Zero Emission, green shipping or energy efficiency?€¦ · • Does it help to be energy...
Transcript of Zero Emission, green shipping or energy efficiency?€¦ · • Does it help to be energy...
Karin Andersson
Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology
Zero Emission, green shipping or energy efficiency?Research in Maritime Environmental Science at Chalmers
“FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE”
• Our vision is allowed to permeate
all activity within the fields of research,
education and innovation
• The goal is to develop technical solutions
that are needed to create a sustainable
future
Image: Volvo
1829 Chalmersska Slöjdeskolan is founded by the will of William Chalmers
1937 Chalmers becomes a governmental university with the authority
to award doctoral degrees
1994 Chalmers becomes a private university, owned by
a foundation
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13 DEPARTMENTS
8 AREAS OF ADVANCE
2016
• 9435 students, 800 PhD students
• 3055 peer reviewed publications
• Turnover 3611 MSEK (€360M)
• Research and research education
2584 MSEK (€250M)
• 221 chaired professors
• 3500 employees, (1000 in
administration)
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RESEARCH AREASEnergy efficiency
Electrification
Renewable fuels
Emission formation
Mechanical Systems
Railway Mechanics
Structural Mechanics
Wave Propagation
Applied Fluid Dynamics
Turbomachinery and Aeroacoustics
Renewable Energy
Structural Integrity
Hydrodynamics
Ship Design
Safety and Reliability
Propulsion Systems
Wave Dynamics
Maritime Environmental
Sciences
Maritime Human Factors
Adaptive Systems
Road Vehicle Aerodynamics
Structural Integrity
Safe System and Epidemiology
Vehicle Dynamics
Accident Prevention
Injury Prevention
Road Safety Data
Fundamental &
applied research
in all modes of
transport
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences
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The driving force – what can we help to fulfil?
Our research - Maritime environmental sciences
CO2NOx
SOx
VOC
PM
Oil spills
Noise
Toxic antifouling paint
Invasive species
Solid waste
Sewage
Grey water
Refrigerants
Bilge water
Ballast water
Noise
Cargo hold cleaning water
There is more than the
engine involved in zero
emission…
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What is the problem, actually?
• What should/could be zero?
• What is “green”?
• Does it help to be energy efficient?
• Giving decision support in a very complex problem
• “Maritime industry without negative impact on the environment”?
• “Contribute to the sustainability goals?”
Zero Emission,
green shipping
or energy efficiency?
Some project areas related to energyKarin Andersson et al
• Environmental assessments– New marine fuels “form well to propeller”, life cycle assessments, life cycle cost, multi criteria
assessment, global energy systems assessments (with department of Space, Earth and Environment
and Swedish Environment Institute, IVL)
• Selma Brynolf, Maria Grahn, Julia Hansson, Maria Taljegård
• Resource use/energy use/GHG– Energy management systems
• Hannes Johnson, now at Gothenburg University
– Energy efficiency by networking
• Josefin Borg
– Energy systems modelling
• Francesco Baldi, now at EPFL, Ulrik Larsen, Cecilia Gabrielii, at NTNU from November
Professor Karin Andersson, [email protected]
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS TO AIR
steps towards zero
• Saving fuel/energy
– Energy efficiency technology
– Energy management
– Route planning
– Logistics
– Ecodriving
– Waste heat recovery
– Ship/hull modification
– Propeller change
– ...
• “End of pipe solutions”– Scrubber for sulphur
– Catalyst (SCR) for NOx
– Carbon capture, CCS/CCR
• Change of fuel
– Low sulphur fossil fuel
– Renewable/non fossil fuel
• Biofuels (plant oils,
biomaterial based, algae
oil)
• CO2 based
fuels/electrofuels
• Hydrogen
• Technology change – Wind propulsion
– Electricity
– Fuel cells
– Nuclear
– …..
Naval architechts are working with hull and propeller design, but there is a small process plant
inside. Model of ship energy system…… (Lassesson & Andersson 2009)
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Sciences11
Reduce fuel consumption. Energy efficiency but also operation of the ship
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“End of pipe solutions” – reduce emissions
• Increase of energy
demand
• Increase of operation cost
• Increase in complexity
• Increase in weight
• Takes space and weight
from cargo
Carbon capture? CCS
• Absorption in liquid
• Common in land applications
• Not tested on board
• Additional cost and energy demand
• Needs storage of captured CO2
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• Fuel change – what happens?
Marine fuel chain
Assessing fuels from well to propeller
Life cycle assessment, LCABengtsson, S., Andersson, K., Fridell, E. (2011). "A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels: liquefied
natural gas and three other fossil fuels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M-Journal of
Engineering for the Maritime Environment 225(M2): 97-110
Inventory result of fuels from well to propeller
Renewable
“Diesel” fuels
Based on Brynolf, S. (2014). Environmental
assessment of present and future marine fuels. .
Shipping and Marine Technology.
Gothenburg, Chalmers University of Technology. PhD.
Bengtsson, S., Fridell, E., Andersson, K. (2012). "Environmental assessment of two pathways towards the use of biofuels in shipping." Energy Policy 44: 451-463
You can move towards low emission!
Energy efficient, new built ship using LNG
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Old MGO
ship
New MGO
ship
LNG
QatarLGB shipLNG
Russia
LNG
Norway
Old MGO
ship
New MGO
ship
LNG
QatarLBG shipLNG
Russia
LNG
Norway
GHG (CO2 and methane),
ton CO2 eq/y (GWP 100)NOx ton/y
Old MGO
ship
New MGO
ship
LNG
QatarLBG shipLNG
Russia
LNG
Norway
On-going work ZVT, E Fridell, S Brynolf, K Andersson
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%Climate change
Acidification
Eutrophication - terrestrialParticulate matter
Photochemical ozone formation
Environmental impact reduction
LNG Norway, ship 1 MGO, ship 1a LNG Qatar, ship 1
LNG Russia, ship 1 MGO, ship 1b LBG Sweden, ship 1Old MGO ship
New MGO ship
LNG Norway LNG Qatar
LNG Russia LBG ship
E-MOBILITY – NOT ONLY CARS
• Diesel electric…
• Batteries
• Land connected
• Fuel cells
• Development projects
CO2 fromairandseawater
CO2 fromcombustion
Carbon dioxideCO2
Production
of electro-
fuels
Electro-lysis
Water (H2O)
Hydrogen(H2)
El
CO2
Allbiofuelproductiongenerates
”waste CO2”
Biomass(C6H10O5)
Biofuels
Methane (CH4)
Methanol (CH3OH)
DME(CH3OCH3)
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Gasoline (C8H18)
Biofuelproduction
H2
Electrofuels
Sabatier reactor orFischer-Tropsch reactor orMethanol synthesis reactor
Heat
Picture from presentation by Maria Grahn
Production systems for electrofuel
CO2NOx
SOx
VOC
PM
Oil spills
Noise
Toxic antifouling paint
Invasive species
Solid waste
Sewage
Grey water
Refrigerants
Bilge water
Ballast water
Noise
Cargo hold cleaning water
What can be zero?
Combustion engine/fuel related
• Energy efficiency reduces
SOx
• Sulphur free fuel
• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…
NOx
• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…
• can be reduced by SCR ,“Cleaner fuels” (methane,
methanol etc… in combustion
CO2 /GHG
• Non fossil fuel – consider upstream…
• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…
PM
• Electricity, Fuel cells, Sails…
• Reduced by “cleaner fuel”
Sewage, grey water, solid waste
• Management on board, port reception
Bilge water
• Reduced with “cleaner fuels” fuels
Anti fouling
• Non toxic paint, washing….
Noise
• Propulsion technology, design
Future challenges going to zero emission• Combustion engines will be in market for a number of years still. Production and
distribution of “low emission fuels” in large scale at competitive price. e-fuels, hydrogen etc needed
• New energy efficient ships contribute to emission decrease
• Use of electricity in on board conversion in fast development. Hybrid, fuel cell, battery.
• Ultra slow steaming
• Waste handling and port reception systems
• Non toxic anti fouling
• Regulations that supports the zero emission goal
and
• Compliance - “it has to pay to follow regulations”
Olaus Magnus – Carta Marina 1539