ZHAI Binqing CUPEM, The University of Hong Kong
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Regenerate the Historical City
Rhetorically? --- A critique of current conservation strategies and
development control mechanism in Xi’an
ZHAI Binqing
CUPEM,
The University of Hong Kong
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● Urban Renewal:
in 1958, in Den Haag (the Hague);
in 1960s and 1970s, carrying much of demolition
and bulldozing; when derelict physical environments
improved, indigenous residents in another “poverty”
(Carmon, 1997; Western, Weldon, & Haung, 1973);
From urban renewal to urban regeneration
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● Urban Regeneration:
since 1990s, more sensible means and holistic
approaches, such as conservation, rehabilitation, re-
use and redevelopment (Wise, 1985);
Roberts (2000, p. 17): the aim of Urban Regeneration
“bring about a lasting improvement in the economic,
physical, social and environmental condition of an
area”.
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● In 1978, economic reform; institutional transitions from
centrally-planned to market-oriented economy;
● In 1986, urban land reforms, and in 1988, housing
reforms;
● Since early 1990s, property-led redevelopment, a
dominant means of generating local revenues to solve
its tight budget problems, through public-private co-
operations;
Urban regeneration in China
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In historical urban areas, pursuing maximum economic
profits arousing,
contradiction between conservation and redevelopment,
and disappearance of historical characteristics and identity.
Problem
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● Master plans and conservation proposals;
● Market-forces;
● Regulations and development control mechanism;
● Indigenous communities;
Study FrameworkXi’an Case
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● Xi’an urban area: about 3,582 km2, with the population
of 5,332,100 (XSB, 2005).
● Historical areas mainly within the City Wall, since Hong
Wu period (A.D. 1378), Ming dynasty. E.g. current
“check-board” urban fabrics, and many in-situ historical
monuments and precincts (XCUCRC, 2000).
Xi’an City
The Bell Tower The Drum Tower The Wild Goose Pagoda
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Xi’an City Wall Area (CWA): about 12 km2, and population about 420,000 (XMPG, 2005).
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Sanxuejie Area -- 1 Sanxuejie Area -- 2
Sanxuejie Area -- 3Damaishi Street
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1) Evolution of Xi’an master plans
● First Master Plan (1953-1972): expand the city area
surrounding industrial development, and old urban
areas encouraged to be used entirely (XCUCRC, 2000).
● Second Master Plan (1980-2000): concept of urban
conservation put forward; revitalization in derelict
urban areas to solve the problems of dilapidated
housing, and lack of infrastructures (XCUCRC, 2000);
witnessed urban land reform, and development industries
booming since late 80s.
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8022,535
5,758
11,651
33,035
55,715
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Th
ou
san
ds
Year
GD
P
tertiary industry 196 593 1,799 5,242 16,362 25,762
secondary industry 397 1,459 3,083 5,015 12,533 24,762
primary industry 209 483 876 1,394 4,140 5,191
1957 1978 1985 1990 1995 1998
Xi’an GDP Improvement from 1957 ~ 1998 (Source: (XMG & XSB, 1999))
Average GDP increase rate: 6.0 % (1976-1980); 10.7 %
(1981-1985); and 9.3 % from 1986 to 1992 (XMG & XSB, 1999).
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Existing Situation of
Xi’an City (1990)
Existing Situation of
Xi’an City (1934 &
1949)
(Source: (XCUCRC, 2000))
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● Third Master Plan (1995-2010) (in current implementation):
To regenerate Xi’an through conservation, revitalization
and redevelopment efforts with economic growth;
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● Conservation plan (section of Third Master Plan):
Three tiers of conservations: the archaeological sites and
their precincts; existing heritage monuments and their
settings; the city wall and entire CWA (XCPB, XACH, & XUPDI,
2005);
Conservation rhetoric --- imperial cityscapes of “Tang”
dynasty, through existing historical monuments and
massive redevelopment activities;
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Redeveloped areas should contribute to an “imperial”
cityscape (XCUCRC, 2000); through co-operations with
private developers;
Indigenous historical urban fabrics are to be removed,
if not coincide with the required cityscape.
Pseudo-historical buildings in West Avenue:
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Land use
Commercial, tourist and amusement
area
Residential area
Industrial area
Scientific, educational, cultural and hygienic area
Comprehensive area
Price
Land grade
I 3300 2610 1950 2265 2955
II 2535 2070 1560 1755 2310
III 1965 1620 1230 1350 1800
IV 1470 1215 870 1020 1335
V 900 765 555 660 840
VI 570 495 375 420 540
VII 435 390 300 330 405
VIII 330 300 240 270 315
VIIII 270 240 210 225 255
X 158 147 135 142 150
XI 45 40 36 39 44
XII 28 26 22 24 27The base price for state owned land in Xi’an city (2007) (Source: Xi’an National Land and Resources Bureau)
2) Market-forces
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State owned land-grade in Xi’an city (2007) (Source: (MLR, 2003))
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At the beginning of 1990s, with private developers,
the 49 blocks of low-lying residential sites ( 低洼地 ),
just exchange of land-use rights with economic
profits (He, 2002).
In 2004, the city’s GDP: 109.587 billion RMB, and
22.79 billion from real estate projects and
construction;
Municipal government’s income from the lease land
reached 1.44 billion;
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3) Conservation regulations and legislations
● In 1993, Regulations on
the Urban Building-Height
Control《控制市區建築高度的規定》 : steps-shape height
control
Today Xi’an South Avenue
Urban Height-control System
(XCPB, 1993)
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● In 2002, Conservation Regulations on Xi’an Historic and
Cultural City《歷史文化名城保護條例》 :
● In 2005, Xi’an Urban Planning Management
Regulations《城市規劃管理條例》 :
Land uses follow master plan, district and detailed plans;
Potential land value; massive property-led redevelopment;
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Local development control and management mechanism
One Proposal and Two Permits (Source: revised from (H. Y. Li, 2002))
Site Selection Proposal for Development Projects
(SSPDP)One proposal
Planning Permit for Construction Projects
(PPCP)
Land Use Permit (LUP)
Planning Permit for Construction Land (PPCL)
Two permits
Xi’an National Land and Resources Bureau (XNLRB)
Xi’an City Planning Bureau (XCPB)
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Administration and Management System on the Conservation of Chinese Historical and Cultural Heritage (Source: (Wang, Ruan, & Wang, 1999a))
Administration of Cultural Heritage
Conservation of historical and cultural areas, and Historic and
Cultural Cities; and city planning related controlled
constructions
Preservation of Antiques
Department of Urban Construction and City Planning Management
Municipal Government
State Bureau of Antiquities
Council of State
Ministry of Construction (Urban Planning)
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4) Local community and indigenous residents
Roles: forming local custom and traditions (their daily
lives and group activities);
Activities: private-properties reclaimed and relocated;
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Choices for them?
1> Full compensations: the quality and areas of their
properties;
2> In-situ new apartments after redevelopment: worries
and distrust to private developers and local
government;
Social and economic conflicts between local communities
and governments.
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Governmental relocation
compensation
Local second-hand housing price
Market-price of local apartments
Private-owned residential
housing
1,680-2,180 RMB yuan/M2
3,000-3,500 RMB yuan/M2
4,000-5,000 RMB yuan/M2
Private-owned commercial
property
3,800-4,000 RMB yuan/M2
10,000 RMB yuan/M2
30,000 RMB yuan/M2 (including
47% share expenses)
Public-owned residential
housing
800-1,000 RMB yuan/M2
Public-owned commercial
property
About 2,000 RMB yuan/M2
Property Categories
Price Types
Comparison between Relocation Compensation and Market-price of Local Housing in Sajinqiao Area, Xi’an (Source: provided by Sajinqiao local Muslim residents during the field study)
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ARGUMENT:
Current plans: undermining substantial values physically,
culturally and socially:
Ignoring historical physical urban patter; hampering social
connections through relocation, and cultural significance
in terms of “living heritage”.
Existing “black-box” development control mechanism:
difficult to convince people the conservation or
redevelopment efforts for the public interests.
Conclusion
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SUGGESTION:
Local communities: role in plan-making process, and as
substantial part in conservation components.
Institutional changes: legitimation of plan-making and
decision-making participants; revaluation of political-
economic compositions and local “living heritages”.