is because climate changehas been taught as a small component of the
curriculum in such subjects as Social Studies,Environmental Studies and Agriculture atPrimary Level; and Geography, Agriculture andCivic Education at Secondary Level.
In response to this deficiency the Ministry ofEnvironment, Water and Climate has engagedthe Ministry of Primary and Secondary Educationto develop new curricula and materials forprimary and secondary schools that strengthenexisting teaching materials on climate change. Itis expected that when fully developed, thematerials in the new curricula can be used fromthe early childhood development level up to ‘A’-Level.
So far a new Early Childhood Developmentsyllabus has been developed and started to beimplemented in 2014. Climate change issues,such as weather are included under themathematics and science and social sciencessections. At Primary Level a new Agriculturesyllabus taught from Grade 4 to 7 has beendeveloped that includes climate change issues.The syllabus began being implemented in 2014.The Environmental Science syllabus that istaught at Grades 6 and 7 also includes someclimate change issues.
Syllabi at secondary level still need to bereviewed and revised to make climate changeissues more explicit. Even in those syllabi whereclimate change has been incorporated there isstill more to be done especially on adaptationissues and local impacts of climate change.Once all the new curricula are in place, theyshould be consistently monitored, evaluated andupdated to keep up with global trends.
The tertiary education sector is made up ofteacher training colleges, agricultural trainingcolleges, polytechnic colleges and universities.Currently, the teacher training colleges cover
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 59
SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers
SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers
climate change issues as part of the carriersubjects which their graduates then teach atprimary and secondary schools. As a result, thesame weaknesses pointed out under primaryand secondary school curricula also apply to theteacher training colleges in that the coursecontent on climate change is not broad enoughand will need enhancement. The colleges willneed to review the content of the carrier subjectssuch as Geography, Environmental Science,Physics and Civil Education and integrateclimate change. The syllabus for agriculturalcolleges will also need to be reviewed.
There will be need for in-service training forthose teachers already produced by thesecolleges so that their foundation on climatechange issues can be strengthened. This alsoapplies to national extension officers (e.g.Agricultural Extension, EnvironmentalManagement Agency), agro-service providers,and Civil Society Organizations personnel toenable them to implement action plans forclimate change adaptation with communities.
Regarding universities, each university has itsown policy on what subjects to offer. Climatechange is taught as part of Geography andEnvironmental Studies or of Atmospheric Studiesthat include Meteorology and Climatology or ismainstreamed into other courses in thedisciplines of Crop, Animal, Soil Sciences andAgricultural Economics at most Zimbabweanuniversities. Thus a situational analysis of whataspects of climate change are included in thesecurricula should be carried out as a starting point.
Currently there are no fora for informal teachingof climate change issues. The out-of-schoolyouths and vulnerable groups such as women,children and the disabled are not being reachedby the formal climate change education. There is
need to develop educational materials and tocreate fora where the material is delivered tothese groups. The materials should be based onindigenous knowledge infused with technicalinformation and should be translated into asmany local languages as possible. They shouldbe delivered using different modes ofcommunication including drama, road shows andmass media.
Strategies
a) Enhance the teaching and learning of climatechange at all levels of education (formal andinformal).
b) Provide relevant training on climate changeissues for educators and practitioners workingwith communities.
4.2.2 Public Awareness-raising andCommunication
The Zimbabwean public is aware of climatechange and the need to adapt to it. There is needto turn this awareness and to translate it intoaction. The central pillar of raising publicawareness should be measured by behaviouralchange.
There is a need to develop climate changecommunication strategies based on or aroundthe following themes: the public’s understandingof and knowledge about climate change and itsperceived causes; access to climate changeinformation; the ability to develop and use localindicators to predict climate change as well ascurrent and projected coping strategies andadaptation measures to climate change.
Several communication strategies need to beused to raise public awareness on climatechange. These include use of posters and
60 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
pamphlets written in simple language that thepublic can understand and relate to. Use ofdrama on both radio and television as well as inroad shows should be encouraged.
Prominent public figures in both government andthe private sector should also be used at everyopportunity to address the climate changeissues. This should include role models for theyouth as well as musicians. This way the climatechange messages will reach a wide and variedaudience. Traditional and community opinionleaders should be used in promoting climatechange messages especially on issues ofmitigation and adaptation. Churches should bebrought on board as part of the communicationstrategy for raising public awareness on climatechange.
Programmes targeted at out-of-school youthsalso need to be developed. Other vulnerable
groups such as people with disabilities need tobe engaged through their representativeassociations. In all these actions sight must notbe lost of existing indigenous knowledgesystems. These should be incorporated as muchas possible when raising public awareness.
Strategies
a) Implement a communication strategy forraising awareness on climate change.
b) Promote and strengthen stakeholderawareness on adaptation to and mitigation ofclimate change.
c) Encourage sharing of information andnetworking on climate change issues at local,regional and international levels.
d) Communicate climate change messagesincorporating indigenous knowledge systems.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 61
SECTION 4: Strategy Enablers
SectionClimate Change Governance
55.1 Climate Change
Governance andInstitutional Framework
Climate change is an issue that has impacts atglobal, regional, national and local levels (seeSection 2). Therefore its governance should beconsidered and mainstreamed at national,provincial, district and community levels in bothurban and rural settings. There are severalinstitutions that have different mandates that maydirectly or indirectly impact on climategovernance. In addition, there are sectoral lawsand policies that inform the climate changegovernance but they are not coordinated and attimes are in conflict.
5.1.1 Climate Change Governance
Climate change has created urgency in thepromotion of good governance at national levelespecially in the context of adaptation anddevelopment. Its governance is informed by theprinciples of decentralization and autonomy;accountability and transparency; responsivenessand flexibility; and participation and inclusion. It is important to include communities in decisionmaking as they are most vulnerable to climateshocks and extreme weather events and shouldbe involved in monitoring and evaluation of both
climate change and any interventions to mitigateor adapt to climate change.
At the heart of climate change governance arealso issues of equity, human rights, gender andpoverty reduction. Effective climate changegovernance takes into account risks andopportunities that are offered by climate change.There is however, need for a shift in approachwhen dealing with climate change becausealthough it is addressed in international andregional agreements it is both an environmentaland development issue. Parties to the UNFCCCare required to promote and cooperate inscientific, technological, technical and socio-economic research on climate change.
Climate change issues should generally bemainstreamed into all sectors; however, inZimbabwe, they have not yet beenmainstreamed into sectors that include land-useplanning, agriculture, natural resourcemanagement, industry, energy and transport.Thus, there is generally a limited supportiveenvironment to respond to climate change issuesat national level.
Climate change issues provide an opportunity forthe Government, local authorities, UN agenciesand development partners, civil societyorganizations and communities to work together.Currently there is limited coordination amongthese stakeholders.
62 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Local authorities (urban and rural) are bestpositioned to implement disaster riskmanagement and to mainstream climate changeadaptation. This includes increasing the abilitiesof communities to cope with consequences ofextreme weather conditions such as flooding,storms, droughts, heat waves and cold spells.Local authorities are also supposed to enforceby-laws on siting, design, quality and buildingstandards which are climate proofed (SeeSection 3.3.3).
Urban local authorities with the support ofrelevant institutions should collect data on GHGemissions and the ambient concentration of airpollutants in areas under their jurisdiction.However, they do not have infrastructure andequipment to monitor the level of thesepollutants. This means the required data is notbeing captured. Additionally, urban localauthorities do not have the capacity to provideinfrastructure and services; for land-usemanagement and for enforcing building by-lawsand approved standards, and in landsubdivisions. This results in poor delivery ofservices such as sanitation and drainagesystems; adequate clean and safe water andsolid waste collection. There is also limitedaccess to health, education and emergencyservices.
Rural District Councils have limited capacity toreduce exposure and to cope with consequencesof extreme weather conditions such as flooding,storms, droughts, heat waves and cold spellsand their impacts on local communities.
Strategies
a) Mainstream climate change into urban andrural planning, infrastructure, investments andservice delivery.
5.1.2 Climate Change InstitutionalFramework
Climate change adaptation is intricately linkedwith disaster risk management. CurrentlyDisaster Risk Management and Rural and UrbanCouncils fall under the Ministry responsible forLocal Government, Public Works and NationalHousing, while climate change is the mandate ofthe Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate.However, they could both use the sameplatforms and coordination mechanisms. Forexample, the Department of Civil Protection(Disaster Risk Management) has decentralizedarrangements for coordinating National,Provincial, and Community-Level Disaster RiskManagement Initiatives. These structuralarrangements could be more beneficial to allstakeholders if they were also used by theclimate change governance institutions.
The Office of the President and Cabinet ispromoting the mainstreaming of climate changethrough the implementation of the ZimbabweAgenda for Sustainable Socio-EconomicTransformation (Zim Asset) economic blueprintwhile the Ministry of Finance is responsible fornational budgets.
There is need to instutionalize climate changeinto strategies, actions and budgets of climatesensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry,water, environmental management, fisheries,settlements, infrastructure, health and foodsecurity.
Strategies
a) Institutionalize the climate change responsegovernance framework at national, provincial,district and ward levels.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 63
SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance
SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance
5.2 Climate Change Policy andLegal Framework
Zimbabwe ratified the UNFCCC but has nostandalone climate change policy and legislation. It has also ratified multilateral environmentalagreements such as the Convention on theConservation of Biological Diversity and UnitedNations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD) in Africa. At the regional level, theSADC has developed the Climate ChangeAdaptation Strategy for the Water Sector. Anaddendum to the SADC Protocol on Gender andDevelopment is being negotiated to take intoconsideration climate change and its genderedimpacts. The legal instruments are supposed tobe aligned with national laws and policies.
Climate change issues are covered by variousuncoordinated sectoral policies, strategies andaction plans. These policies include the NationalPolicy and Programme on Drought Mitigation;the Draft Disaster Risk Management Policy andStrategy; the Second Science, Technology andInnovation Policy 2012; the Water Policy, the
Agriculture Marketing and Pricing Policy and theSmall, Micro and Medium Enterprises Policy.
The ZIM Asset 2013-2018 recognises that theagro-economy in Zimbabwe is being affected byclimate change and has identified a ClimateChange Policy as a cluster output for the keyresult areas on policy and legislation andenvironmental management. There is need forZimbabwe to be prepared for climate changethrough adopting a policy framework that isaligned to international and regional agreementsand informed by local scenarios.
Strategies
a) Enact an enabling policy environment forclimate change response.
5.3 Framework for ClimateGovernance
The Framework for climate change governanceis given in Figure 15.
64 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 65
SECTION 5: Climate Change Governance
Figure 15: Proposed Climate Change Governance Framework
SectionAction Plan, Implementation Framework andResource Mobilization
66.1 Action Plan
Action Plans for the strategies that include:actions, indicative time frame, lead agency,cooperating agencies, potential sources forresource mobilization and estimated costs aregiven in Annex 1. These were generated bystakeholders during several consultativeworkshops with representatives of governmentministries; private sector; academia; researchinstitutions; vulnerable groups and civil society.A summary of the estimated costs is given inTable 6.1 and amounts to almost 10 billion UnitedStates dollars. The Actions will be implementedover 10 years.
6.2 Resource Mobilization
Climate finance has been a key topic ininternational climate negotiations especiallyunder the UNFCCC, resulting in a significantcommitment by developed countries to increasethe flow of climate finance to developingcountries to US$100 billion per year by 2020.The major aim of climate financing is to advanceaction on low-carbon, climate-resilientdevelopment.
Significant financial resources will need to beallocated by the Zimbabwe Government treasuryand contributed by the private sector as well asbe mobilized from international climate funds;
bilateral donor and international agencies;carbon markets; foreign direct investment andloans from international, regional and local banksto implement the Action Plans proposed in thisNational Climate Change Response Strategy.
The most important multilateral sources ofclimate financing at the international level are theWorld Bank’s carbon funds, the GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF), the AfricanDevelopment Bank (AfDB), African SustainableForestry Fund, the UNFCCC’s Adaptation Fund,and the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean DevelopmentMechanism. The Green Climate Fund, which isa financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, isexpected to be a major source of climate financeas it will support projects, programmes, policiesand other activities in developing country Parties.
Unfortunately, Zimbabwe has not been able totake full advantage of these funds in the past,due to several reasons that include lack ofcapacity and lack of accredited financialinstitutions. For example by June 2013, 10 SADC countries had in total receivedUS$964.19 million from these climate funds but Zimbabwe’s share of the funds was only 0.7 per cent. It has received modest fundingfrom, for example, multilateral organizations(such as UNDP, UNICEF, UNEP; GEF; GEFSmall Grants Programme and FAO);international organizations (such as the GlobalWater Partnership); regional organizations (e.g.
66 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 67
SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization
Table 6.1. Summary of estimated costs to implement the Action Plans for Zimbabwe’s Climate Change Response Strategy.
No Sector Amount USD (million)
1. Air Pollution 134
2. Water Resources 3,158
3. Land Use and Land Use Change 91
4. Biodiversity 74
5. Agriculture 2,386
6. Industry and Commerce 528
7. Mining 312
8. Tourism 252
9. Energy 262
10. Transport 1,071
11. Disaster Risk Management and Human Settlements 519
12. Waste Management 231
13. Health 52
14. Gender; People Living With HIV and AIDS and other Vulnerable groups 25
15. Children and Youth 32
16. Capacity Building 45
17. Role of Meteorological Services 23
18. Technology Transfer 574
19. Climate Change Education 15
20. Public Awareness 15
21. Climate Change Governance 88
Overall Total 9,887
SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization
COMESA); private organizations (such as the Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst); andresearch funding organizations (e.g. IDRC andDFID). However, most of the climate finance hascome from the Government Treasury through thepublic sector investment programme.
Another international funding programme thatcan provide significant climate financing is theUN Sustainable Energy for All that aims to attainuniversal access to energy for all by 2030. Thisis a window which Zimbabwe can utilize sincethe government has already endorsed theprocess.
Private sector carbon funding is also potentiallya major source of climate financing which has notbeen fully developed in Zimbabwe. There is needfor government to put in place polices andincentive mechanisms for attracting privatesector participation in carbon financing.
The recent advances in the development of thereduced emissions from deforestation and forestdegradation (REDD+) mechanism providesopportunities for Zimbabwe to mobilize financialresources for sustainable forest managementand conservation of its tree and forestresources. The country has the potential to setaside over 14 million hectares of forests forREDD+. The pilot Kariba REDD project currentlycovers over 700,000 hectares with more than 50million Certified Emission Reduction units. Thecountry needs to develop the appropriateinstitutional framework to be able to takeadvantage of these opportunities.
Foundations such as the World Wildlife Fund,Peace Parks Foundation, IUCN, KelloggFoundation, Ford Foundation, FrankfurtZoological Society, Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation are the larger among manyfoundations that support Sustainable ForestManagement in the region.
Thus there are sectors that are likely to beaffected by climate change and some whereopportunities for low carbon development maypresent themselves. Each sector will thereforehave specific and particular needs and will needto develop climate change related projects.There will be need for capacity building andestablishment of sector-by- sector guidance toenable them to develop viable projects that canattract finance from a diversity of sources. Therewill also be need to build capacity to considerZimbabwe’s options for raising the climatefinance necessary for realizing proposed actionsto respond to climate change and to turn ideasinto actions on the ground.
There are CDM mitigation opportunities inenergy, manufacturing, mining, agriculture,waste management and transport whichZimbabwe has not yet taken up. Zimbabweneeds to establish a designated nationalauthority (DNA), an organization grantedresponsibility by a UNFCCC Party to authorizeand approve participation in CDM projects. Thiscould be assigned to the Department of ClimateManagement. The main task of the DNA is toassess potential CDM projects to determinewhether they will assist Zimbabwe in achievingits sustainable development goals and to providea letter of approval to project participants in CDMprojects. Zimbabwe will need to develop apractical CDM Implementation Strategy includinghuman and technical requirements.
The government has provided for theestablishment of an Environment Fund under theEnvironmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27]that is supposed to be capitalized throughbudgetary allocations, environmental levies,carbon tax and donations. The fund is expectedto provide support through grants and loans tolocal authorities; climate change adaptation andmitigation activities; environmental extension;
68 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
research, training and technology transfer;rehabilitation of degraded areas and environ-mental awareness programmes. Although thefund is not yet fully operational, it provides a legalinstitutional framework for mobilizing climatefinance for the country.
The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climatewill need to be accredited to be able to accessthe global Adaptation Fund. Such accreditationrequires the Ministry to meet fiduciary standardsfor accurate and regular recording of transactionand balances; efficient management anddisbursement of funds in a timely manner andforward looking plans and budgets. Thus therewill be need to strengthen the fiduciarymanagement capacity for climate finance morebroadly at sub-national level, includingbudgeting, accounting, internal controls, fundflow, financial reporting and external audits.
In addition the country also has other funds thatcontribute to climate financing. These include theWater Fund, the Rural Electrification Fund andthe Zimbabwe Energy Fund, a multi donor trustfund set up initially to support development ofenergy infrastructure in Zimbabwe, but is beingexpanded to include energy access for the poor.
6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation of the Climate ChangeResponse Strategy is essential to:
l check if the implementation is proceeding asplanned;
l assess the impacts of implementing theResponse Strategy in the short, medium andlong term and to determine whether theactions are contributing to the objectives ofthe Strategy;
l if necessary to redirect actions to newsituations that have arisen duringimplementation;
l ensure visibility of technical and financialcontributions to climate change;
l ensure that when tackling adaptation andclimate risk management priority actions areimplemented; and
l take account of emerging issues, challengesand trends as well as results of globalnegotiations under the UNFCCC.
Monitoring will need to be done through periodicreports by the Department of ClimateManagement in the Ministry responsible forEnvironment, Water and Climate. Each lineMinistry could also put in place a monitoring andevaluation system that tracks climate changeprojects. These could input into the Departmentof Climate Management’s report. ZIMSTAT couldalso play a role as a source of informationcontributing to socio-economic analysis and asa potential central repository of climateinformation in Zimbabwe.
There will be need to establish a TechnicalMonitoring Committee to follow up theimplementation of the Strategy. Zimbabwe’sClimate Change Response Strategy’s progressshould be reviewed after every 5 years.
There will be need for research to inform policyand action. The Technical Monitoring Committeecould set the research agenda and ensure thatthe research findings inform decision making andreach extension agents including civil societyorganizations.
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 69
SECTION 6: Action Plan, Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilization
Anne
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Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 71
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72 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
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0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 73
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.1
Clim
ate Change Issues Associated with Air Pollution
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
ASS
OC
IATE
D W
ITH
AIR
PO
LLU
TIO
N
THEM
EA
ir Po
llutio
n
STR
ATEG
Y d)
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t pol
icie
s an
d re
gula
tory
fram
ewor
ks th
at re
stric
t rel
ease
of s
hort
-live
d cl
imat
e po
lluta
nts.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
5 Indi
cativ
eTi
me
Fram
eLe
ad
Age
ncy
Co-
oper
atin
g A
genc
ies
Pote
ntia
l Sou
rce
for
Res
ourc
es M
obili
satio
n Es
timat
edC
osts
D1
Ban
open
-bur
ning
of m
unic
ipal
sol
id w
aste
and
fiel
dbu
rnin
g of
agr
icul
tura
l was
te.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
Loca
lAu
thor
ities
and
EMA
MLG
PWN
H;
MH
CC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury
USD
1 m
illion
D2
Stre
ngth
en th
e en
forc
emen
t of t
he F
ire M
anag
emen
tSt
rate
gy.
Shor
t ter
mEM
AZi
mpa
rks;
For
estry
Com
mis
sion
; Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s;Tr
aditi
onal
lead
ers;
AG
RIT
EX;
CSO
s; Z
RP;
farm
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury
USD
2 m
illion
D3
Con
side
r joi
ning
org
aniz
atio
ns th
at a
im to
redu
ce s
hort-
lived
clim
ate
pollu
tant
s su
ch a
s th
e C
limat
e an
d C
lean
Air C
oalit
ion
to R
educ
e Sh
ort-L
ived
Clim
ate
Pollu
tant
s.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
CM
FAU
NEP
USD
100
000
5Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
74 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
Wat
er R
esou
rces
Ava
ilabi
lity
Issu
es
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Res
ourc
es A
vaila
bilit
y
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
and
inte
nsify
mon
itorin
g ne
twor
ks fo
r hyd
ro-m
eteo
rolo
gica
l par
amet
ers.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
6 Indi
cativ
eTi
me
Fram
eLe
ad
Age
ncy
Co-
oper
atin
g A
genc
ies
Pote
ntia
l Sou
rce
for
Res
ourc
es M
obili
satio
n Es
timat
edC
osts
A1Es
tabl
ish
and
mai
ntai
n hy
dro-
met
eoro
logi
cal s
tatio
nsco
nsis
tent
with
Wor
ld M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Org
aniz
atio
nre
com
men
datio
ns.
Med
ium
-long
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A an
dM
eteo
rolo
gic
al S
ervi
ces
Dep
artm
ent)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Tr
ansb
ound
ary
Riv
er B
asin
Org
aniz
atio
ns; S
ADC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
USD
5 m
illion
A2R
ehab
ilitat
e an
d m
aint
ain
dysf
unct
iona
l hyd
ro-
met
eoro
logy
sta
tions
.Sh
ort t
om
ediu
m te
rmM
EWC
(ZIN
WA
and
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Ser
vice
sD
epar
tmen
t)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Tr
ansb
ound
ary
Riv
er B
asin
Org
aniz
atio
ns; S
ADC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
USD
7.5
milli
on
A3R
ehab
ilitat
e an
d m
aint
ain
grou
ndw
ater
mon
itorin
gst
atio
ns.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)D
DF;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
; EM
A
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
USD
10
milli
on
6Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 75
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Res
ourc
es A
vaila
bilit
y
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Con
duct
mor
e fr
eque
nt y
ield
ass
essm
ents
of s
urfa
ce a
nd g
roun
dwat
er re
sour
ces.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
7 Indi
cativ
eTi
me
Fram
eLe
ad
Age
ncy
Co-
oper
atin
g A
genc
ies
Pote
ntia
l Sou
rce
for
Res
ourc
es M
obili
satio
n Es
timat
edC
osts
B1Bu
ild c
apac
ity (e
quip
men
t, hu
man
reso
urce
s an
din
form
atio
n) fo
r car
ryin
g ou
t yie
ld a
sses
smen
ts o
f wat
erre
sour
ces.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)D
DF;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; E
MA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
USD
1 m
illion
B2C
ondu
ct s
ilt s
urve
ys o
f dam
s an
d se
dim
ent
inve
stig
atio
ns.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)D
DF;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; E
MA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
USD
5 m
illion
B3C
ondu
ct c
ompr
ehen
sive
yie
ld a
sses
smen
ts o
f sur
face
and
grou
ndw
ater
sou
rces
.M
ediu
m to
long
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)D
DF;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; E
MA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
USD
5 m
illion
7Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
76 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Res
ourc
es A
vaila
bilit
y
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Pro
mot
e w
ater
use
effi
cien
cy in
all
sect
ors.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
8 Indi
cativ
eTi
me
Fram
eLe
ad
Age
ncy
Co-
oper
atin
g A
genc
ies
Pote
ntia
l Sou
rce
for
Res
ourc
es M
obili
satio
n Es
timat
edC
osts
C1
Inve
st in
mod
ern
and
effic
ient
wat
er u
se a
nd d
istri
butio
nte
chno
logi
es.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rmM
EWC
(ZIN
WA)
M
AMID
, Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s;M
IC; M
F; S
ecto
rre
pres
enta
tives
; EM
A;C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
and
Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
alFi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
50
milli
on
C2
Con
duct
edu
catio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns o
nbe
nefit
s of
mor
e ef
ficie
nt a
ppro
ache
s to
wat
er u
se,
incl
udin
g re
usin
g w
ater
.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
(ZIN
WA,
EMA)
MAM
ID; M
PSE,
MH
CC
, MF;
MIC
; MYI
EE; M
WAG
CD
;C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
Sec
tor
repr
esen
tativ
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
alFi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
2.5
milli
on
8Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 77
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
Wat
er D
evel
opm
ent I
ssue
s
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Dev
elop
men
t Iss
ues
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
, reh
abili
tate
, mai
ntai
n an
d pr
otec
t sur
face
and
gro
undw
ater
reso
urce
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
9 Indi
cativ
eTi
me
Fram
eLe
ad
Age
ncy
Co-
oper
atin
g A
genc
ies
Pote
ntia
l Sou
rce
for
Res
ourc
es M
obili
satio
n Es
timat
edC
osts
A1R
ehab
ilitat
e ex
istin
g st
orag
e an
d di
strib
utio
nin
frast
ruct
ure.
Shor
t ter
m to
long
term
M
EWC
(ZIN
WA)
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
DD
F;
MF;
Dev
elop
men
tal P
artn
ers;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es;
UN
Agen
cies
; SAD
C; M
ulti-
Don
orFu
nds;
Loc
al F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
1 b
illion
A2C
ompl
ete
dam
s un
der c
onst
ruct
ion
and
deve
lop
grou
ndw
ater
sou
rces
.Sh
ort t
o lo
ngte
rmM
EWC
(ZIN
WA)
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
DD
F;
MF;
Dev
elop
men
tal P
artn
ers;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; S
ADC
; Mul
ti-D
onor
Fund
s; L
ocal
Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; PPP
s
Surf
ace
wat
erU
SD 1
billi
on
Gro
und
wat
erU
SD 2
50 m
illion
A3C
onst
ruct
inte
r-cat
chm
ent t
rans
fer i
nfra
stru
ctur
e.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rmM
EWC
(ZIN
WA)
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
DD
F;
MF;
Dev
elop
men
tal P
artn
ers;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; S
ADC
; Mul
ti-D
onor
Fund
s; L
ocal
Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; PP
Ps
USD
500
milli
on
A4R
eviv
e th
e po
licy
of o
ne m
ediu
m d
am p
er P
rovi
nce
per
year
.Sh
ort-t
erm
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; M
F;D
evel
opm
enta
l Par
tner
s;C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
and
Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; S
ADC
; Mul
ti-D
onor
Fund
s; L
ocal
Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; PPP
s
USD
5 m
illion
9Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
78 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Dev
elop
men
t Iss
ues
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Inve
st in
man
agem
ent o
f effe
cts
of e
xtre
me
even
ts.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
10In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
r R
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1R
evis
it en
gine
erin
g gu
idel
ines
on
optim
um d
esig
ns in
light
of a
ntic
ipat
ed in
crea
se in
ext
rem
e ev
ents
.Sh
ort t
om
ediu
m te
rmM
EWC
(ZIN
WA)
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces
Dep
artm
ent;
Zim
babw
eIn
stitu
tion
of E
ngin
eers
;En
gine
erin
g C
ounc
il of
Zim
babw
e; M
IC; M
F; S
ADC
;C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
and
Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury
USD
250
,000
B2C
onst
ruct
floo
d co
ntro
l stru
ctur
es s
uch
as d
ams,
dyk
es,
culv
erts
etc
.M
ediu
m to
long
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
sD
epar
tmen
t; Zi
mba
bwe
Inst
itutio
n of
Eng
inee
rs,
Engi
neer
ing
Cou
ncil
ofZi
mba
bwe;
MF;
MTI
D; D
DF
SAD
C; C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
and
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; S
ADC
;M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
alFi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; PP
Ps
USD
250
milli
on
B3R
aise
aw
aren
ess
on e
xtre
me
even
ts.
Shor
t ter
mM
LGPW
NH
(Dep
artm
ent
of C
ivil
Prot
ectio
n)
MEW
C; M
F; M
TID
; MH
A;
MD
; Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils a
nd
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;SA
DC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; U
N A
genc
ies;
SAD
C;
Mul
ti-D
onor
Fun
ds; L
ocal
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
USD
2.5
milli
on
10Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 79
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
Wat
er M
anag
emen
t Iss
ues
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Man
agem
ent I
ssue
s
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
stak
ehol
der i
nstit
utio
ns in
wat
er re
sour
ces
man
agem
ent.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
11In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
r R
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1St
reng
then
the
Wat
er N
atio
nal A
ctio
n C
omm
ittee
and
its
subc
omm
ittee
s.Sh
ort t
erm
MEW
C
Loca
l aut
horit
ies;
MAM
ID;
MF;
MM
MD
; MEP
D;
MW
AGC
D; M
HC
C; M
IC;
SAD
C;
WAC
DEP
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
C
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Lo
cal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
1 m
illion
A2St
reng
then
Cat
chm
ent a
nd S
ub-c
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
.Sh
ort t
erm
MEW
C
WAC
DEP
; Glo
bal W
ater
Partn
ersh
ip S
outh
ern
Afric
a;Zi
mba
bwe
Wat
er P
artn
ersh
ip
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
C
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Lo
cal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
5 m
illion
11Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
80 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Man
agem
ent I
ssue
s
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Pro
mot
e m
ore
effic
ient
wat
er u
se p
ract
ices
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
12In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
r R
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1Pr
omot
e w
ater
dem
and
man
agem
ent.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; Sub
-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils; L
ocal
Auth
oriti
es; D
DF;
MAM
ID
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Lo
cal f
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
1 b
illion
B2Pr
omot
e ra
inw
ater
har
vest
ing.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C
ZIN
WA;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; M
AMID
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Lo
cal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
500
,000
B3Id
entif
y an
d su
ppor
t dem
onst
ratio
n pr
ojec
ts.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C(Z
INW
A)C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils;
UN
ICEF
; UN
DP;
WAC
DEP
;W
ater
and
Pow
er C
oope
ratio
n
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Lo
cal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
7 m
illion
12Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 81
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Man
agem
ent I
ssue
s
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Pro
mot
e ca
tchm
ent p
rote
ctio
n.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
13In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
r R
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
C1
Enfo
rce
exis
ting
legi
slat
ion.
Ong
oing
MEW
C(E
MA)
ZIN
WA;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; M
AMID
;M
MM
D; M
HA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es,;
UN
Agen
cies
; Mul
ti-D
onor
Fun
ds;
Loca
l Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
100
,000
C2
Impl
emen
t cat
chm
ent p
rote
ctio
n m
easu
res
(e.g
. silt
traps
, ver
tiver
gra
ss, c
onto
ur ri
dges
, sus
tain
able
tilla
gete
chni
ques
).
Ong
oing
MEW
C(E
MA)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;M
AMID
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es; U
NAg
enci
es; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Lo
cal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
20
milli
on
C3
Dis
cour
age
unco
ntro
lled
allu
vial
min
ing
alon
g riv
ers.
Ong
oing
MEW
C(E
MA)
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
MM
MD
;M
HA,
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;ZI
NW
A
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oope
ratin
g Ag
enci
es;
UN
Agen
cies
; Mul
ti-D
onor
Fun
ds;
Loca
l Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
3.5
milli
on
C4
Con
trol d
isch
arge
of w
aste
s an
d se
dim
ents
into
sur
face
and
grou
ndw
ater
sys
tem
s.O
ngoi
ngM
EWC
(EM
A)Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; Z
INW
A;C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils;
MAM
ID; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; MIC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
;U
N A
genc
ies;
Mul
ti-D
onor
Fun
ds;
Loca
l Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
5 m
illion
13Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
82 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.2
Clim
ate Change Issues for the Water Sector
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E IS
SUES
FO
R T
HE
WAT
ER S
ECTO
R
THEM
EW
ater
Man
agem
ent I
ssue
s
STR
ATEG
Y d)
Ado
pt d
ata
anal
ysis
and
pre
dict
ion
tool
s th
at in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
14In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
D1
Prom
ote
rese
arch
on
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
inth
e w
ater
sec
tor.
Shor
t to
long
term
M
EWC
(ZIN
WA,
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Serv
ices
Dep
artm
ent)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; R
iver
Basi
n O
rgan
isat
ions
;W
ACD
EP; S
ADC
; EM
A;R
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
al F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
10
milli
on
D2
Prom
ote
rese
arch
and
adv
ance
men
t of a
ppro
pria
te to
ols
to fa
cilit
ate
effic
ient
wat
er m
anag
emen
t.Sh
ort t
o lo
ngte
rmM
EWC
(ZIN
WA,
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Serv
ices
Dep
artm
ent)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; R
iver
Basi
n O
rgan
isat
ions
;W
ACD
EP; S
ADC
; EM
A; R
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
al F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
10
milli
on
D3
Set u
p m
echa
nism
s to
inco
rpor
ate
Indi
geno
usKn
owle
dge
Syst
ems
in p
redi
ctio
n of
clim
ate
chan
geim
pact
s.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C(M
eteo
rolo
gica
lSe
rvic
esD
epar
tmen
t)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
Sub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; R
iver
Basi
n O
rgan
isat
ions
;W
ACD
EP; S
ADC
; EM
A
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
al F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
500
,000
D4
Dev
elop
dat
a sh
arin
g an
d in
form
atio
n ex
chan
gest
rate
gies
at a
ll le
vels
.Sh
ort t
o lo
ngte
rmM
EWC
ZI
NW
A; M
eteo
rolo
gica
lSe
rvic
es D
epar
tmen
t; EM
A;C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
and
Su
b-ca
tchm
ent C
ounc
ils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; Loc
al F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
500
,000
14Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 83
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.3
Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)
ASP
ECT
LAN
D-U
SE A
ND
LA
ND
-USE
-CH
AN
GE
AN
D F
OR
ESTR
Y
THEM
ELa
nd-u
se a
nd L
and-
use-
chan
ge
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
and
enf
orce
pol
icie
s th
at re
gula
te c
hang
e fr
om o
ne la
nd-u
se to
ano
ther
, esp
ecia
lly c
lear
ance
of f
ores
ts a
nd w
oodl
ands
to o
ther
land
-use
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
15In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
r R
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1R
evie
w a
nd h
arm
onis
e th
e ex
istin
g la
ws
and
regu
latio
nson
land
-use
.Sh
ort t
erm
MEW
C
MLR
R;
MLG
PWN
H; M
AMID
;M
JLPA
; EM
A; F
C; T
imbe
rPr
oduc
ers
Fede
ratio
n
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
ND
P; F
AOU
SD 2
50,0
00
A2R
evie
w n
atio
nal l
and-
use
cate
gorie
s to
take
in to
acco
unt f
ores
try a
s a
viab
le la
nd-u
se.
Shor
t ter
mM
LGPW
NH
MAM
ID; M
EWC
; Uni
vers
ities
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
ND
P; F
AOU
SD 1
50,0
00
A3D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent a
land
and
land
-use
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent s
yste
m to
cap
ture
and
mon
itor l
and-
use
chan
ges.
Shor
t ter
mM
LGPW
NH
(Dep
artm
ent
of S
urve
yor
Gen
eral
)
MAM
ID ;
MEW
C (F
ores
tryC
omm
issi
on, E
MA)
Tim
ber
Prod
ucer
s Fe
dera
tion;
MIC
TPC
S, U
nive
rsiti
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Wor
ldBa
nk; F
AO; U
NEP
; Wor
ld B
ank;
AfD
B
USD
13
milli
on
A4R
evis
e th
e Fo
rest
-bas
ed L
and
Ref
orm
Pol
icy
toin
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
miti
gatio
nst
rate
gies
.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
(EM
Aan
d FC
)M
LRR
; M
LGPW
NH
(R
ural
Dis
trict
Cou
ncils
); M
JLPA
;Ti
mbe
r Pro
duce
rs F
eder
atio
n
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
ND
P; F
AOU
SD 1
50,0
00
15Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
84 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.3
Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)
Ada
ptat
ion
Opt
ions
in th
e Fo
rest
ry S
ecto
r
ASP
ECT
LAN
D-U
SE A
ND
LA
ND
-USE
-CH
AN
GE
AN
D F
OR
ESTR
Y
THEM
EA
dapt
atio
n O
ptio
ns in
the
Fore
stry
Sec
tor
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Pro
mot
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f lan
d-us
e pl
ans
at d
istr
ict,
war
d, v
illag
e an
d fa
rm m
anag
emen
t lev
els
that
cle
arly
iden
tify
fore
stry
as
a re
cogn
ized
land
-use
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
16In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
r R
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1D
esig
n la
nd-u
se p
lans
that
inco
rpor
ate
fore
stry
.Sh
ort t
erm
MLR
RM
LGPW
NH
; MAM
ID; F
ores
tryC
omm
issi
on; E
MA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;W
orld
Ban
k; A
fDB;
SAD
CU
SD 2
milli
on
A2C
reat
e aw
aren
ess
amon
g th
e st
akeh
olde
rs o
n th
e ro
leof
fore
sts
and
woo
dlan
ds in
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
nan
d m
itiga
tion.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
(For
estry
Com
mis
sion
,Ti
mbe
rPr
oduc
ers
Fede
ratio
n)
MAM
ID; M
PSE;
MIC
TPC
S; M
MIB
S;EM
A;C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
;C
arbo
n of
f set
ting
proj
ects
; GEF
;G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s
USD
500
,000
A3Pr
omot
e liv
elih
ood
enha
ncem
ent a
ctiv
ities
that
redu
ceru
ral p
eopl
e’s
relia
nce
on fo
rest
s an
d fo
rest
pro
duct
s.Sh
ort t
erm
FC; M
AMID
MW
AGC
D; M
YIEE
;M
LGPW
NH
(R
DC
s);
MSM
ECD
; CSO
s; U
NAg
enci
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; P
PPs;
Wor
ld B
ank;
AfD
B;C
arbo
n of
f set
ting
proj
ects
; GEF
;G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s
USD
10
milli
on
16Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 85
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.3
Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)
ASP
ECT
LAN
D-U
SE A
ND
LA
ND
-USE
-CH
AN
GE
AN
D F
OR
ESTR
Y
THEM
EA
dapt
atio
n O
ptio
ns in
the
Fore
stry
Sec
tor
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Str
engt
hen
rese
arch
, pla
nnin
g an
d fin
anci
al s
uppo
rt to
fore
stry
and
nat
ural
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t, to
dev
elop
cos
t effe
ctiv
e ad
apta
tion
optio
ns.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
17In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1Es
tabl
ish
ecol
ogic
al m
onito
ring
site
s to
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
for a
dapt
ive
tree
and
fore
st m
anag
emen
t. M
ediu
m te
rmFo
rest
ryC
omm
issi
onM
EWC
; MAM
ID (
DR
&SS)
;M
LGPW
NH
(RD
Cs)
; EM
A;Ti
mbe
r Pro
duce
rs F
eder
atio
n;U
nive
rsiti
es; C
SOs;
UN
Agen
cies
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
EP;
CIF
OR
; Car
bon
off s
ettin
gpr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s
USD
2.5
milli
on
B2Pr
omot
e br
eedi
ng o
f tre
es th
at a
re a
dapt
ed to
the
chan
ged
clim
ate.
Long
term
Fore
stry
Com
mis
sion
MAM
ID (D
R&S
S); I
CR
AF;
Uni
vers
ities
; Tim
ber P
rodu
cers
Fede
ratio
n; C
IFO
R
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
CIF
OR
;C
arbo
n of
f set
ting
proj
ects
; GEF
;G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s
USD
10
milli
on
B3Pr
ovid
e gu
idel
ines
for s
ite-s
peci
es m
atch
ing
espe
cial
lyfo
r pla
ntat
ion
spec
ies
in re
latio
n to
gro
und
wat
er u
se.
Shor
t ter
mFo
rest
ryC
omm
issi
onM
AMID
(DR
&SS)
; Uni
vers
ities
;EM
A; T
imbe
r Pro
duce
rsFe
dera
tion
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury
USD
250
,000
B4Pr
omot
e ch
ange
s in
fore
st a
nd m
anag
emen
t/si
lvic
ultu
ral p
ract
ices
suc
h as
the
time
and
patte
rn o
fpl
antin
g, w
ater
ing
and
the
appl
icat
ion
of fe
rtiliz
er in
resp
onse
to th
e ch
ange
d cl
imat
e.
Med
ium
term
Fore
stry
Com
mis
sion
MAM
ID (A
GR
ITEX
);U
nive
rsiti
es; T
imbe
r Pro
duce
rsFe
dera
tion
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury
USD
1 m
illion
17Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
86 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.3
Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)
ASP
ECT
LAN
D-U
SE A
ND
LA
ND
-USE
-CH
AN
GE
AN
D F
OR
ESTR
Y
THEM
EA
dapt
atio
n O
ptio
ns in
the
Fore
stry
Sec
tor
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Bui
ld c
apac
ity fo
r for
est m
anag
emen
t in
a ch
angi
ng c
limat
e.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
18In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
C1
Stre
ngth
en e
duca
tion,
trai
ning
and
ext
ensi
on in
fore
stry
and
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion.
Shor
t ter
mFo
rest
ryC
omm
issi
onEM
A, M
LGPW
NH
; Tim
ber
Indu
stry
; Zi
mpa
rks;
Far
mer
s;M
PSE
and
MH
TEST
D
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
CO
MES
A; F
AO; U
NES
CO
USD
10
milli
on
C2
Build
the
capa
city
of e
xten
sion
age
ncie
s to
pro
mot
etre
es a
nd fo
rest
man
agem
ent f
or c
limat
e ch
ange
adap
tatio
n an
d m
itiga
tion.
Shor
t ter
mFo
rest
ryC
omm
issi
onM
AMID
, Uni
vers
ities
; IC
RAF
;Ag
ricul
tura
l Col
lege
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; C
IFO
R;
GIZ
; FAO
USD
3 m
illion
C3
Prom
ote
use
of in
dige
nous
kno
wle
dge
in fo
rest
rym
anag
emen
t.Sh
ort t
erm
Fore
stry
Com
mis
sion
RD
Cs;
MAM
ID; T
radi
tiona
lLe
ader
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; C
SOs
USD
500
,000
C4
Impr
ove
fire
man
agem
ent t
hrou
gh la
ndsc
ape
chan
gean
d pr
escr
ibed
bur
ning
.M
ediu
m te
rmEM
AFC
; Tim
ber P
rodu
cers
Fede
ratio
n; R
DC
s; M
AMID
;Zi
mpa
rks
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
N A
genc
ies;
CSO
sU
SD 5
milli
on
18Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 87
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.3
Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)
Miti
gatio
n O
ptio
ns in
the
Fore
stry
Sec
tor
ASP
ECT
LAN
D-U
SE A
ND
LA
ND
-USE
-CH
AN
GE
AN
D F
OR
ESTR
Y
THEM
EM
itiga
tion
thro
ugh
Inte
rnat
iona
l Car
bon
Enha
nce
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
nat
iona
l cap
acity
to d
esig
n, c
arbo
n pr
ojec
ts fo
r acc
essi
ng d
iffer
ent c
arbo
n fin
anci
ng m
echa
nism
s an
d to
impl
emen
t and
sup
port
the
proj
ects
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
19In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1Id
entif
y, m
ap a
nd s
et a
side
fore
st a
reas
and
oth
er la
nds
that
can
be
man
aged
for c
arbo
n m
itiga
tion
unde
rdi
ffere
nt s
chem
es.
Shor
t ter
mFo
rest
ryC
omm
issi
onW
WF;
CIF
OR
; Tim
ber
Prod
ucer
s Fe
dera
tion;
MLR
R(D
epar
tmen
t of S
urve
yor
Gen
eral
); M
LGPW
NH
; MAM
ID
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Car
bon
Offs
ettin
g Pr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
lC
limat
e Fu
nds
USD
800
,000
A2D
evel
op c
apac
ities
for m
easu
rem
ent,
repo
rting
and
verif
icat
ion
of (M
RV)
of c
arbo
n st
ocks
in fo
rest
s an
dot
her t
ree
land
scap
es.
Med
ium
term
Fore
stry
Com
mis
sion
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
-CIF
OR
,IC
RAF
; WW
F; U
nive
rsiti
es;
MAM
ID (D
R&S
S); T
imbe
rPr
oduc
ers
Fede
ratio
n
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
EP;
UN
DP;
Car
bon
Offs
ettin
gPr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s
USD
5 m
illion
A3Tr
ain
loca
l com
mun
ities
and
oth
er fo
rest
ow
ners
and
user
s in
mea
sure
men
t, re
porti
ng a
nd v
erifi
catio
n of
carb
on s
tock
s.
Shor
t ter
mFo
rest
ryC
omm
issi
onTi
mbe
r Pro
duce
rs F
eder
atio
n;W
WF;
EM
A; M
LGPW
NH
;M
AMID
; CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Car
bon
Offs
ettin
gPr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s; C
SOs
USD
2 m
illion
A4Bu
ild th
e ca
paci
ty o
f loc
al fi
nanc
ial i
nstit
utio
ns to
sup
port
and
man
age
carb
on fi
nanc
e tra
nsac
tions
.Sh
ort t
erm
MF
MEW
C (F
ores
try C
omm
issi
on)
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Af
DB-
Clim
ate
Inve
stm
ent F
und
USD
200
,000
A5D
evel
op c
apac
ity to
form
ulat
e an
d m
anag
e pr
ojec
ts th
atca
n ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of I
nter
natio
nal C
arbo
n Fi
nanc
e.Sh
ort t
erm
MEW
C
Fore
st C
omm
issi
on; E
MA;
MAM
ID; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
EP;
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
t Fun
d; F
AO;
UN
DP
USD
5 m
illion
19Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
88 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.3
Land-use and Land-use-change and Forestry (LULUCF)
ASP
ECT
LAN
D-U
SE A
ND
LA
ND
-USE
-CH
AN
GE
AN
D F
OR
ESTR
Y
THEM
EM
itiga
tion
in F
ores
try
thro
ugh
Loca
l Pro
gram
mes
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Mai
ntai
n, a
ccou
nt fo
r, an
d ex
pand
car
bon
sink
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
20In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1Pr
otec
t for
ests
and
pra
ctic
e af
fore
stat
ion,
agr
ofor
estry
and
othe
r pra
ctic
es th
at in
crea
se tr
ee a
nd fo
rest
cov
er.
Long
term
Fore
stry
Com
mis
sion
EMA;
MAM
ID; M
LGPW
NH
;Ti
mbe
r Pro
duce
rs F
eder
atio
n;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; IC
RAF
; WW
F;C
omm
uniti
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;C
arbo
n O
ffset
ting
Proj
ects
; GEF
;G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s
USD
10
milli
on
B2Pr
omot
e re
stor
atio
n an
d re
habi
litat
ion
of d
egra
ded
fore
stla
nds
to a
ddre
ss im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
ndde
serti
ficat
ion.
Long
term
Fore
stry
Com
mis
sion
EMA;
Tim
ber P
rodu
cers
Fede
ratio
n; M
AMID
;M
LGPW
NH
; Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
; FAO
; CSO
s;C
omm
uniti
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Car
bon
Offs
ettin
g Pr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
lC
limat
e Fu
nds;
Pay
men
t for
Envi
ronm
enta
l Ser
vice
s; U
NAg
enci
es
USD
10
milli
on
20Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 89
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.4
Biodiversity and Ecosystem
s
ASP
ECT
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY A
ND
EC
OSY
STEM
S
THEM
EB
iodi
vers
ity a
nd E
cosy
stem
s
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Pro
mot
e an
d st
reng
then
bio
dive
rsity
con
serv
atio
n m
anag
emen
t and
the
inte
grity
of n
atur
al e
cosy
stem
s by
usi
ng a
n ec
osys
tem
bas
ed
appr
oach
to a
dapt
to c
limat
e ch
ange
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
21In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1Pr
ovid
e an
ena
blin
g en
viro
nmen
t for
impl
emen
tatio
n of
inte
rnat
iona
l mul
tilat
eral
env
ironm
enta
l agr
eem
ents
,su
ch a
s th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
Bio
logi
cal D
iver
sity
to w
hich
Zim
babw
e is
a s
igna
tory
, by
stre
ngth
enin
g th
e le
gal a
ndin
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for c
onse
rvin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty a
ndpr
otec
ting
ecos
yste
ms.
Med
ium
term
MEW
C(D
epar
tmen
t of En
viro
nmen
tan
d N
atur
alR
esou
rces
)
Zim
park
s; F
C; E
MA;
MLG
PWN
H; Z
INW
A; A
ttorn
eyG
ener
al O
ffice
; M
MM
D; M
AMID
; MFA
; MTI
D;
MEP
D; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Oth
er In
tern
atio
nal
Don
ors
USD
500
,000
A2D
evel
op c
ompr
ehen
sive
bio
dive
rsity
inve
ntor
y, a
ndm
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n pr
ogra
mm
es to
det
erm
ine
the
stat
us o
f bio
dive
rsity
and
to a
sses
s th
e ad
aptiv
e ca
rryin
gca
paci
ty o
f lan
dsca
pes.
Long
term
MEW
C(Z
impa
rks,
FC
and
EM
A)
ZIN
WA;
MLG
PWN
H; M
AMID
;R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Oth
er In
tern
atio
nal
Don
ors
USD
5 m
illion
A3Pr
omot
e th
e su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
wet
land
s to
pre
serv
eth
eir e
colo
gica
l int
egrit
y.M
ediu
m te
rm
Med
ium
term
M
EWC
(E
MA)
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils; S
ub-
catc
hmen
t Cou
ncils
; MJL
PA;
MLG
PWN
H; M
AMID
; ZR
P;C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Mul
ti-D
onor
Fun
ds;
Oth
er In
tern
atio
nal D
onor
s
USD
5 m
illion
21Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
90 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.4
Biodiversity and Ecosystem
s
ASP
ECT
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY A
ND
EC
OSY
STEM
S
THEM
EB
iodi
vers
ity a
nd E
cosy
stem
s
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Pro
mot
e ap
prop
riate
clim
ate
smar
t lan
d-us
e op
tions
for t
he d
rier n
atur
al re
gion
s w
here
cat
tle p
rodu
ctio
n an
d w
ildlif
e ra
nchi
ng a
re
the
mos
t sui
tabl
e la
nd-u
se o
ptio
ns
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
22In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1Pr
omot
e w
ildlif
e m
anag
emen
t in
com
mun
al,
rese
ttlem
ent a
nd c
omm
erci
al fa
rms.
M
ediu
m te
rmM
EWC
(Zim
park
s)FC
; EM
A; M
LRR
;M
LGPW
NH
; MAM
ID; P
rivat
ese
ctor
; Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
;Fa
rmer
s; C
omm
uniti
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Oth
er D
onor
sU
SD 2
milli
on
B2Im
prov
e th
e ad
aptiv
e ca
rryin
g ca
paci
ty o
f ran
gela
nds.
Med
ium
term
MAM
IDM
EWC
, Zim
park
s; E
MA;
Com
mun
ities
; CSO
s; O
ther
rele
vant
aut
horit
ies
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Car
bon
Offs
ettin
gPr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s; O
ther
Inte
rnat
iona
lD
onor
s
USD
30
milli
on
B3St
reng
then
the
capa
city
of c
omm
uniti
es w
hose
livel
ihoo
ds d
epen
d on
bio
dive
rsity
in v
ario
us a
dapt
atio
nte
chni
ques
.
Long
term
MEW
C(D
epar
tmen
t of
Clim
ate
Man
agem
ent)
MAM
ID; D
epar
tmen
t of
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces;
EM
A; M
LGPW
NH
; CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Oth
er In
tern
atio
nal
Don
ors
USD
10
milli
on
22Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 91
1.N
ATU
RA
L SY
STEM
S
1.4
Biodiversity and Ecosystem
s
ASP
ECT
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY A
ND
EC
OSY
STEM
S
THEM
EB
iodi
vers
ity a
nd E
cosy
stem
s
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Str
engt
hen
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
Tra
ns-fr
ontie
r Con
serv
atio
n A
reas
as
a m
echa
nism
for s
usta
inab
le b
iodi
vers
ity c
onse
rvat
ion
and
clim
ate
adap
tatio
n.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
23In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
C1
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t a m
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
nsy
stem
to a
sses
s th
e ro
le a
nd e
ffect
iven
ess
of T
rans
-fro
ntie
r Con
serv
atio
n Ar
eas.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
(Zim
park
s)
FC; E
MA;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
; CSO
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; U
NAg
enci
es; O
ther
Don
ors
USD
500
,000
C2
Prom
ote
larg
e sc
ale
man
agem
ent o
f bio
dive
rsity
as
anad
apta
tion
mea
sure
to m
itiga
te th
e im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rmM
EWC
,(Z
impa
rks-
Tran
sfro
ntie
rM
anag
emen
tAr
eas
Man
agem
ent
Uni
t)
FC; E
MA;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
;C
AMPF
IRE
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; GEF
; Glo
bal C
limat
eFu
nds;
Oth
er D
onor
s
USD
1 m
illion
C3
Prom
ote
ente
rpris
e an
d ot
her o
ppor
tuni
ties
that
enh
ance
the
capa
city
of T
FCAs
as
a m
echa
nism
for c
limat
ead
apta
tion.
Long
term
MEW
C(Z
impa
rks
-Tr
ansf
ront
ier
Man
agem
ent
Area
sM
anag
emen
tU
nit
MTH
I; M
HA
(Imm
igra
tion)
;M
LGPW
NH
; Sec
urity
Sec
tors
;C
AMPF
IRE;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Car
bon
offs
ettin
g Pr
ojec
ts; G
EF; G
loba
lC
limat
e Fu
nds;
UN
Age
ncie
s;SA
DC
USD
20
milli
on
23Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
92 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
Ove
rarc
hing
Issu
es in
Agr
icul
ture
and
Foo
d Se
curit
y
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EO
vera
rchi
ng Is
sues
in A
gric
ultu
re a
nd F
ood
Secu
rity
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
fram
ewor
ks fo
r sus
tain
able
inte
nsifi
catio
n an
d co
mm
erci
aliz
atio
n of
agr
icul
ture
at d
iffer
ent s
cale
s ac
ross
agr
o-ec
olog
ies.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
24In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1M
echa
nize
agr
icul
ture
acr
oss
all f
arm
ing
syst
ems
and
prod
uctio
n sc
ales
to e
nabl
e as
sim
ilatio
n of
impr
oved
prod
uctio
n an
d pr
oces
sing
tech
nolo
gies
(e.g
.ap
prop
riate
form
s of
Con
serv
atio
n Ag
ricul
ture
and
Inte
grat
ed S
oil F
ertil
ity M
anag
emen
t) fo
r sus
tain
able
inte
nsifi
catio
n of
farm
ing
syst
ems.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rmM
AMID
MEW
C; U
nive
rsiti
es; P
rivat
eSe
ed a
nd F
ertil
izer
Com
pani
es; F
arm
erO
rgan
izat
ions
; CSO
s;Ba
nks/
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
;R
egio
nal O
rgan
izat
ions
;D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
; EU
; Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers;
Loc
al, r
egio
nal a
ndIn
tern
atio
nal F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns; C
OM
ESA
USD
1.2
billi
on(re
volv
ing
fund
)
A2St
reng
then
cap
acity
of l
ocal
, pro
vinc
ial a
nd n
atio
nal
inst
itutio
ns to
wor
k w
ith c
omm
uniti
es in
dev
elop
ing
mec
hani
sms
for e
nhan
cing
loca
l soc
ial s
afet
y ne
tsar
ound
food
sec
urity
and
nat
ural
reso
urce
sm
anag
emen
t in
resp
onse
to c
hang
es in
maj
or c
limat
icfa
ctor
s.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
IDM
EWC
; CSO
s; P
rivat
e Ag
ro-
Com
pani
es; I
nsur
ance
and
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
; Loc
alAu
thor
ities
; Far
mer
s’ U
nion
san
d As
soci
atio
ns; U
nive
rsiti
es;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Res
earc
hO
rgan
izat
ions
; SAD
C;
CO
MES
A
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
; EU
; Oth
er d
onor
age
ncie
s; L
ocal
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
; Reg
iona
lan
d In
tern
atio
nal D
evel
opm
ent
Org
aniz
atio
ns
USD
5 m
illion
A3D
evel
op m
echa
nism
s fo
r red
irect
ing
and
coor
dina
ting
hum
anita
rian
assi
stan
ce to
war
ds d
evel
opin
g m
ediu
m to
long
term
ada
ptiv
e ca
paci
ty a
nd s
treng
then
ing
self-
relia
nce
of c
omm
uniti
es.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
IDC
SOs;
Priv
ate
com
pani
es;
Farm
er O
rgan
izat
ions
; MEW
C;
MSM
ECD
; MW
AGC
D; M
YIEE
;M
LGPW
NH
; M
PSLS
W
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
WFP
;O
ther
Rel
evan
t Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Agen
cies
; Oth
er D
onor
Agen
cies
; Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
2 m
illion
24Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 93
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EO
vera
rchi
ng Is
sues
in A
gric
ultu
re a
nd F
ood
Secu
rity
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Str
engt
hen
capa
city
to g
ener
ate
new
form
s of
em
piric
al k
now
ledg
e, te
chno
logi
es a
nd a
gric
ultu
ral s
uppo
rt s
ervi
ces
that
mee
t em
ergi
ng d
evel
opm
ent
chal
leng
es a
risin
g fr
om in
crea
sed
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd v
aria
bilit
y.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
25In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1D
evel
op fr
amew
orks
for p
rom
otin
g lo
ng-te
rmre
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent i
nitia
tives
on
dive
rsifi
catio
n an
d im
prov
emen
t of
stre
ss to
lera
nce
agai
nst c
limat
ic a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal f
acto
rs in
cro
psan
d liv
esto
ck.
Shor
t to
long
term
MAM
IDPr
ivat
e se
ed a
nd fe
rtiliz
er c
ompa
nies
;Fa
rmer
Org
aniz
atio
ns, C
SOs;
AR
C;
RC
Z; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; M
HTE
STD
;SI
RD
C; R
egio
nal R
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
ns; C
IMM
YT; I
CR
ISAT
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;Ba
nks/
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; RC
Z
USD
10
milli
on
B2Id
entif
y an
d pr
omot
e fa
rmer
prio
ritiz
ed c
rop
type
san
d va
rietie
s an
d liv
esto
ck b
reed
s kn
own
to b
eto
lera
nt to
clim
atic
stre
ss b
ased
on
indi
geno
uskn
owle
dge
syst
ems
and/
or s
cien
tific
rese
arch
.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
Uni
vers
ities
; CSO
s; C
BOs;
Priv
ate
Agro
-C
ompa
nies
; Ins
uran
ce a
nd F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns; M
SMEC
D; M
WAG
CD
;M
YIEE
; Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s; F
arm
ers’
Uni
ons
and
Ass
ocia
tions
; Int
erna
tiona
lR
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; I
nter
natio
nal
Foun
datio
ns: F
AO; D
onor
Agen
cies
; Int
erna
tiona
l and
Loca
l Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
10
milli
on
B3In
trodu
ce c
ompe
titiv
e na
tiona
l res
earc
h fu
ndin
gsc
hem
es a
nd s
treng
then
rese
arch
cap
acity
tost
imul
ate
inno
vativ
e so
lutio
ns a
nd g
ener
atio
n of
empi
rical
evi
denc
e in
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
nan
d m
itiga
tion
in a
gric
ultu
re.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MH
TEST
D;
Agric
ultu
ral
Res
earc
hC
ounc
il
Uni
vers
ities
; CSO
s; C
BOs;
Priv
ate
Agro
-C
ompa
nies
; Ins
uran
ce a
nd F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns; M
F; M
EWC
; MYI
EE;
Farm
ers’
Uni
ons
and
Ass
ocia
tions
; RC
Z;In
tern
atio
nal R
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
ns;
SAD
C; C
OM
ESA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; I
nter
natio
nal
Foun
datio
ns; F
AO; E
U; O
ther
Don
or A
genc
ies;
Inte
rnat
iona
lFi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
15
milli
on
B4Pr
omot
e cl
imat
e sm
art a
gric
ultu
re.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
IDM
EWC
; ZIN
WA;
Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s;Tr
aditi
onal
Lea
ders
hip
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
ting
Agen
cies
; UN
Age
ncie
s; M
ulti-
Don
or F
unds
; C
OM
ESA;
Loca
l fin
anci
al in
stitu
tions
USD
1 m
illion
25Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
94 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EO
vera
rchi
ng Is
sues
in A
gric
ultu
re a
nd F
ood
Secu
rity
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Str
engt
hen
early
war
ning
sys
tem
s on
cro
ppin
g se
ason
qua
lity,
rang
elan
ds c
ondi
tions
, dro
ught
s, fl
oods
, dis
ease
/pes
t out
brea
ks a
nd w
ildlif
e m
ovem
ent i
n or
der
to e
nhan
ce fa
rmer
pre
pare
dnes
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
26In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
C1
Con
duct
ass
essm
ents
of v
ulne
rabi
lity
and
adap
tive
capa
city
of c
omm
uniti
es, a
nd th
eir r
elat
ive
dyna
mic
s ac
ross
the
rura
l-urb
an d
ivid
e,
agro
-eco
logi
cal z
ones
and
soc
ial g
roup
s.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
MEW
C; U
nive
rsiti
es; M
PSE;
MH
CC
;M
LGPW
NH
(Dep
artm
ent o
f Civ
ilPr
otec
tion)
; Reg
iona
l and
Inte
rnat
iona
lR
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
ns; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;FA
O
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NEP
; UN
ICEF
; Oth
erU
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
onor
Agen
cies
USD
2 m
illion
C2
Esta
blis
h su
rvei
llanc
e sy
stem
s fo
r int
ra- a
nd in
ter-
seas
onal
vul
nera
bilit
ies
of c
omm
uniti
es, a
gric
ultu
ral
inpu
t sup
ply
patte
rns
and
mov
emen
t of s
urpl
uses
.
Med
ium
term
MAM
IDU
nive
rsiti
es; F
ood
and
Nut
ritio
n C
ounc
il of
Zim
babw
e; S
IRD
C; M
PSE;
MH
CC
;R
egio
nal a
nd In
tern
atio
nal R
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
ns;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Rel
evan
tU
N a
genc
ies
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NEP
; UN
ICEF
; Oth
erU
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
onor
Agen
cies
USD
2.5
milli
on
C3
Dev
elop
fram
ewor
ks fo
r int
egra
tion
of in
dige
nous
know
ledg
e in
to s
cien
ce-b
ased
ear
ly w
arni
ngsy
stem
s to
enh
ance
dec
isio
n m
akin
g on
agr
icul
tura
lm
anag
emen
t and
dis
aste
r ris
k m
anag
emen
t.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
Uni
vers
ities
; MPS
E; M
EWC
; Reg
iona
l an
d In
tern
atio
nal R
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
n;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Rel
evan
t UN
age
ncie
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NEP
; UN
ICEF
; FAO
;O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s; O
ther
Don
or A
genc
ies
USD
500
,000
C4
Rev
iew
and
est
ablis
h ef
fect
ive
com
mun
icat
ion
path
way
s fo
r clim
ate
info
rmat
ion
flow
s an
dkn
owle
dge
diss
emin
atio
n.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
ID;
MEW
C
Uni
vers
ities
; MPS
E; M
MIB
S; M
ICTP
CS;
Farm
ers’
Uni
ons
and
Asso
ciat
ions
; Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NEP
; UN
ICEF
; FAO
;O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s; O
ther
Don
or A
genc
ies
USD
2 m
illion
26Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 95
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
Them
atic
Issu
es a
nd P
ropo
sed
Stra
tegi
es fo
r the
Agr
icul
tura
l Sec
tor
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EFa
rmin
g Sy
stem
s
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
fram
ewor
ks fo
r sup
port
ing
agric
ultu
ral s
peci
aliz
atio
n ac
cord
ing
to a
gro-
ecol
ogic
al re
gion
s, in
clud
ing
mec
hani
sms
for c
omm
odity
exc
hang
e, tr
ade
and
mar
ketin
g.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
27In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1St
reng
then
cap
acity
to re
view
the
delin
eatio
n of
Zim
babw
e’s
agro
-eco
logi
cal z
ones
and
the
mat
chin
g fa
rmin
g sy
stem
s to
enh
ance
dyn
amic
resp
onse
s to
em
ergi
ng c
limat
ic s
cena
rios.
On
goin
gM
AMID
,M
EWC
Uni
vers
ities
; Priv
ate
Sect
or; R
elev
ant U
NAg
enci
esG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; U
ND
P;FA
O; O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s; E
U;
Oth
er D
onor
Age
ncie
s;Fi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
2.5
milli
on
A2Es
tabl
ish
surv
eilla
nce
sche
mes
on
how
pro
duct
ion
and
mar
ketin
g sy
stem
s re
spon
d to
clim
atic
pres
sure
s w
ithin
and
acr
oss
agro
-eco
logi
cal z
ones
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
IDM
PSLS
W; M
IC; M
SMEC
D; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; F
arm
ers’
Uni
ons
and
Asso
ciat
ions
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
FAO
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
onor
Age
ncie
s;Fi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
2 m
illion
A3St
reng
then
inst
itutio
nal m
echa
nism
s fo
r mar
ket-
orie
nted
agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
ion
and
dive
rsifi
edliv
elih
ood
oppo
rtuni
ties
for f
arm
ing
com
mun
ities
toen
hanc
e th
eir a
dapt
ive
capa
city
and
fost
er s
ocio
-ec
olog
ical
resi
lienc
e.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rmM
AMID
Priv
ate
Seed
and
Fer
tiliz
er C
ompa
nies
;Fa
rmer
s’ O
rgan
izat
ions
; Mar
ketin
gBo
ards
; CSO
s; B
anks
/Fin
anci
alIn
stitu
tions
; MPS
LSW
; M
SMEC
D;
MYI
EE; M
WAG
CD
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
FAO
; GEF
; Oth
er U
NAg
enci
es; O
ther
Don
orAg
enci
es; F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
20
milli
on
27Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
96 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EC
rop
Prod
uctiv
ity
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
the
capa
city
of f
arm
ers,
ext
ensi
on a
genc
ies,
and
priv
ate
agro
-ser
vice
pro
vide
rs to
take
adv
anta
ge o
f cur
rent
and
em
ergi
ng in
dige
nous
and
sci
entif
ic
know
ledg
e on
str
ess
tole
rant
cro
p ty
pes
and
varie
ties,
incl
udin
g la
ndra
ces,
that
are
ada
ptab
le to
aris
ing
clim
atic
sce
nario
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
28In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1Es
tabl
ish
ince
ntiv
e st
ruct
ures
for p
rodu
ctio
n of
stre
ss to
lera
nt c
rop
type
s an
d va
rietie
s by
com
mun
ities
in m
argi
nal a
gro-
regi
ons.
Shor
t to
long
term
MAM
IDM
F; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; Fa
rmer
s’O
rgan
izat
ions
; C
SOs;
MH
TEST
D;
Uni
vers
ities
; M
WAG
CD
; MYI
EE;
Rel
evan
t Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Age
ncie
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; D
onor
Age
ncie
s an
dFi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
200
milli
on(R
evol
ving
Fund
)
A2Pr
omot
e co
mm
unity
see
d pr
oduc
tion
sche
mes
that
harn
ess
crop
div
ersi
ty.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
CSO
s; F
arm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns;
Trad
ition
al L
eade
rs; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; M
HTE
STD
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;G
EF; E
U; O
ther
Don
orAg
enci
es; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
5 m
illion
A3D
evel
op tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es fo
r pro
mot
ing
proc
essi
ng a
nd c
onsu
mpt
ion
of n
egle
cted
but
stre
ss to
lera
nt a
nd n
utrit
ious
cro
ps.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
IDU
nive
rsiti
es; C
SOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Farm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns; M
SMEC
D;
MW
AGC
D; M
YIEE
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; D
onor
Age
ncie
s;Fi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
2.5
milli
on
A4St
reng
then
cap
acity
for d
evel
opm
ent o
f new
food
reci
pes
and
indu
stria
l pro
duct
s us
ing
stre
ss to
lera
ntan
d tra
ditio
nal c
rops
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
ID;
MH
TEST
DR
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
MTH
I; M
SMEC
D;
MW
AGC
D; M
YIEE
CSO
s; F
ood
and
Nut
ritio
n C
ounc
il; F
arm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
n;U
nive
rsiti
es, T
echn
ical
Col
lege
s,H
ospi
talit
y an
d Fo
od In
dust
ries
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; D
onor
Age
ncie
s;Fi
nanc
ial I
nstit
utio
ns
USD
5 m
illion
28Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 97
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EC
rop
Prod
uctiv
ity
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Dev
elop
fram
ewor
ks fo
r pro
mot
ing
scie
nce-
base
d cr
op p
rodu
ctio
n an
d po
st h
arve
st te
chno
logi
es a
nd m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
29In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1St
reng
then
rese
arch
cap
acity
tow
ards
dev
elop
men
tof
sol
utio
ns a
nd in
nova
tions
in c
rop
impr
ovem
ent
and
ferti
lizer
dev
elop
men
t to
incr
ease
pro
duct
ivity
with
min
imal
GH
Gs
emis
sion
s.
Med
ium
term
MAM
IDAR
C; R
CZ;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Seed
and
Fer
tiliz
er C
ompa
nies
; Far
mer
s’O
rgan
izat
ions
; C
SOs;
Insu
ranc
eC
ompa
nies
; Reg
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;FA
O; E
U; O
ther
Don
ors;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
5 m
illion
B2D
esig
n an
d ev
alua
te a
ltern
ativ
e cr
oppi
ng s
yste
ms
that
per
form
und
er d
iffer
ent a
gron
omic
regi
mes
and
clim
atic
sce
nario
s an
d tra
nsfe
r to
farm
ers.
Long
term
MAM
IDR
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; M
HTE
STD
; CSO
s;C
BOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
arm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns; M
WAG
CD
; MYI
EE
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;EU
; D
onor
Age
ncie
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
50
milli
on
29Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
98 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
Live
stoc
k Pr
oduc
tion
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
ELi
vest
ock
Prod
uctio
n
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
the
capa
city
to id
entif
y an
d pr
omot
e ad
optio
n of
indi
geno
us a
nd im
prov
ed li
vest
ock
bree
ds th
at a
re to
lera
nt to
clim
ate
rela
ted
stre
sses
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
30In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1St
reng
then
sur
veilla
nce
syst
ems
for l
ives
tock
dise
ases
and
pro
duct
ion
perfo
rman
ce in
dica
tors
agai
nst c
hang
ing
clim
atic
and
eco
logi
cal v
aria
bles
.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Farm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns; M
EWC
; CSO
s;Ba
nks/
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
; Ins
uran
ceC
ompa
nies
; Reg
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;EU
; D
onor
Age
ncie
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
2 m
illion
A2D
evel
op fr
amew
orks
for p
rom
otin
g ef
fect
ive
rang
elan
d m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
s to
enh
ance
sust
aina
ble
prod
uctio
n an
d st
orag
e of
live
stoc
kfe
ed re
sour
ces.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
ARC
; C
SC; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Far
mer
s’ O
rgan
izat
ions
; MEW
C;
CSO
; Ban
ks/F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns;
Insu
ranc
e C
ompa
nies
; Reg
iona
lO
rgan
izat
ions
.
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;EU
; D
onor
Age
ncie
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
500
,000
A3St
reng
then
nat
iona
l res
earc
h an
d ex
tens
ion
capa
city
for l
ives
tock
impr
ovem
ent a
nd p
rodu
ctio
nin
resp
onse
to fa
rmer
s’ m
ediu
m to
long
-term
dem
ands
for a
dapt
atio
n.
Med
ium
-long
term
MAM
IDAR
C;
CSC
; RC
Z; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
arm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns;
MEW
C; C
SOs;
Ban
ks/F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns; I
nsur
ance
Com
pani
es;
Reg
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;EU
; D
onor
Age
ncie
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Fin
anci
al In
stitu
tions
USD
500
milli
on
30Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 99
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
ELi
vest
ock
Prod
uctio
n
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Est
ablis
h m
onito
ring
syst
ems
for g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
in a
gric
ultu
ral s
yste
ms
and
supp
ort m
echa
nism
s fo
r the
ir re
duct
ion.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
31In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
B1R
evie
w a
nd d
ocum
ent c
urre
nt le
vels
of g
aseo
usem
issi
ons
unde
r diff
eren
t liv
esto
ck m
anag
emen
tsy
stem
s in
the
coun
try.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Farm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns; M
EWC
; CSO
s;Ba
nks/
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
; Ins
uran
ceC
ompa
nies
; Reg
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;G
EF;
Don
or A
genc
ies;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
1 m
illion
B2Eq
uip
exte
nsio
n an
d re
sear
ch in
stitu
tions
with
tech
nolo
gies
and
ski
lls fo
r mon
itorin
g an
d an
alys
isof
gre
enho
use
gase
ous
emis
sion
s.
Med
ium
term
MAM
IDM
HTE
STD
; MEW
C; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;R
egio
nal R
esea
rch
Org
aniz
atio
nsG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; F
AO;
GEF
; U
NEP
; Don
or A
genc
ies;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
10
milli
on
B3Pr
omot
e lin
kage
s fo
r coo
rdin
atio
n of
info
rmat
ion
and
know
ledg
e sh
arin
g on
clim
ate
chan
gem
itiga
tion
in a
gric
ultu
re.
Shor
t ter
mM
AMID
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Farm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns; M
EWC
; CSO
s;Ba
nks/
Fina
ncia
l Ins
titut
ions
; Ins
uran
ceC
ompa
nies
; Reg
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;G
EF;
Don
or A
genc
ies;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
inan
cial
Inst
itutio
ns
USD
1 m
illion
31Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
100 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.1
Agriculture and Food Security
ASP
ECT
AG
RIC
ULT
UR
E A
ND
FO
OD
SEC
UR
ITY
THEM
EA
gric
ultu
re a
nd W
ater
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
natio
nal r
esea
rch
and
exte
nsio
n ca
paci
ty fo
r dev
elop
men
t and
inte
grat
ed m
anag
emen
t of a
gric
ultu
ral w
ater
reso
urce
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
32In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
Cos
ts
A1St
reng
then
cap
acity
for s
urve
illanc
e an
d pr
edic
tive
anal
ysis
of a
gric
ultu
ral w
ater
use
pat
tern
s ac
ross
tem
pora
l and
spa
tial s
cale
s.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C;
MAM
IDZI
NW
A; E
MA;
Cat
chm
ent
Cou
ncils
; Sub
-C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; MLG
PWN
H (
DD
F;R
ural
and
Urb
an C
ounc
ils);
Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
arm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns; R
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;W
orld
Ban
k; O
ther
Don
orAg
enci
es; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
2 m
illion
A2D
evel
op in
frast
ruct
ure
and
asso
ciat
ed te
chno
logi
esfo
r irri
gatio
n, b
ut in
tegr
atin
g m
echa
nism
s fo
rha
ndlin
g ex
cess
wat
er a
nd fl
oodi
ng.
Long
term
MEW
C;
MAM
IDZI
NW
A; E
MA;
Cat
chm
ent
Cou
ncils
; Sub
-C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; MLG
PWN
H (D
DF;
Rur
al a
nd U
rban
Cou
ncils
); R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; Far
mer
s’O
rgan
izat
ions
; RC
Z
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;W
orld
Ban
k; O
ther
Don
orAg
enci
es; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
500
milli
on
A3Es
tabl
ish
early
war
ning
sys
tem
s at
loca
l lev
els
tofa
cilit
ate
info
rmed
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g pr
oces
ses
atfa
rm a
nd c
omm
unity
sca
les
in re
spon
se to
clim
atic
risks
.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C;
MAM
IDZI
NW
A; E
MA;
Cat
chm
ent
Cou
ncils
; Sub
-C
atch
men
t Cou
ncils
; MLG
PWN
H (D
DF;
Rur
al a
nd U
rban
Cou
ncils
); R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; Far
mer
s’O
rgan
izat
ions
; RC
Z
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;W
orld
Ban
k; O
ther
Don
orAg
enci
es; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
2.5
milli
on
A4D
evel
op re
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent f
ram
ewor
ks to
gene
rate
and
pro
mot
e te
chni
cal a
nd in
stitu
tiona
lin
nova
tions
for w
ater
har
vest
ing
and
man
agem
ent
in c
rop
and
lives
tock
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MAM
IDM
EWC
; MLG
PWN
H (D
DF;
Rur
al a
ndU
rban
Cou
ncils
); R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; F
arm
ers’
Org
aniz
atio
ns;
RC
Z
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
FAO
;W
orld
Ban
k; O
ther
Don
orAg
enci
es; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
5 m
illion
32Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 101
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.2
Industry and Com
merce
ASP
ECT
IND
UST
RY A
ND
CO
MM
ERC
E
THEM
EIn
dust
ry a
nd C
omm
erce
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Intr
oduc
e po
licie
s th
at p
rom
ote
the
use
and
adop
tion
of c
lean
and
effi
cien
t ene
rgy
in in
dust
ry.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
33In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1R
evie
w, im
plem
ent a
nd m
onito
r em
issi
ons
and
efflu
ent s
tand
ards
for i
ndus
tries
.Sh
ort t
erm
MEW
C(E
MA)
MIC
; Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s; S
AZ; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; BC
SDZ;
Aca
dem
ic In
stitu
tions
;C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Envi
ronm
ent F
und
USD
1 m
illion
A2Es
tabl
ish
Asso
ciat
ions
/sub
com
mitt
ees
to re
view
and
impl
emen
t the
regu
latio
ns o
n em
issi
ons
and
tom
onito
r thr
ough
con
duct
ing
audi
ts.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
(EM
A)M
IC; C
ZI; Z
NC
C; M
SMEC
D; S
AZ;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; D
evel
opm
ent p
artn
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Envi
ronm
ent F
und
USD
250
000
A3C
ontin
ue to
intro
duce
pre
-pai
d m
eter
s fo
r ele
ctric
itysu
pply
in in
dust
ry.
Shor
t ter
mZE
SAM
IC; M
EPD
; ZES
A; M
EWC
; EM
A;SI
RD
C; U
nive
rsiti
es; N
SSA
ZESA
; PPP
sU
SD 2
milli
on
A4Pr
ovid
e in
cent
ives
suc
h as
tax
relie
f and
fina
ncin
gfo
r com
pani
es th
at in
vest
in te
chno
logi
es th
atre
duce
GH
G e
mis
sion
s fro
m th
eir p
rodu
ctio
npr
oces
ses.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MF
MIC
; M
SMEC
D; M
HTE
STD
; M
MM
D;
MEW
C;
EMA;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Glo
bal
Clim
ate
Fund
s; C
DM
; Ban
ks;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
100
milli
on
A5Es
tabl
ish
a re
volv
ing
fund
to a
cqui
re m
oder
nte
chno
logi
es th
at u
se c
lean
er e
nerg
y su
ch a
s so
lar
and
natu
ral g
as to
redu
ce e
mis
sion
s.
On-
goin
gM
ICM
F; M
EPD
; Priv
ate
Sect
orG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Glo
bal C
limat
eFu
nds;
CD
M
USD
50
milli
on
33Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
102 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.2
Industry and Com
merce
ASP
ECT
IND
UST
RY A
ND
CO
MM
ERC
E
THEM
EIn
dust
ry a
nd C
omm
erce
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Cre
ate
a po
licy
and
regu
lato
ry fr
amew
ork
that
pro
mot
es re
sour
ce u
se e
ffici
ency
and
cle
aner
pro
duct
ion
in in
dust
ry a
nd c
omm
erce
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
34In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Pr
ovid
e in
cent
ives
for i
ndus
tries
that
ado
ptre
sour
ce u
se e
ffici
ency
esp
ecia
lly o
f wat
er a
nden
ergy
and
cle
aner
pro
duct
ion.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MIC
MF;
MSM
ECD
; MEW
C; C
lean
erPr
oduc
tion
Cen
treG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Ind
ustri
alO
rgan
izat
ions
; UN
IDO
USD
100
milli
on(re
volv
ing
fund
)
B2En
cour
age
com
pani
es to
app
ly fo
r cer
tific
atio
n fo
rvo
lunt
ary
envi
ronm
enta
l man
agem
ent s
yste
ms
whi
ch re
quire
them
to c
ontin
uous
ly im
prov
e th
eir
envi
ronm
enta
l per
form
ance
.
MIC
MEW
C; M
SMEC
D; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;BC
SDZ;
SAZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Ban
ks;
CD
MU
SD 2
0 m
illion
B3Pr
omot
e th
e co
ncep
ts o
f rec
ycle
, red
uce
and
re-u
se o
f res
ourc
es.
On-
goin
gEM
A; M
ICBC
SDZ;
CZI
; ZN
CC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
orU
SD 5
milli
on
34Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 103
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.2
Industry and Com
merce
ASP
ECT
IND
UST
RY A
ND
CO
MM
ERC
E
THEM
EIn
dust
ry a
nd C
omm
erce
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Cre
ate
an e
nabl
ing
polic
y an
d le
gal f
ram
ewor
k th
at e
ncou
rage
s th
e se
tting
up
and
oper
atio
ns o
f clim
ate
resi
lient
indu
strie
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
35In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t pol
icie
s th
at e
ncou
rage
inve
stm
ent i
n cl
imat
e re
silie
nt in
dust
ries.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MIC
MEW
C; M
F; L
ocal
Aut
horit
ies;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
ZI; B
CSD
Z; Z
NC
CG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
USD
250
milli
on
35Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
104 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.3
Mining
ASP
ECT
MIN
ING
THEM
EM
inin
g
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
regu
lato
ry fr
amew
orks
to e
ncou
rage
em
issi
ons
redu
ctio
n an
d in
vest
in re
sour
ce e
ffici
ent t
echn
olog
ies.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
36In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1D
evel
op re
gula
tory
fram
ewor
ks to
ste
er th
e m
inin
gse
ctor
tow
ards
low
-car
bon
prod
uctio
n an
dpr
oces
sing
.
Shor
t to
long
term
M
MM
DC
ham
ber o
f Min
es; M
inin
g C
ompa
nies
;EM
A; M
F; M
HTE
STD
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
CD
M;
Min
ing
Com
pani
esU
SD 5
00,0
00
A2En
forc
e m
anda
tory
low
car
bon
min
ing
regu
latio
ns.
on-g
oing
MM
MD
EMA;
BC
SDZ;
Cha
mbe
r of M
ines
;M
inin
g C
ompa
nies
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Min
ing
Com
pani
esU
SD 1
milli
on
A3En
cour
age
com
pani
es to
mov
e to
war
ds lo
w c
arbo
npr
oduc
tion
and
proc
essi
ng th
roug
h pr
ovis
ion
ofm
eani
ngfu
l inc
entiv
es.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
MM
DM
F; E
MA;
CZI
; C
ham
ber o
f Min
esG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;
Min
ing
Com
pani
es;
AfD
B;Lo
cal B
anks
; CD
M
USD
200
milli
on
36Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 105
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.3
Mining
ASP
ECT
MIN
ING
THEM
EM
inin
g
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Enf
orce
and
mon
itor t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of m
anda
tory
and
vol
unta
ry e
nviro
nmen
tal m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
37In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1En
forc
e co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith a
ll m
inin
g an
d re
late
den
viro
nmen
tal l
egis
latio
n su
ch a
s En
viro
nmen
tal
Impa
ct A
sses
smen
ts, M
ine
Clo
sure
Pla
ns, D
isas
ter
Ris
k M
anag
emen
t.
Shor
t ter
m
MM
MD
;EM
AC
ham
ber o
f Min
es;
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
MLG
PWN
HEM
A; M
inin
g C
ompa
nies
USD
2.5
milli
on
B2Pr
omot
e th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of v
olun
tary
envi
ronm
enta
l man
agem
ent s
yste
ms
whi
ch a
ssis
tin
redu
cing
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s of
min
ing
onen
viro
nmen
tal r
esou
rces
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MM
MD
SAZ;
EM
A; M
F;C
ham
ber o
f Min
es;
Acad
emic
Inst
itutio
ns;
Cle
aner
Pro
duct
ion
Cen
tre
Min
ing
Com
pani
esU
SD 5
0 m
illion
(revo
lvin
g fu
nd)
37Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
106 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.3
Mining
ASP
ECT
MIN
ING
THEM
EM
inin
g
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Ado
pt p
ract
ices
that
redu
ce e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n in
the
min
ing
sect
or.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
38In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Inve
st in
cle
aner
ene
rgy
and
reso
urce
effi
cien
tte
chno
logi
es.
Shor
t to
long
term
M
MM
D;
MEP
D
MF;
Cha
mbe
r of M
ines
; Min
ing
Sect
orG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;C
DM
; Priv
ate
Sect
orU
SD 1
00 m
illion
C2
Stre
ngth
en re
sear
ch a
nd b
uild
ski
lls to
dev
elop
min
ing
tech
nolo
gies
with
a lo
w c
arbo
n fo
ot p
rint.
On-
goin
gM
MM
DSc
hool
of M
ines
;M
HTE
STD
; Ac
adem
ic I
nstit
utio
ns;
SIR
DC
;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
Min
ing
Com
pani
es;
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Ban
ks;
CD
M; U
NID
O
USD
5 m
illion
C3
Build
cap
acity
in th
e m
inin
g se
ctor
to e
xplo
itop
portu
nitie
s fo
r acc
essi
ng in
tern
atio
nal c
limat
ech
ange
miti
gatio
n fin
ance
.
On-
goin
gM
MM
DM
EWC
; Aca
dem
ic I
nstit
utio
ns; M
inin
gSe
ctor
; Cha
mbe
r of M
ines
CD
M; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; UN
DP;
UN
IDO
USD
500
000
38Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 107
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.3
Mining
ASP
ECT
MIN
ING
THEM
EM
inin
g
STR
ATEG
Y d)
Dev
elop
a fr
amew
ork
for e
nhan
cing
the
capa
city
of s
mal
l-sca
le m
iner
s to
impr
ove
thei
r env
ironm
enta
l per
form
ance
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
39In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
D1
Enfo
rce
legi
slat
ion
for s
mal
l-sca
le m
iner
s to
prac
tice
mor
e en
viro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
min
ing
met
hods
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MM
MD
EMA;
Cha
mbe
r of M
ines
; Min
ing
Com
pani
es; M
F; M
JLPA
; MH
TEST
DG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;
CD
M; M
inin
g C
ompa
nies
USD
2 m
illion
D2
Build
cap
acity
of s
mal
l-sca
le m
iner
s in
cle
aner
tech
nolo
gies
with
low
er c
arbo
n fo
otpr
ints
and
redu
ced
cont
amin
atio
n of
wat
er re
sour
ces.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MM
MD
MH
TEST
D; U
nive
rsiti
es; S
choo
l of
Min
es; S
IRD
C; E
MA;
Priv
ate
Sect
orG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;
Min
ing
Com
pani
es; B
anks
;C
DM
; UN
IDO
; Wor
ld B
ank
USD
20
milli
on
D3
Prov
ide
ince
ntiv
es fo
r sm
all-s
cale
min
ers
to in
vest
in c
lean
er te
chno
logi
es.
On-
goin
gM
MM
D; M
FM
EPD
; MIC
; Cha
mbe
r of M
ines
;M
inin
g Se
ctor
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
NID
O; C
DM
USD
20
milli
on
39Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
108 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.4
Tourism
ASP
ECT
TOU
RIS
M
THEM
ETo
uris
m
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Mai
nstr
eam
clim
ate
chan
ge in
to p
olic
ies
and
legi
slat
ion
that
gui
de th
e to
uris
m s
ecto
r.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
40In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1R
evie
w p
olic
ies
and
legi
slat
ion
that
are
rele
vant
toto
uris
m a
nd m
ains
tream
/inte
grat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
.Sh
ort t
erm
MTH
IPr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; ZTA
; ZC
T; Z
impa
rks;
HAZ
; MJL
PAG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;U
NW
TOU
SD 3
00,0
00
A2In
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
in th
e To
uris
m P
olic
yan
d To
uris
m M
aste
r Pla
n w
hich
gui
de th
e gr
owth
of
the
tour
ism
sec
tor.
Shor
t ter
mM
THI
Priv
ate
Sect
or; Z
TA; Z
CT;
Zim
park
s;H
AZG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; G
EFU
SD 2
00,0
00
40Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 109
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.4
Tourism
ASP
ECT
TOU
RIS
M
THEM
ETo
uris
m
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Pro
mot
e an
d st
reng
then
Zim
babw
e’s
tour
ism
sec
tor’s
resi
lienc
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
41In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1C
arry
out
rese
arch
and
doc
umen
tatio
n on
ext
rem
eev
ents
suc
h as
floo
ds a
nd d
roug
hts
that
thre
aten
tour
ism
pro
duct
s, in
clud
ing
wild
life,
esp
ecia
lly th
ela
rge
char
ism
atic
mam
mal
s; w
ater
bod
ies
for
fishi
ng a
nd o
ther
aqu
atic
recr
eatio
ns;
and
maj
orto
uris
t attr
actio
ns fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e Ea
ster
nH
ighl
ands
and
the
Vict
oria
Fal
ls.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
MTH
I; Z
impa
rks;
ZIN
WA;
EM
A;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
;N
MM
Z; R
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
N A
genc
ies
USD
500
,000
B2C
ontin
ue to
pro
mot
e ec
otou
rism
thro
ugh
crea
ting
com
mun
ity w
ildlif
e co
nser
vanc
ies
and
byst
reng
then
ing
the
tour
ism
and
wild
life
proj
ects
inth
e C
AMPF
IRE
area
s an
d en
sure
that
vul
nera
ble
com
mun
ity-b
ased
tour
ism
ent
erpr
ises
are
robu
sten
ough
to c
ope
with
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
of c
limat
ech
ange
.
Shor
t to
long
term
MTH
IM
EWC
; Zim
park
s; C
AMPF
IRE;
ZT
A; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; MLG
PWN
H;
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
; CSO
s; C
BOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Age
ncie
s; O
ther
inte
rnat
iona
l don
ors;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
100
milli
on
B3D
iver
sify
Zim
babw
e’s
tour
ism
pro
duct
s th
roug
hla
unch
ing
new
act
iviti
es, a
nd e
nhan
ce th
ose
that
are
ther
e, to
mak
e th
e to
uris
m e
xper
ienc
e in
Zim
babw
e m
ore
enjo
yabl
e, in
clud
ing
spor
ts,
busi
ness
, adv
entu
re, a
gric
ultu
ral,
cultu
ral t
ouris
m,
eco-
tour
ism
and
hos
ting
of m
ega-
even
ts.
Med
ium
term
MTH
IZT
A; Z
CT;
Zim
park
s; M
SAC
; M
IC;
MAM
ID; M
MIB
S; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
SA
DC
; UN
Age
ncie
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; PPP
s
USD
100
milli
on
41Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
110 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.4
Tourism
ASP
ECT
TOU
RIS
M
THEM
ETo
uris
m
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Bui
ld a
nd s
tren
gthe
n th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
tour
ism
and
wild
life
sect
ors
to a
dapt
to th
e ch
alle
nges
of c
limat
e ch
ange
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
42In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Stre
ngth
en th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
Zim
babw
e Pa
rks
and
Wild
life
Man
agem
ent A
utho
rity
to im
prov
ew
ildlif
e m
anag
emen
t and
con
serv
atio
n in
ach
angi
ng c
limat
e.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
EWC
(Zim
park
s)M
THI;
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Sect
or; P
SCG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;Zi
mpa
rks;
GEF
; UN
Age
ncie
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
30
milli
on
C2
Inve
st in
tour
ism
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t on
futu
ristic
tour
ism
pro
duct
s su
ch a
s vi
rtual
tour
ism
as a
n ad
apta
tion
to c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rm
MTH
IM
ICTP
CS;
ZTA
; M
HTE
STD
; Priv
ate
Sect
or; R
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
N A
genc
ies;
Glo
bal C
limat
eFu
nds;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
5 m
illion
42Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 111
2.EC
ON
OM
IC S
ECTO
RS
2.4
Tourism
ASP
ECT
TOU
RIS
M
THEM
ETo
uris
m
STR
ATEG
Y d)
Pro
mot
e m
itiga
tory
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
a lo
w c
arbo
n fo
otpr
int/e
mis
sion
and
sus
tain
able
gro
wth
and
dev
elop
men
t in
Zim
babw
e’s
tour
ism
sec
tor.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
43In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
D1
Car
ry o
ut s
trate
gic
rese
arch
on
GH
G e
mis
sion
sas
soci
ated
with
tour
ism
act
iviti
es (e
.g. i
n tra
nspo
rtan
d ac
com
mod
atio
n).
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
EWC
,(D
epar
tmen
ts
of C
limat
e an
dM
eteo
rolo
gica
lSe
rvic
es)
MTH
I; M
TID
; MEP
D; E
MA;
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
; RC
Z;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; U
NEP
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Glo
bal
Clim
ate
Fund
s; U
N A
genc
ies
USD
2 m
illion
D2
Dev
elop
app
ropr
iate
stra
tegi
es a
gain
st th
e sp
ill-ov
er e
ffect
s of
pos
sibl
e m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s in
the
inte
rnat
iona
l avi
atio
n in
dust
ry b
y pr
omot
ing
dom
estic
and
regi
onal
tour
ism
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
THI (
ZTA)
ZCT;
MFA
; MIC
; Priv
ate
Sect
orG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; G
loba
lC
limat
e Fu
nds;
UN
Age
ncie
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
3.6
milli
on
D3
Enga
ge in
‘Gre
en T
ouris
m’ a
nd c
reat
e in
cent
ives
that
will
enco
urag
e st
akeh
olde
rs in
the
tour
ism
indu
stry
to a
dopt
cle
an e
nerg
y so
urce
s an
d to
max
imiz
e re
cycl
ing
and
reus
e of
was
te a
ndpr
omot
e Zi
mba
bwe
as a
gre
en d
estin
atio
n.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rm
MTH
I (ZT
A)M
EPD
; MEW
C; E
MA;
Loc
alAu
thor
ities
; ZC
T; Z
impa
rks;
CSO
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; G
loba
lC
limat
e Fu
nds;
UN
Age
ncie
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
10
milli
on
43Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
112 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.1
Energy
ASP
ECT
PHYS
ICA
L A
ND
SO
CIA
L IN
FRA
-STR
UC
TUR
E
THEM
EEn
ergy
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Intr
oduc
e po
licie
s an
d re
gula
tory
fram
ewor
ks fo
r ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y, e
nerg
y co
nser
vatio
n an
d en
ergy
effi
cien
cy.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
44In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1In
trodu
ce a
Ren
ewab
le E
nerg
y, E
nerg
yC
onse
rvat
ion
and
Ener
gy E
ffici
ency
Pol
icy
with
time-
defin
ed ta
rget
s fo
r ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y m
ix a
ndca
rbon
inte
nsiti
es fo
r the
ene
rgy
sect
or.
Shor
t ter
m
MEP
DZE
SA; M
LGPW
NH
; MF;
MAM
ID;
MEW
C; M
HTE
STD
; MTI
D; C
SOs
EU; D
FID
; Hiv
os; E
lect
ricity
Levy
USD
20
milli
on
A2D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent i
ncen
tives
aim
ed a
tpr
omot
ing
and
redu
cing
cos
ts o
f Ren
ewab
leEn
ergy
suc
h as
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y fe
ed-in
tarif
fs,
net m
eter
ing,
sub
sidi
es a
nd ta
x re
dem
ptio
ns to
mak
e re
new
able
ene
rgy
tech
nolo
gies
affo
rdab
le.
Shor
t ter
m
MEP
DZE
SA; I
ndep
ende
nt P
ower
Prod
ucer
s; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;M
LGPW
NH
; MF;
CSO
s
ZER
A; W
orld
Ban
k; G
EF;
Rur
al E
lect
rific
atio
n Fu
ndU
SD 5
0 m
illion
A3En
act t
he R
ural
and
Ren
ewab
le E
nerg
y Ac
t as
pres
crib
ed b
y th
e En
ergy
Pol
icy
of 2
012.
Shor
t ter
m
MEP
DZE
SA; M
LGPW
NH
; MF;
MAM
ID;
MEW
C; M
JLPA
Rur
al E
lect
rific
atio
n Fu
nd;
CO
MES
A; U
NID
O; U
ND
PU
SD 2
00 0
00
A4In
trodu
ce re
gula
tions
that
enf
orce
the
use
of s
olar
wat
er g
eyse
rs a
nd u
se o
f pas
sive
hea
ting
on a
llne
w h
ousi
ng d
evel
opm
ents
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
EPD
MLG
PWN
H; L
ocal
Aut
horit
ies;
MF;
MAM
ID; M
EWC
; MH
TEST
D;
MJL
PA
UN
IDO
; UN
DP;
UN
Hab
itat;
GEF
; DFI
D; E
U; W
orld
Ban
k;Af
DB
USD
10
milli
on
44Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 113
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.1
Energy
ASP
ECT
PHYS
ICA
L A
ND
SO
CIA
L IN
FRA
-STR
UC
TUR
E
THEM
EEn
ergy
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Str
engt
hen
ener
gy p
lann
ing,
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
45In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Es
tabl
ish
a N
atio
nal I
nteg
rate
d R
esou
rce
Plan
that
show
s th
e re
new
able
ene
rgy
and
conv
entio
nal
ener
gy m
ix to
mee
t the
cou
ntry
’s e
nerg
y ne
eds.
Shor
t ter
m
MEP
DM
LGPW
NH
; MF;
MAM
ID;
MEW
C; M
HTE
STD
; CSO
sU
NID
O; U
ND
P; C
OM
ESA;
EU
;D
FID
USD
500
,000
B2Es
tabl
ish
an in
form
atio
n sy
stem
with
in th
e M
inis
tryof
Ene
rgy
and
Pow
er D
evel
opm
ent t
hat i
s a
stra
tegi
c to
ol fo
r inv
estm
ent d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
and
optim
al e
nerg
y re
sour
ce m
ix a
t lea
st c
ost.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEP
D a
ndZI
MST
ATZE
SA; M
LGPW
NH
; MF;
MAM
ID;
MEW
C; M
ICTP
CS;
CSO
sU
NID
O; O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s;C
OM
ESA;
EU
, DFI
DU
SD 1
milli
on
B3Pr
omot
e re
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent i
n th
ere
new
able
ene
rgy
sect
or.
On-
goin
gM
EPD
;M
HTE
STD
MLG
PWN
H; M
F; M
AMID
;M
EWC
; CSO
s; R
CZ
UN
IDO
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
CO
MES
A; E
U; D
FID
USD
10
milli
on
B4Es
tabl
ish
an E
nerg
y R
esea
rch
Cou
ncil
and
anEn
ergy
Res
earc
h Fu
nd.
Shor
t ter
m
MH
TEST
DM
EPD
; R
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Rur
alEl
ectri
ficat
ion
Fund
USD
20
milli
on
45Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
114 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.1
Energy
ASP
ECT
PHYS
ICA
L A
ND
SO
CIA
L IN
FRA
-STR
UC
TUR
E
THEM
EEn
ergy
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Pro
mot
e lo
w c
arbo
n en
ergy
pro
visi
on a
nd u
se.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
46In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Red
uce
trans
mis
sion
line
loss
es a
nd p
rom
ote
dem
and
side
man
agem
ent a
nd e
nerg
y sa
ving
tech
nolo
gies
at p
ower
sta
tions
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
EPD
ZESA
; MF;
MEW
C; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; M
HTE
STD
; SIR
DC
Wor
ld B
ank;
GEF
; UN
IDO
;U
ND
P; A
fDB
USD
20
milli
on
C2
Enco
urag
e th
e us
e of
bio
fuel
s fo
r hou
seho
lddo
mes
tic u
se to
add
ress
ene
rgy
for c
ooki
ng n
eeds
.Sh
ort t
om
ediu
m te
rm
MEP
D;
MH
TEST
DC
SO; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; MLG
PWN
H;
MF;
MAM
ID;
MEW
C
EU; W
orld
Ban
k; U
ND
P; G
EF;
UN
Hab
itat;
GIZ
; Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
5 m
illion
C3
Rai
se a
war
enes
s th
roug
h de
mon
stra
tion
ofap
prop
riate
tech
nolo
gy fo
r hou
seho
ld c
ooki
ng.
Shor
t ter
m
MEP
DPr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s;
MF;
MAM
ID; M
EWC
; MH
TEST
D;
Med
ia; P
arlia
men
t; C
SOs
GEF
, UN
IDO
; UN
DP;
Priv
ate
Inve
stor
sU
SD 5
milli
on
C4
Prom
ote
and
impl
emen
t ene
rgy
cons
erva
tion,
ener
gy e
ffici
ent t
echn
olog
ies,
incl
udin
g im
prov
edco
ok s
tove
s fo
r hou
seho
ld u
se a
nd e
ffici
ent
toba
cco
curin
g ba
rns.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
M
EPD
FC; E
MA;
MAM
ID; M
HC
C; C
SOs;
GIZ
; UN
ICEF
CD
M; U
NEP
; GIZ
; UN
ICEF
USD
10
milli
on
C5
Red
uce
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
s in
indu
stry
, and
at h
ouse
hold
leve
l thr
ough
dem
and
side
man
agem
ent a
nd e
nerg
y sa
ving
tech
niqu
es.
Med
ium
term
M
EPD
FC; E
MA;
Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s; B
CSD
Z;C
ZI;
ZNC
C; M
SMEC
D; T
obac
coIn
dust
ries
and
Mar
ketin
g Bo
ard;
Farm
ers
Uni
ons;
CSO
s
EU; D
FID
; UN
IDO
; UN
Hab
itat;
UN
EP; W
orld
Ban
k;To
bacc
o In
dust
ry a
ndM
arke
ting
Boar
d
USD
30
milli
on
C6
Prom
ote
prod
uctio
n of
rene
wab
le e
nerg
yeq
uipm
ent t
hat u
ses
bio-
fuel
, sol
ar a
nd b
ioga
sSh
ort t
erm
M
EPD
ZESA
; C
ZI; Z
NC
C; M
SMEC
D;
MYI
EE; M
WAG
CD
; BC
SDZ;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
SOs;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
EU; D
FID
; Priv
ate
Sect
or;
GEF
; GIZ
; SN
VU
SD 8
0 m
illion
46Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 115
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.2
Transport
ASP
ECT
TRA
NSP
OR
T
THEM
ETr
ansp
ort
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Intr
oduc
e a
tran
spor
t pol
icy
fram
ewor
k th
at e
ncou
rage
s us
e of
tran
spor
t with
low
car
bon
emis
sion
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
47In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1D
evel
op a
pol
icy
fram
ewor
k th
at p
rom
otes
use
of
clea
ner f
uels
in th
e tra
nspo
rt se
ctor
.Sh
ort t
erm
M
EPD
and
MTI
DSA
Z; E
MA;
MF;
BC
SDZ;
CZI
; ZN
CC
; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; Z
ESA;
CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
In
dust
ry; G
EF; U
NEP
; UN
IDO
;W
orld
Ban
k; D
FID
; EU
USD
500
,000
A2D
evel
op le
gal p
rovi
sion
s th
at u
se e
cono
mic
inst
rum
ents
to p
rom
ote
use
of tr
ansp
ort w
ith lo
wca
rbon
em
issi
ons.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MTI
DM
F; M
EWC
; MJL
PA; M
EPD
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Ban
ks;
Priv
ate
Sect
orU
SD 2
50,0
00
A3St
reng
then
cap
acity
to m
easu
re a
nd m
onito
rve
hicl
e em
issi
ons
and
enfo
rce
emis
sion
sst
anda
rds.
Shor
t ter
m
MTI
D;
MEW
CM
HA;
Mot
or In
dust
ry (M
anuf
actu
rers
,As
sem
bler
s, T
rade
rs, R
etai
lers
); SA
Z; M
HTE
STD
; CSO
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Fue
l Com
pani
es; T
rans
port
Ope
rato
rs A
ssoc
iatio
ns
Car
bon
Tax;
Tol
lgat
e Fe
es;
Fine
s an
d Pe
nalti
es;
Cor
pora
te S
ocia
lR
espo
nsib
ility;
Mot
or In
dust
ry
USD
5 m
illion
A4In
trodu
ce re
gula
tions
that
pro
mot
e us
e of
non
-m
otor
ized
tran
spor
t to
redu
ce c
arbo
n em
issi
ons
and
mak
e pr
ovis
ions
for n
on-m
otor
ized
tran
spor
ton
exi
stin
g an
d ne
w ro
ad n
etw
orks
.
Shor
t ter
m
MTI
DM
F; M
HA;
MLG
PWN
H; M
JLPA
;C
SOs;
Med
ia; L
ocal
Aut
horit
ies;
Zim
babw
e Sa
fety
Cou
ncil
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Ban
ks;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
oope
rate
Soci
al R
espo
nsib
ility
USD
50
milli
on
A5In
trodu
ce a
n ef
fect
ive
mas
s pu
blic
tran
spor
t sys
tem
that
incl
udes
use
of b
ig b
uses
and
rail
trans
port.
Med
ium
term
MTI
DM
F; M
EWC
; MH
A; M
LGPW
NH
;M
JLPA
; CSO
s; M
edia
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
; EU
; DFI
D; U
NID
O;
AfD
B; W
orld
Ban
k; L
ocal
Bank
s; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
500
milli
on
47Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
116 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.2
Transport
ASP
ECT
TRA
NSP
OR
T
THEM
ETr
ansp
ort
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Inte
grat
e cl
imat
e re
silie
nce
into
tran
spor
t pla
nnin
g an
d in
fras
truc
tura
l dev
elop
men
t.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
48In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1C
ondu
ct b
asel
ine
asse
ssm
ents
and
use
resu
lts to
deve
lop
clim
ate
resi
lient
tran
spor
t inf
rast
ruct
ure.
Shor
t ter
m
MTI
DM
EWC
; MF;
BC
SDZ;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
MH
TEST
DG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; W
orld
Bank
; AfD
B; B
anks
; GEF
;G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
USD
5 m
illion
(Ass
essm
ent)
USD
500
milli
on(In
frast
ruct
ure)
B2Bu
ild c
apac
ity o
n cl
imat
e re
silie
nt tr
ansp
ort
plan
ning
and
infra
stru
ctur
e de
velo
pmen
t in
inst
itutio
ns re
spon
sibl
e fo
r tra
nspo
rt pl
anni
ng.
Shor
t ter
mM
TID
and
MLG
PWN
HM
EWC
; MF;
BC
SDZ;
MH
TEST
D;
MIC
TPC
S Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; CSO
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
t Fun
d;
EU; D
FID
; UN
Hab
itat;
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
500
,000
B3Pr
omot
e re
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent o
f app
ropr
iate
tech
nolo
gy (i
nclu
ding
tech
nolo
gy tr
ansf
er) f
orcl
imat
e re
silie
nce
in th
e tra
nspo
rt se
ctor
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MTI
DPr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
;M
HTE
STD
; MF;
RC
Z
UN
IDO
; UN
EP; U
ND
P; G
loba
lEn
viro
nmen
t Fun
d; E
urop
ean
Uni
on; D
FID
USD
10
milli
on
48Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 117
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.3
Disaster R
isk Managem
ent and Social Infrastructure (Hum
an Settlements)
ASP
ECT
DIS
AST
ER R
ISK
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
(HU
MA
N S
ETTL
EMEN
TS)
THEM
ED
isas
ter R
isk
Man
agem
ent a
nd S
ocia
l Inf
rast
ruct
ure
(Hum
an S
ettle
men
ts)
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Dev
elop
an
inte
grat
ed a
nd c
o-or
dina
ted
appr
oach
to re
duci
ng d
isas
ter r
isk
and
to a
ddre
ss im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge th
roug
h a
mul
ti-st
akeh
olde
r app
roac
h.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
49In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1Es
tabl
ish
an in
clus
ive
plat
form
on
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Shor
t ter
m
MEW
CM
LGPW
NH
; MH
A; M
D; M
HC
C;
MPS
LSW
; All
Oth
er R
elev
ant
Min
istri
es; C
SOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Com
mun
ities
; UN
Dev
elop
men
tAg
enci
es; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
tPa
rtner
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
; W
orld
Ban
k; P
PPs;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
100
,000
A2D
evel
op m
echa
nism
for s
ecto
ral m
ains
tream
ing
ofdi
sast
er ri
sk m
anag
emen
t and
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Shor
t ter
m
MEW
CM
LGPW
NH
; MH
A; M
D; M
HC
C;
MPS
LSW
; All
Oth
er R
elev
ant
Min
istri
es; C
SO; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;C
omm
uniti
es; U
N D
evel
opm
ent
Agen
cies
; Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
; W
orld
Ban
k; P
PPs;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
1 m
illion
49Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
118 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.3
Disaster R
isk Managem
ent and Social Infrastructure (Hum
an Settlements)
ASP
ECT
DIS
AST
ER R
ISK
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
(HU
MA
N S
ETTL
EMEN
TS)
THEM
ED
isas
ter R
isk
Man
agem
ent a
nd S
ocia
l Inf
rast
ruct
ure
(Hum
an S
ettle
men
ts)
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Enh
ance
ear
ly w
arni
ng s
yste
ms
and
capa
city
of h
ydro
- met
eoro
logi
cal s
ervi
ces
to a
dvis
e on
wea
ther
rela
ted
impa
cts
on n
ew s
ocia
l inf
rast
ruct
ure
as w
ell a
s m
itiga
tion
of p
oten
tial d
amag
e to
exi
stin
g in
fras
truc
ture
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
50In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1C
apac
itate
hyd
ro-m
eteo
rolo
gica
l ear
ly w
arni
ngsy
stem
s at
nat
iona
l, pr
ovin
cial
and
dis
trict
leve
ls.
Shor
t ter
m
MEW
CM
LGPW
NH
(Dep
artm
ent o
f Civ
ilPr
otec
tion)
; MPS
E; M
TID
; MF;
Trad
ition
al L
eade
rs; C
SOs;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils; S
ub-c
atch
men
tC
ounc
ils
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
; P
PPs;
Mul
ti-D
onor
fund
s; W
orld
Ban
k; W
MO
;O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
5 m
illion
B2En
hanc
e an
d pr
omot
e in
dige
nous
kno
wle
dge
syst
ems
at c
omm
unity
leve
ls fo
r ear
ly w
arni
ngsy
stem
s.
Shor
t ter
m
MEW
CM
LGPW
NH
(Dep
artm
ent o
f Civ
ilPr
otec
tion)
; MPS
E; O
ther
Rel
evan
tM
inis
tries
; Tra
ditio
nal L
eade
rs; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
; P
PPs;
Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers.
USD
1 m
illion
B3Pr
omot
e re
sear
ch o
n im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge o
nhu
man
set
tlem
ents
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MLG
PWN
HM
EWC
; MH
TEST
D; O
ther
Rel
evan
tM
inis
tries
; Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
;C
SOs;
RC
Z; Z
IE; E
CZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
; U
N H
abita
t; U
NIC
EF;
Wor
ld B
ank;
AfD
B; P
PPs;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
10
milli
on
50Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 119
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.3
Disaster R
isk Managem
ent and Social Infrastructure (Hum
an Settlements)
ASP
ECT
DIS
AST
ER R
ISK
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
(HU
MA
N S
ETTL
EMEN
TS)
THEM
ED
isas
ter R
isk
Man
agem
ent a
nd S
ocia
l Inf
rast
ruct
ure
(Hum
an S
ettle
men
ts)
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Rev
iew
and
upd
ate
polic
y an
d by
-law
s on
bui
ldin
g st
anda
rds
and
code
s to
mak
e th
em a
dapt
ive
to c
limat
e ch
ange
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
51In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Rev
iew
and
upd
ate
natio
nal b
uild
ing
polic
y; m
odel
build
ing
by-la
ws
and
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
.Sh
ort t
erm
M
LGPW
NH
ZI
E; E
CZ;
Inst
itute
of A
rchi
tect
s of
Zim
babw
e; A
rchi
tect
’s C
ounc
il of
Zim
babw
e; C
onst
ruct
ion
Indu
stry
Fede
ratio
n of
Zim
babw
e; M
HTE
STD
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NEP
; Wor
ld B
ank;
AfD
B; P
PPs;
Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
350
,000
C2
Rai
se p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
on b
uild
ing
stan
dard
s,po
licie
s an
d by
-law
s.Sh
ort t
erm
M
LGPW
NH
ZI
E; E
CZ;
Ins
titut
e of
Arc
hite
cts
ofZi
mba
bwe;
Arc
hite
ct’s
Cou
ncil
ofZi
mba
bwe;
Con
stru
ctio
n In
dust
ryFe
dera
tion
of Z
imba
bwe;
CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
PPP
s;D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
500
,000
C3
Stre
ngth
en c
apac
ity to
enf
orce
by-
law
s an
d po
licie
son
bui
ldin
g st
anda
rds,
and
put
in p
lace
stif
fer
pena
lties
for o
ffend
ers.
Shor
t ter
m
MLG
PWN
H
MH
A; M
JLPA
; ZIE
; EC
ZG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; P
PPs;
Fine
s fro
m O
ffend
ers
USD
500
,000
51Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
120 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.3
Disaster R
isk Managem
ent and Social Infrastructure (Hum
an Settlements)
ASP
ECT
DIS
AST
ER R
ISK
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
(HU
MA
N S
ETTL
EMEN
TS)
THEM
ED
isas
ter R
isk
Man
agem
ent a
nd S
ocia
l Inf
rast
ruct
ure
(Hum
an S
ettle
men
ts)
STR
ATEG
Y d)
Inve
st in
clim
ate
resi
lient
soc
ial i
nfra
stru
ctur
e.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
52In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
D1
Clim
ate
proo
f and
retro
fit e
xist
ing
and
futu
re s
ocia
lin
frast
ruct
ure
in b
oth
rura
l and
urb
an a
reas
.Sh
ort t
erm
M
LGPW
NH
ZI
E; E
CZ;
Inst
itute
of A
rchi
tect
s of
Zim
babw
e; A
rchi
tect
’s C
ounc
il of
Zim
babw
e; C
onst
ruct
ion
Indu
stry
Fede
ratio
n of
Zim
babw
e; M
HTE
STD
;D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
N H
abita
t; U
NIC
EF;
Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
W
orld
Bank
; AfD
B; P
PPs;
Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
500
milli
on
52Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 121
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.3
Disaster R
isk Managem
ent and Social Infrastructure (Hum
an Settlements)
ASP
ECT
DIS
AST
ER R
ISK
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
AST
RU
CTU
RE
(HU
MA
N S
ETTL
EMEN
TS)
THEM
ED
isas
ter R
isk
Man
agem
ent a
nd S
ocia
l Inf
rast
ruct
ure
(Hum
an S
ettle
men
ts)
STR
ATEG
Y e)
Enh
ance
com
mun
ity re
silie
nce
to c
limat
e ch
ange
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
53In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
E1R
aise
pub
lic a
war
enes
s of
at r
isk
com
mun
ities
.Sh
ort t
erm
M
EWC
MLG
PWN
H; M
PSE;
Oth
er re
leva
ntM
inis
tries
; Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s;Tr
aditi
onal
Lea
ders
; CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NIC
EF; O
ther
UN
Agen
cies
; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
1 m
illion
53Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
122 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.4
Waste Managem
ent
ASP
ECT
WA
STE
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
THEM
EW
aste
Man
agem
ent
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Cap
acita
te lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s to
del
iver
pro
per,
effe
ctiv
e an
d ef
ficie
nt w
aste
man
agem
ent s
ervi
ces
in o
rder
to re
duce
GH
G e
mis
sion
s fr
om w
aste
man
agem
ent.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
54In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1Pr
omot
e th
e ad
optio
n of
an
inte
grat
ed a
ppro
ach
toliq
uid
and
solid
was
te m
anag
emen
t by
all l
ocal
auth
oriti
es a
nd w
aste
gen
erat
ors
in o
rder
tom
inim
ise
quan
titie
s of
was
te d
ispo
sed.
Shor
t ter
m
MLG
PWN
H;
MEW
CLo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; M
IC; M
PSE;
MH
TEST
D; M
SMEC
D;
MW
AGC
D; M
YIEE
; CSO
s; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; BC
SDZ
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
EP;
Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Ban
ks
USD
8 m
illion
A2Im
prov
e th
e re
sour
ce b
ase
of lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s to
enha
nce
thei
r cap
acity
to p
ract
ise
effic
ient
and
effe
ctiv
e w
aste
man
agem
ent m
etho
ds in
ord
er to
redu
ce th
e op
en b
urni
ng o
f was
te a
nd th
e re
sulta
ntca
rbon
em
issi
ons.
Long
term
M
LGPW
NH
(Loc
alAu
thor
ities
)
MF;
EM
A; M
PSE;
MH
TEST
D;
MIC
; BC
SDZ;
MH
CC
; CSO
s G
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers;
Wor
ldBa
nk; A
fDB;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Loca
l Ba
nks
USD
100
milli
on
A3C
ontin
ue to
trai
n lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s to
dev
elop
loca
len
viro
nmen
tal a
ctio
n pl
ans
and
to c
onst
ruct
pro
per
land
fills
and
sew
age
wor
ks th
at c
aptu
re m
etha
ne.
On-
goin
gM
EWC
(EM
A)M
LGPW
NH
(Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s); M
F;M
EPD
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
CD
M;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; L
ocal
Ban
ks;
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
100
milli
on
54Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 123
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.4
Waste Managem
ent
ASP
ECT
WA
STE
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
THEM
EW
aste
Man
agem
ent
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Cre
ate
an e
nabl
ing
polic
y en
viro
nmen
t whi
ch e
ncou
rage
s in
vest
men
t int
o al
tern
ativ
e en
ergy
pro
duct
ion
usin
g w
aste
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
55In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Pr
omot
e re
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent i
nto
use
ofso
lid w
aste
for e
nerg
y re
cove
ry/e
lect
ricity
gene
ratio
n.
Shor
t ter
m
MEW
C;
MH
TEST
DM
EPD
; MLG
PWN
H (L
ocal
Auth
oriti
es);
CSO
s; R
CZ;
Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
UN
IDO
; Oth
er U
N a
genc
ies;
Mul
tinat
iona
l Ins
titut
ions
USD
1 m
illion
(Res
earc
h)
USD
$20
milli
on(Im
plem
enta
tion)
55Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
124 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.4
Waste Managem
ent
ASP
ECT
WA
STE
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
THEM
EW
aste
Man
agem
ent
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Dev
elop
an
enab
ling
fram
ewor
k to
pro
mot
e w
aste
min
imiz
atio
n th
roug
h ed
ucat
ion
and
beha
viou
ral c
hang
e of
was
te g
ener
ator
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
56In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Inco
rpor
ate
prin
cipl
es o
f env
ironm
enta
lly s
ound
was
te m
anag
emen
t int
o th
e cu
rricu
la o
f inf
orm
alan
d fo
rmal
edu
catio
n sy
stem
s.
Shor
t ter
m
EMA
MPS
E; M
HTE
STD
; CSO
s; M
HC
C;
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies
EMA;
Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
USD
500
,000
C2
Stre
ngth
en c
apac
ity to
enf
orce
pol
lute
r pay
spr
inci
ples
and
pro
vide
ince
ntiv
es to
enc
oura
gew
aste
min
imiz
atio
n.
Shor
t ter
m
Loca
lAu
thor
ities
;EM
A
MEW
C; M
HA;
CSO
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;En
viro
nmen
t Fun
d; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
1 m
illion
C3
Intro
duce
pro
hibi
tive
fines
and
rein
vest
fund
s ra
ised
thro
ugh
was
te fi
nes
into
the
sect
or to
enh
ance
was
te m
anag
emen
t.
Shor
t ter
m
Loca
lAu
thor
ities
;M
EWC
MH
AG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;En
viro
nmen
t Fun
dU
SD 5
00,0
00
56Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 125
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.5
Health
ASP
ECT
HEA
LTH
THEM
EH
ealth
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
surv
eilla
nce
prog
ram
mes
for m
onito
ring
hum
an h
ealth
und
er a
cha
ngin
g cl
imat
e.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
57In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1En
hanc
e m
onito
ring
prog
ram
mes
and
trai
ning
of
heal
th o
ffice
rs o
n th
e di
strib
utio
n an
d pr
ogre
ss o
fep
idem
ics
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Shor
t ter
m
MH
CC
MLG
PWN
H; M
EWC
; MAM
ID(L
ives
tock
and
Vet
erin
ary
Dep
artm
ent);
MH
TEST
D;
CSO
s, E
MA
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
WH
O;
Oth
er U
N a
genc
ies;
Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
5 m
illion
57Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
126 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.5
Health
ASP
ECT
HEA
LTH
THEM
EH
ealth
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Bui
ld re
silie
nce
agai
nst d
isea
ses
that
occ
ur b
ecau
se o
f im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
58In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Bu
ild c
apac
ity fo
r bot
h cu
rativ
e an
d pr
even
tive
mea
sure
s fo
r dis
ease
s th
at m
ight
occ
ur d
urin
gcl
imat
e in
duce
d di
sast
ers
or a
s a
cons
eque
nce
of in
crea
sed
tem
pera
ture
s.
Long
term
MH
CC
MLG
PWN
H; M
AMID
(Liv
esto
ck a
ndVe
terin
ary
Dep
artm
ent);
CSO
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
; Com
mun
ities
.
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
(UN
ICEF
, WH
O,
UN
Hab
itat);
Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
SOs
USD
5 m
illion
B2Ex
pand
hea
lth fa
cilit
ies
and
netw
orks
to re
mot
ear
eas
by b
uild
ing
mor
e cl
inic
s an
d di
sast
erre
duct
ion
cent
res
in a
reas
pro
ne to
clim
ate
indu
ced
disa
ster
s.
Med
ium
term
MH
CC
MTI
D; M
LGPW
NH
; DD
F; C
SOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
omm
uniti
esG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; U
Nag
enci
es (U
NIC
EF, W
HO
,U
N H
abita
t); O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; CSO
s
USD
20
milli
on
B3En
hanc
e in
stitu
tiona
l cap
aciti
es fo
r ear
ly w
arni
ngsy
stem
s, p
repa
redn
ess
and
resp
onse
on
poss
ible
dise
ase
risks
cau
sed
by e
xtre
me
wea
ther
eve
nts
at a
ll le
vels
of s
ocie
ty.
Med
ium
term
Dep
artm
ent
of C
ivil
Prot
ectio
n;M
HC
C
ZDF;
MH
A; D
epar
tmen
t of M
eteo
rolo
gica
lSe
rvic
es;
MAM
ID (L
ives
tock
and
Vete
rinar
y D
epar
tmen
t);
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
Trad
ition
al L
eade
rs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
G
loba
l Clim
ate
Fund
sU
SD 1
0 m
illion
B4H
arne
ss In
form
atio
n an
d C
omm
unic
atio
nTe
chno
logy
(IC
T) in
pub
lic a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
on e
pide
mic
s as
soci
ated
with
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Shor
t ter
m
and
on g
oing
MH
CC
MIC
TPC
S; M
AMID
(Liv
esto
ck a
ndVe
terin
ary
Dep
artm
ent);
MPS
E; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
W
HO
; Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers
USD
2 m
illion
B5Pr
omot
e cl
imat
e pr
oofin
g in
vest
men
ts fo
r hea
lthan
d cr
eate
a c
ondu
cive
env
ironm
ent f
or th
e us
e of
wea
ther
-inde
xed
insu
ranc
e.
Med
ium
tolo
ng te
rmM
F; N
SSA
MH
CC
; MAM
ID; (
Live
stoc
k an
d Ve
terin
ary
Dep
artm
ent);
MLG
PWN
H (D
epar
tmen
t of
Civ
il Pr
otec
tion)
; MEW
C; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
;C
omm
uniti
es; C
SOs
Priv
ate
Sect
orU
SD 1
0 m
illion
58Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 127
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.6
Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups
ASP
ECT
GEN
DER
, PEO
PLE
LIVI
NG
WIT
H H
IV A
ND
AID
S A
ND
OTH
ER V
ULN
ERA
BLE
GR
OU
PS
THEM
EG
ende
r, Pe
ople
Liv
ing
with
HIV
and
AID
S an
d O
ther
Vul
nera
ble
Gro
ups
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Mai
nstr
eam
clim
ate
chan
ge in
pol
icie
s fo
r the
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps w
ith th
eir a
ctiv
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
at e
very
leve
l.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
59In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1R
evie
w c
ross
-sec
tora
l pol
icie
s an
d m
ains
tream
adap
tatio
n of
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Shor
t ter
m
MEW
CM
WAG
CD
; M
PSE;
MYI
EE; M
HC
C;
MH
TEST
D; M
F; M
LGPW
NH
;M
PSLS
W; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Wom
en A
genc
ies;
CSO
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
250
,000
59Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
128 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.6
Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups
ASP
ECT
GEN
DER
, PEO
PLE
LIVI
NG
WIT
H H
IV A
ND
AID
S A
ND
OTH
ER V
ULN
ERA
BLE
GR
OU
PS
THEM
EG
ende
r, Pe
ople
Liv
ing
with
HIV
and
AID
S an
d O
ther
Vul
nera
ble
Gro
ups
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Str
engt
hen
the
adap
tive
capa
city
of t
he v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
60In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Bu
ild a
dapt
ive
capa
city
in v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
and
mai
nstre
am th
ese
grou
ps in
all
resp
onse
s.
Long
term
,O
n-go
ing
MEW
CM
WAG
CD
; M
PSE;
MH
TEST
D;
MYI
EE;
MH
CC
; MF;
MLG
PWN
H;
MPS
LSW
; CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Wom
en; U
NIC
EF; C
SOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
10
milli
on
B2En
sure
equ
itabl
e ac
cess
and
ow
ners
hip
ofre
sour
ces
for c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
byvu
lner
able
gro
ups.
Long
term
MYI
EE;
MW
AGC
DM
PSLS
W; M
LRR
; MLG
PWN
H;
MEW
C; M
AMID
; MYI
EEG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;U
N A
genc
ies;
Loc
al a
ndIn
tern
atio
nal D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
500
,000
B3D
evel
op c
ultu
rally
app
ropr
iate
and
gen
der s
ensi
tive
labo
ur s
avin
g gr
een
tech
nolo
gies
.M
ediu
m te
rmM
EWC
MW
AGC
D; M
HTE
STD
; MAM
ID;
MYI
EE; M
SMEC
D; M
IC; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Glo
bal
Clim
ate
Fund
s; U
N A
genc
ies;
CSO
s; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
USD
10
milli
on
B4U
se in
tegr
ated
ada
ptat
ion
resp
onse
s th
at c
ombi
nein
dige
nous
kno
wle
dge
from
the
elde
rly w
ith e
xper
tin
sigh
ts.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
MW
AGC
D; M
PSE;
MH
TEST
D;
MLG
PWN
H; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
nsU
N W
omen
; UN
ICEF
; Oth
erU
N A
genc
ies;
CSO
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
USD
500
,000
60Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 129
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.6
Gender, People Living with HIV and AIDS and Other Vulnerable Groups
ASP
ECT
GEN
DER
, PEO
PLE
LIVI
NG
WIT
H H
IV A
ND
AID
S A
ND
OTH
ER V
ULN
ERA
BLE
GR
OU
PS
THEM
EG
ende
r, Pe
ople
Liv
ing
with
HIV
and
AID
S an
d O
ther
Vul
nera
ble
Gro
ups
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Enh
ance
pro
visi
on o
f ear
ly w
arni
ng s
yste
ms
on d
roug
hts,
floo
ds a
nd d
isea
se o
utbr
eaks
to v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
and
ens
ure
a co
ordi
nate
d ap
proa
ch in
pro
vidi
ng
them
with
em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
61In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Cre
ate
a m
ulti-
stak
ehol
der f
orum
with
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f vul
nera
ble
grou
ps fo
rem
erge
ncy
serv
ices
pro
visi
on.
Shor
t ter
mD
epar
tmen
tof
Civ
ilPr
otec
tion
MW
AGC
D; M
PSE;
MH
TEST
D;
MYI
EE; M
HC
C; M
F; M
LGPW
NH
;M
PSLS
W; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
UN
Wom
en; U
NIC
EF; O
ther
UN
age
ncie
s; C
SOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
250
,000
C2
Dis
sem
inat
e up
date
d in
form
atio
n on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd ra
ise
awar
enes
s of
vul
nera
ble
grou
pson
dis
aste
r pre
pare
dnes
s.
Shor
t ter
mD
epar
tmen
tof
Civ
ilPr
otec
tion
MW
AGC
D; M
PSE;
MLG
PWN
H;
MPS
LSW
; CSO
sG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;U
N a
genc
ies;
CSO
s; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
USD
1 m
illion
C3
Trai
n vu
lner
able
gro
ups
on h
ow to
resp
ond
todi
sast
er.
Shor
t ter
mD
epar
tmen
tof
Civ
ilPr
otec
tion
MW
AGC
D; M
PSE;
MYI
EE; M
HC
C;
MLG
PWN
H; M
PSLS
W; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
age
ncie
s; C
SOs;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
2 m
illion
61Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
130 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.7
Children and Youth
ASP
ECT
CH
ILD
REN
AN
D Y
OU
TH
THEM
EC
hild
ren
and
Yout
h
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Und
erst
and
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
child
ren
and
yout
h in
Zim
babw
e an
d cr
eate
an
enab
ling
envi
ronm
ent t
hat p
reve
nts
harm
to th
em e
man
atin
g fr
om
pres
sure
s of
thes
e im
pact
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
62In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1D
eter
min
e th
e vu
lner
abilit
ies
of c
hild
ren
and
yout
han
d ho
w th
ese
vuln
erab
ilitie
s w
ill be
mag
nifie
d by
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
MPS
E; M
HTE
STD
; MH
CC
;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies
USD
1 m
illion
A2Id
entif
y an
d im
plem
ent i
nter
vent
ions
that
pro
tect
and
empo
wer
chi
ldre
n in
the
face
of a
dver
seim
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
CM
PSE;
MH
TEST
D; M
HC
C;
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
Loc
al le
ader
s;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers;
CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
, Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
5 m
illion
A3Pr
ovid
e su
ppor
t to
ensu
re th
at a
ll ch
ildre
n in
Zim
babw
e ar
e fo
od s
ecur
e an
d ab
le to
atte
nd a
ndco
mpl
ete
scho
ol in
a c
hang
ing
clim
ate;
and
redu
ceth
e in
cide
nce
of d
isea
ses
in c
hild
ren,
esp
ecia
llyth
ose
asso
ciat
ed w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
.
Long
term
MEW
CM
PSE;
MH
TEST
D; M
HC
C;
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
Loc
al L
eade
rs;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Dev
elop
men
tPa
rtner
s; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
20
milli
on
62Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 131
3.PH
YSIC
AL
AN
D S
OC
IAL
INFR
A-S
TRU
CTU
RE
3.7
Children and Youth
ASP
ECT
CH
ILD
REN
AN
D Y
OU
TH
THEM
EC
hild
ren
and
Yout
h
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Ens
ure
the
incl
usio
n of
chi
ldre
n an
d yo
uth
in th
e po
licy
form
ulat
ion
proc
ess
for c
limat
e ch
ange
, and
in a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
activ
ities
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
63In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1In
corp
orat
e ch
ildre
n an
d yo
uth
in th
e cl
imat
ech
ange
gov
erna
nce
fram
ewor
k.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
MPS
E; M
HTE
STD
; MH
CC
; MYI
EE;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Dev
elop
men
tPa
rtner
s; N
atio
nal Y
outh
Cou
ncil
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
170
,000
B2Pr
omot
e th
e pa
rtici
patio
n of
chi
ldre
n an
d yo
uth
incl
imat
e ch
ange
pol
icy
issu
es.
Long
term
MEW
CM
PSE;
MH
TEST
D; M
HC
C; M
YIEE
;N
atio
nal Y
outh
Cou
ncil;
Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
; Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
500
,000
B3Bu
ild c
apac
ity o
f chi
ldre
n an
d yo
uth
for a
dapt
atio
nan
d pr
ovid
e re
sour
ces
for t
hem
to p
artic
ipat
e in
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
activ
ities
.
Long
term
MEW
CM
PSE;
MH
TEST
D; M
HC
C; M
YIEE
;Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; L
ocal
Lea
ders
;N
atio
nal Y
outh
Cou
ncil;
Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
; CSO
s.
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ICEF
; Oth
er U
N A
genc
ies;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
5 m
illion
63Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
132 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
4.1.
1 C
apac
ity B
uild
ing
for C
limat
e C
hang
e
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
EC
apac
ity B
uild
ing
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Bui
ld c
apac
ity to
con
duct
com
preh
ensi
ve v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ents
and
dev
elop
app
ropr
iate
resp
onse
mod
els.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
64In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1D
evel
op a
det
aile
d un
ders
tand
ing
of lo
cal h
azar
ds;
soci
al, c
limat
ic v
ulne
rabi
litie
s an
d ris
ks; a
ndpo
ssib
le re
spon
ses.
Shor
t ter
mM
LGPW
NH
MEW
C; M
TID
; MPS
LSW
; Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
; CSO
s; E
xten
sion
Dep
artm
ents
; Loc
al A
utho
ritie
s;Tr
aditi
onal
Lea
ders
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
C
limat
e Fi
nanc
e; G
loba
lEn
viro
nmen
t Fun
d; G
EF;
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
USD
2 m
illion
A2Bu
ild c
apac
ity to
iden
tify
popu
latio
n gr
oups
or
settl
emen
ts th
at a
re a
t ris
k an
d to
ass
ess
whe
ther
the
infra
stru
ctur
e an
d bu
ildin
gs w
ill be
abl
e to
with
stan
d ex
trem
e ev
ents
.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MLG
PWN
HM
EWC
; MTI
D; M
PSLS
W; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; C
SOs;
Ext
ensi
onD
epar
tmen
ts; L
ocal
Aut
horit
ies;
ZI
E; E
CZ;
Inst
itute
of A
rchi
tect
s of
Zim
babw
e; A
rchi
tect
’s C
ounc
il of
Zim
babw
e; C
onst
ruct
ion
Indu
stry
Fede
ratio
n of
Zim
babw
e;
Trad
ition
al L
eade
rs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Clim
ate
Fina
nce;
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
tFu
nd; G
EF; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
3 m
illion
64Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 133
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
EC
apac
ity B
uild
ing
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Dev
elop
mec
hani
sms
to m
ains
trea
m c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
disa
ster
risk
man
agem
ent i
nto
deve
lopm
ent p
rogr
amm
es.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
65In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1En
hanc
e ca
paci
ty to
resp
ond
to c
limat
e ch
ange
with
in c
limat
e se
nsiti
ve s
ecto
rs.
On
goin
gM
EWC
;M
LGPW
NH
All C
limat
e Se
nsiti
ve G
over
nmen
tM
inis
tries
; Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
SOs;
Dev
elop
men
t Age
ncie
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Clim
ate
Fina
nce;
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
tFu
nd; G
EF; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
10
milli
on
B2D
evel
op th
e ca
paci
ty o
f com
mun
ities
for
adap
tatio
n, m
itiga
tion
and
disa
ster
pre
pare
dnes
san
d re
spon
se.
On
goin
gM
EWC
;M
LGPW
NH
MPS
LSW
; MW
AGC
D; M
AMID
;M
HC
C; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Clim
ate
Fina
nce;
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
tFu
nd; G
EF; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
10
milli
on
B1In
trodu
ce s
ocia
l ass
ista
nce
prog
ram
mes
and
deve
lop
natio
nal r
isk-
shar
ing
arra
ngem
ents
that
supp
ort t
he m
ost v
ulne
rabl
e.
On
goin
gM
PSLS
WM
LGPW
NH
; MF;
CSO
s;D
evel
opm
ent A
genc
ies
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
; Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers
USD
20
milli
on
65Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
134 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
4.1.
2.Th
e R
ole
of th
e M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s in
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
ER
ole
of M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Str
engt
hen
the
capa
city
of t
he N
atio
nal M
eteo
rolo
gica
l and
Hyd
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s to
car
ry o
ut re
sear
ch o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
thro
ugh
impr
oved
dat
a co
llect
ion
and
man
agem
ent,
and
clim
ate
mod
ellin
g.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
66In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1Bu
ild c
apac
ity (h
uman
and
mat
eria
l) of
the
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ces
to c
arry
out
rese
arch
on
clim
ate
chan
ge in
ord
er to
und
erst
and
its c
ause
s,an
d its
pot
entia
l im
pact
s on
var
ious
sec
tors
thro
ugh
impr
oved
and
exp
ande
d da
ta c
olle
ctio
n an
dm
anag
emen
t, as
wel
l as
clim
ate
mod
ellin
g.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
CM
EPD
; MAM
ID; M
PSE;
MH
TEST
D;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
G
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; W
MO
;O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s; W
orld
Bank
; AfD
B; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
10
milli
on
A2Bu
ild a
n in
tegr
ated
dat
a co
llect
ion
syst
em a
ndda
taba
se in
corp
orat
ing
inte
rnat
iona
l bes
t pra
ctic
e.Sh
ort t
erm
Dep
artm
ent
of Met
eoro
logi
cal
Ser
vice
s
MH
TEST
D; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
ZIM
STAT
; WM
OG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y; W
MO
;O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s; W
orld
Bank
; AfD
B; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
10
milli
on
66Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 135
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
ER
ole
of M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Str
engt
hen
the
docu
men
tatio
n of
and
tapp
ing
into
indi
geno
us k
now
ledg
e sy
stem
s to
com
plem
ent s
cien
tific
kno
wle
dge
for c
limat
e ch
ange
fore
cast
ing
and
early
w
arni
ng s
yste
ms.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
67In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1D
ocum
ent i
ndig
enou
s kn
owle
dge
on c
limat
efo
reca
stin
g to
com
plem
ent s
cien
tific
kno
wle
dge
for
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n at
com
mun
ity le
vel.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
Dep
artm
ent
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Ser
vice
s
MH
TEST
D; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
Loca
l Aut
horit
ies;
CSO
s; T
radi
tiona
lLe
ader
s; C
omm
uniti
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
Agen
cies
USD
1 m
illion
67Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
136 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
ER
ole
of M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Ser
vice
s
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Est
ablis
h an
ena
blin
g fr
amew
ork
for s
harin
g an
d di
ssem
inat
ing
info
rmat
ion
on c
limat
e ch
ange
(i.e
. at p
rovi
ncia
l, di
stric
t and
war
d le
vels
) in
the
coun
try.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
68In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Cre
ate
plat
form
s fo
r dis
sem
inat
ing
and
shar
ing
ofin
form
atio
n on
clim
ate
chan
ge is
sues
at a
ll le
vels
incl
udin
g gr
assr
oots
leve
l.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
CLo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; M
AMID
; MPS
E;M
HTE
STD
; M
MIB
S; M
ICTP
CS;
CSO
s; C
BOs;
Tra
ditio
nal L
eade
rs
UN
Age
ncie
s; G
over
nmen
tU
SD 2
milli
on
68Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 137
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
4.1.
3.
Tech
nolo
gy tr
ansf
er
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
ETe
chno
logy
Tra
nsfe
r
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Cre
ate
a po
licy
fram
ewor
k th
at w
ill im
prov
e ac
cess
to a
nd p
rom
ote
upta
ke o
f cle
aner
and
mor
e ef
ficie
nt te
chno
logi
es a
cros
s al
l eco
nom
ic s
ecto
rs.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
69In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1Id
entif
y in
effic
ient
tech
nolo
gies
to b
e su
bstit
uted
with
inno
vativ
e lo
w c
arbo
n te
chno
logi
es a
cros
s al
lec
onom
ic s
ecto
rs.
Med
ium
term
MIC
MEW
C; M
HTE
STD
; MM
MD
;M
AMID
; MTI
D; M
F; M
SMEC
D;
MYI
EE; C
SOs;
Dev
elop
men
tPa
rtner
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Env
ironm
ent
Fund
; CD
M; U
NID
O
USD
1 m
illion
A2Pr
ovid
e in
cent
ives
for t
echn
olog
y tra
nsfe
r whi
chpr
omot
e th
e up
take
of r
esou
rce
use
effic
ienc
y an
dcl
eane
r pro
duct
ion
tech
nolo
gies
acr
oss
the
econ
omic
sec
tors
.
Shor
t to
long
term
MIC
MF;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; M
EWC
; M
MM
D; M
AMID
; MTI
D; M
SMEC
D;
MYI
EE; D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
; Env
ironm
ent
Fund
; CD
M; U
NID
O
USD
500
milli
on(re
volv
ing
fund
)
A3En
forc
e ai
r em
issi
ons
and
efflu
ent r
egul
atio
ns a
ndst
anda
rds
whi
ch w
ill pu
sh c
ompa
nies
to in
vest
inm
ore
effic
ient
and
cle
aner
tech
nolo
gies
.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
(EM
A)SA
Z; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
; MH
A;
MJL
PA; B
CSD
Z; C
ZI; Z
NC
CG
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
yU
SD 5
00,0
00
A4Pr
omot
e th
e up
take
of m
ore
clim
ate
resi
lient
tech
nolo
gies
in a
gric
ultu
re, m
inin
g, in
dust
ry,
ener
gy, e
tc.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C
MIC
; MM
MD
; MAM
ID; M
TID
;M
SMEC
D; M
EPD
; MYI
EE;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; C
SOs;
Dev
elop
men
tPa
rtner
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; E
nviro
nmen
tFu
nd; C
DM
USD
20
milli
on(re
volv
ing
fund
)
69Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
138 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.1
Capacity Building
ASP
ECT
STR
ATEG
Y EN
AB
LER
S
THEM
ETe
chno
logy
Tra
nsfe
r
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Sup
port
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t of t
echn
olog
ies
in a
ll re
leva
nt s
ecto
rs to
miti
gate
and
ada
pt to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
70In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Im
prov
e fu
ndin
g fo
r priv
ate
and
publ
ic s
ecto
rre
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent i
nto
mor
e ef
ficie
ntte
chno
logi
es.
Shor
t to
long
term
MIC
MH
TEST
D; M
F; M
EWC
; MM
MD
;M
AMID
; MTI
D; M
SMEC
D; M
EPD
;R
CZ;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
SOs;
Dev
elop
men
tPa
rtner
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; E
nviro
nmen
tFu
nd; C
DM
USD
50
milli
on
B2En
hanc
e ca
paci
ty o
f loc
al re
sear
ch in
stitu
tions
tote
st, a
dopt
and
ada
pt n
ew a
nd m
ore
effic
ient
tech
nolo
gies
use
d in
oth
er p
arts
of t
he w
orld
.
Shor
t to
long
term
MH
TEST
DR
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; R
CZ;
M
EWC
; MF;
Priv
ate
Sect
or;
CSO
s; D
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; E
nviro
nmen
tFu
nd; C
DM
USD
2 m
illion
B3R
aise
aw
aren
ess
on th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd c
limat
ech
ange
ben
efits
of a
dopt
ing
clea
ner t
echn
olog
ies
for s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
CC
SOs;
BC
SDZ;
MM
IBS;
CZI
; ZN
CC
; MSM
ECD
; MYI
EE;
MW
AGC
D
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; U
N A
genc
ies
and
Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers
USD
500
,000
70Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 139
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.2.
Clim
ate Change Education, Com
munication and Public Awareness
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E ED
UC
ATIO
N, C
OM
MU
NIC
ATIO
N A
ND
PU
BLI
C A
WA
REN
ESS
THEM
EC
limat
e C
hang
e Ed
ucat
ion
and
Trai
ning
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Enh
ance
the
teac
hing
and
lear
ning
of c
limat
e ch
ange
at a
ll le
vels
of e
duca
tion
(form
al a
nd in
form
al).
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
71In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1R
evie
w th
e co
nten
t of t
he e
duca
tion
curri
cula
at a
llle
vels
to in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
pro
duce
liter
atur
e in
all
rele
vant
lang
uage
s.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MPS
E;M
HTE
STD
MEW
C; M
AMID
; Uni
vers
ities
;Ag
ricul
tura
l and
Tea
cher
Tra
inin
gC
olle
ges;
ZIM
SEC
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ESC
O; U
NIC
EFU
SD 3
milli
on
A2C
ontin
uous
ly m
onito
r, ev
alua
te a
nd u
pgra
de th
ecu
rricu
la to
kee
p up
with
glo
bal t
rend
s an
d go
odpr
actic
e.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MPS
E;M
HTE
STD
MEW
C; M
AMID
; Agr
icul
tura
l and
Teac
her T
rain
ing
Col
lege
s;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ESC
O; U
NIC
EF; O
ther
Dev
elop
men
t Par
tner
s
USD
1 m
illion
A3C
reat
e pl
atfo
rms
for c
ompe
titio
ns o
n cl
imat
ech
ange
issu
es th
roug
h es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f clim
ate
chan
ge c
lubs
at a
ll sc
hool
s an
d tra
inin
g ce
ntre
s.
Shor
t ter
mM
PSE;
MH
TEST
DM
YIEE
; EM
A; M
AMID
; Uni
vers
ities
;Ag
ricul
tura
l and
Tea
cher
Tra
inin
gC
olle
ges;
Sch
ools
GEF
, Loc
al a
nd In
tern
atio
nal
Com
pani
es; E
MA;
UN
ICEF
;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
500
,000
A4C
reat
e op
portu
nitie
s fo
r all
peop
le to
lear
n m
ore
abou
t clim
ate
chan
ge a
s it
rela
tes
to th
em
anag
emen
t of t
he e
nviro
nmen
t
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C
EMA
; ZIN
WA;
Cat
chm
ent C
ounc
ils;
FC; Z
impa
rks;
MYI
EE; M
WAG
CD
;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; L
ocal
Auth
oriti
es; T
radi
tiona
l Lea
ders
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GW
P;
UN
EP; U
ND
P; P
rivat
e Se
ctor
U
SD 1
milli
on
71Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
140 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.2.
Clim
ate Change Education, Com
munication and Public Awareness
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E ED
UC
ATIO
N, C
OM
MU
NIC
ATIO
N A
ND
PU
BLI
C A
WA
REN
ESS
THEM
EEd
ucat
ion
and
Trai
ning
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Pro
vide
rele
vant
trai
ning
on
clim
ate
chan
ge is
sues
to e
duca
tors
and
pra
ctiti
oner
s w
orki
ng w
ith c
omm
uniti
es.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
72In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1C
ondu
ct in
-ser
vice
trai
ning
of c
urre
nt e
duca
tors
and
exte
nsio
n w
orke
rs u
ntil
satu
ratio
n le
vels
are
reac
hed
or a
crit
ical
mas
s of
teac
hers
with
clim
ate
chan
ge s
kills
is p
rodu
ced.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MPS
E;M
HTE
STD
MEW
C; P
SC; M
AMID
; Uni
vers
ities
;Ag
ricul
tura
l and
Tea
cher
Tra
inin
gC
olle
ges;
EM
A; C
SOs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
,U
NEP
, UN
DP,
UN
ICEF
,U
NES
CO
; Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
2 m
illion
B2En
hanc
e th
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
kno
wle
dge
of m
edia
and
othe
r pro
fess
iona
ls th
roug
h th
e us
e of
var
ious
plat
form
s in
ord
er to
ach
ieve
cha
nge
inpe
rcep
tions
, atti
tude
s an
d be
havi
our t
owar
dscl
imat
e ch
ange
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
CM
MIB
S; M
ICTP
CS;
MAM
ID;
MH
TEST
D; M
PSLS
W; M
LGPW
NH
;ZC
TU; Z
imba
bwe
Fede
ratio
n of
Trad
e U
nion
; C
ham
ber o
f Min
es
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
EP;
UN
DP;
UN
ESC
O; G
WP;
Priv
ate
Sect
or
USD
1 m
illion
B3Tr
ain
tradi
tiona
l lea
ders
hip
on th
eir r
oles
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
and
use
the
tradi
tiona
l ins
titut
ions
as a
veh
icle
for e
duca
ting
com
mun
ities
on
clim
ate
chan
ge is
sues
.
Med
ium
term
MEW
CTr
aditi
onal
Lea
ders
; MLG
PWN
H;
RD
Cs
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
ND
P; U
NIC
EF; Z
imba
bwe
Cul
tura
l Fun
d
USD
5 m
illion
B4Ac
tivel
y en
gage
you
th a
nd th
eir r
epre
sent
ativ
eor
gani
zatio
ns in
clim
ate
chan
ge e
duca
tion
and
train
ing.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
C
MYI
EE;
MH
TEST
D; M
PSE;
M
AMID
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
ESC
O; U
NIC
EF; P
rivat
eSe
ctor
USD
1 m
illion
72Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 141
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.2.
Clim
ate Change Education, Com
munication and Public Awareness
4.2.
2Pu
blic
Aw
aren
ess-
rais
ing
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E ED
UC
ATIO
N, C
OM
MU
NIC
ATIO
N A
ND
PU
BLI
C A
WA
REN
ESS
THEM
EPu
blic
Aw
aren
ess-
rais
ing
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Impl
emen
t a c
omm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gy fo
r rai
sing
aw
aren
ess
on c
limat
e ch
ange
.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
73In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1Im
plem
ent a
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegy
to ra
ise
awar
enes
s on
clim
ate
chan
ge th
at re
cogn
ises
use
of m
edia
suc
h as
new
spap
ers,
radi
o, te
levi
sion
and
soci
al m
edia
.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C
MM
IBS;
MIC
TPC
S; L
ocal
Med
iaH
ouse
s; W
irele
ss N
etw
orks
; CSO
sU
N A
genc
ies;
Med
ia H
ouse
s;W
irele
ss N
etw
ork
Prov
ider
sU
SD 2
.5 m
illion
A2D
evel
op a
war
enes
s, c
omm
unic
atio
n an
d ad
voca
cym
ater
ials
(suc
h as
pos
ters
, pam
phle
ts, v
ideo
s,co
mpa
ct d
iscs
(CD
s) in
bot
h En
glis
h an
d lo
cal
lang
uage
s) a
nd fu
ndra
isin
g st
rate
gies
.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
M
MIB
S; M
ICTP
CS;
Arti
sts
Org
aniz
atio
ns; M
edia
Org
aniz
atio
nsU
N A
genc
ies
; Oth
erD
evel
opm
ent P
artn
ers;
Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
5 m
illion
A3C
ondu
ct o
ut-re
ach
prog
ram
mes
on
awar
enes
s an
din
form
atio
n ex
chan
ge o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
adap
tatio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
acro
ss v
ario
usst
akeh
olde
rs in
clud
ing
gras
sroo
ts-c
omm
uniti
es.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
M
MIB
S; M
ICTP
CS;
Med
ia H
ouse
s;M
PSE;
MLG
PWN
H; T
radi
tiona
lLe
ader
s; C
SOs;
Chu
rch
Org
aniz
atio
ns
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
GEF
; Priv
ate
sect
orU
SD 2
milli
on
A4Em
ploy
lead
ers,
edu
cato
rs, m
ento
rs a
ndco
mm
unity
pop
ular
opi
nion
lead
ers
to s
hare
thei
rkn
owle
dge,
val
ues
and
expe
rienc
e w
ith d
iffer
ent
targ
et a
udie
nces
to e
nsur
e an
incr
ease
inbe
havi
oura
l cha
nge
tow
ards
clim
ate
chan
gead
aptiv
e be
havi
ours
.
Shor
t to
long
term
MEW
C
MPS
E; M
YIEE
; MLG
PWN
H;
MW
AGC
D; M
AMID
; ZIN
WA;
EM
A; F
C; T
radi
tiona
l and
Pol
itica
lLe
ader
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
USD
500
,000
73Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
142 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.2.
Clim
ate Change Education, Com
munication and Public Awareness
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E ED
UC
ATIO
N, C
OM
MU
NIC
ATIO
N A
ND
PU
BLI
C A
WA
REN
ESS
THEM
EPu
blic
Aw
aren
ess-
rais
ing
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
STR
ATEG
Y b)
Pro
mot
e an
d st
reng
then
sta
keho
lder
aw
aren
ess
on a
dapt
atio
n to
and
miti
gatio
n of
clim
ate
chan
ge.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
74In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
B1Se
nsiti
ze p
olic
y m
aker
s on
the
impo
rtanc
e of
addr
essi
ng c
limat
e ch
ange
issu
es e
spec
ially
in th
ear
eas
of a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
Cle
rk o
f Par
liam
ent;
Parli
amen
t;H
eads
of M
inis
tries
; MM
IBS;
MIC
TPC
S
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
U
N A
genc
ies
USD
100
,000
B2En
gage
the
Juni
or P
arlia
men
taria
ns to
act
as
cham
pion
s fo
r cre
atin
g aw
aren
ess
on c
limat
ech
ange
issu
es.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MYI
EE (Y
outh
Cou
ncil
ofZi
mba
bwe)
;M
EWC
Cle
rk o
f Par
liam
ent;
MM
IBS;
MIC
TPC
S; M
edia
hou
ses;
CSO
s G
over
nmen
t Tre
asur
y;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; U
NIC
EF;
UN
ESC
O
USD
500
,000
B3Pr
omot
e aw
aren
ess
thro
ugh
parti
cipa
tory
info
rmat
ion
exch
ange
and
em
pow
erm
ent o
f loc
alco
mm
uniti
es fo
r ada
ptat
ion
and
miti
gatio
n to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Shor
t to
med
ium
term
MEW
CM
MIB
S; M
ICTP
CS;
MAM
ID;
Med
ia H
ouse
s; C
SOs;
Tra
ditio
nal
and
Polit
ical
Lea
ders
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
N A
genc
ies;
Priv
ate
Sect
orU
SD 1
milli
on
74Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 143
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.2.
Clim
ate Change Education, Com
munication and Public Awareness
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E ED
UC
ATIO
N, C
OM
MU
NIC
ATIO
N A
ND
PU
BLI
C A
WA
REN
ESS
THEM
EPu
blic
Aw
aren
ess-
rais
ing
and
Com
mun
icat
ion
STR
ATEG
Y c)
Enc
oura
ge s
harin
g of
info
rmat
ion
and
netw
orki
ng o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
issu
es a
t loc
al, r
egio
nal,
and
inte
rnat
iona
l lev
els.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
75In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
C1
Dev
elop
an
info
rmat
ion
data
bas
e on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
issu
es.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s, Z
IMST
AT;
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; CSO
s;Ex
tens
ion
Dep
artm
ents
; Tr
aditi
onal
Lea
ders
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
UN
ICEF
; Oth
er D
evel
opm
ent
Partn
ers
USD
1 m
illion
C2
Dev
elop
mec
hani
sms
of e
mpl
oyin
g IC
Ts to
diss
emin
ate
info
rmat
ion
and
to e
nabl
e fo
rmat
ion
ofso
cial
net
wor
ks o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
miti
gatio
n is
sues
.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
M
ICTP
CS;
MH
TEST
D; M
AMID
;Lo
cal M
edia
Hou
ses;
Wire
less
Net
wor
ks; Y
outh
Cou
ncil
ofZi
mba
bwe
UN
Age
ncie
s; M
edia
Hou
ses
USD
1 m
illion
C3
Form
com
mun
ity b
ased
clim
ate
chan
ge c
lubs
incl
udin
g in
trodu
ctio
n of
clim
ate
chan
ge s
how
s(v
illage
, war
d, d
istri
ct a
nd p
rovi
ncia
l lev
els)
as
apl
atfo
rm fo
r cha
ngin
g to
war
ds c
limat
e ch
ange
adap
tive
beha
viou
r.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
M
AMID
; MPS
E; R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; T
radi
tiona
l and
Pol
itica
lLe
ader
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
GEF
;U
NEP
USD
500
,000
C4
Esta
blis
h lo
cal a
nd re
gion
al fo
rum
s th
at p
rovi
de a
plat
form
for s
harin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
info
rmat
ion
and
adap
tatio
n pr
actic
es.
Shor
t ter
mM
EWC
M
ICTP
CS;
MLG
PWN
H; M
MIB
S;R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; M
edia
Hou
ses;
Uni
vers
ities
; CSO
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
Priv
ate
Sect
or; C
OM
ESA;
SAD
C; A
U
USD
500
,000
75Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
144 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
4.ST
RAT
EGY
ENA
BLE
RS
4.2.
Clim
ate Change Education, Com
munication and Public Awareness
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E ED
UC
ATIO
N, C
OM
MU
NIC
ATIO
N A
ND
PU
BLI
C A
WA
REN
ESS
THEM
EC
omm
unic
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
rais
ing
STR
ATEG
Y d)
Com
mun
icat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
mes
sage
s in
corp
orat
ing
indi
geno
us k
now
ledg
e sy
stem
s.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
76In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
D1
Doc
umen
t and
mai
nstre
am in
dige
nous
kno
wle
dge
syst
ems
on c
limat
e ch
ange
into
com
mun
icat
ion
and
awar
enes
s ra
isin
g sy
stem
s.
Med
ium
term
MEW
C
MH
TEST
D; M
ICTP
CS;
MM
IBS;
MPS
E; M
LGPW
NH
; Res
earc
hIn
stitu
tions
; Med
ia H
ouse
s
Gov
ernm
ent T
reas
ury;
UN
DP;
UN
ESC
O; O
ther
UN
Age
ncie
s;Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
USD
500
,000
76Sh
ort t
erm
=1-
5 ye
ars;
med
ium
term
= 6-
10 y
ears
; lon
g te
rm =
mor
e th
an 1
0 ye
ars
Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 145
5.C
LIM
ATE
CH
AN
GE
GO
VER
NA
NC
E
5.1
Clim
ate Change Governance and Institutional Framework
5.1.
1C
limat
e C
hang
e G
over
nanc
e
ASP
ECT
CLI
MAT
E C
HA
NG
E G
OVE
RN
AN
CE
THEM
EC
limat
e C
hang
e G
over
nanc
e
STR
ATEG
Y a)
Mai
nstr
eam
clim
ate
chan
ge in
to u
rban
and
rura
l dev
elop
men
t pla
nnin
g, in
fras
truc
ture
, inv
estm
ents
and
ser
vice
del
iver
y.
AC
TIO
NS
Act
ion
77In
dica
tive
Tim
e Fr
ame
Lead
A
genc
yC
o-op
erat
ing
Age
ncie
s Po
tent
ial S
ourc
e fo
rR
esou
rces
Mob
ilisa
tion
Estim
ated
C
osts
A1Pr
omot
e a
mul
ti-st
akeh
olde
r app
roac
h in
urb
an a
ndru
ral d
evel
opm
ent p
lann
ing,
infra
stru
ctur
e,in
vest
men
ts a
nd s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery.
Shor
t ter
mM
LGPW
NH
MEP
D; M
EWC
; MH
CC
; M
PSLS
W;
MW
AGC
D; M
TID
; MAM
ID; P
rivat
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146 Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy
5.C
LIM
ATE
CH
AN
GE
GO
VER
NA
NC
E
5.1
Clim
ate Change Governance and Institutional Framework
5.1.
2C
limat
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hang
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mew
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ASP
ECT
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MAT
E C
HA
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AC
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78In
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Zimbabwe’s National Climate Change Response Strategy 147
5.C
LIM
ATE
CH
AN
GE
GO
VER
NA
NC
E
5.2
Clim
ate Change Policy and Legal Framework
ASP
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MAT
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