ZEMAXOptical Design Program User's Guide October 15, 2007

ZEMAX Development Corporation support@zemax.com www.zemax.com

Important noticeZEMAX is a registered trademark of ZEMAX Development Corporation Copyright ZEMAX Development Corporation 1990-2007. All rights reserved. All other product names or trademarks are property of their respective owners. Information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor. The software described in this manual is furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The material in this manual is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or electronically distributed without written permission from the copyright holder. ZEMAX Development Corporation (ZDC) provides this publication "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall ZDC be liable for any loss of profits, loss of business, loss of use or data, interruption of business, or for indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any kind, even if ZDC has been advised of the possibility of such damages arising from any defect or error in this publication or in the Software.

TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION Chapter 1About this document ............................................................................................................................... 33 What does ZEMAX do? .......................................................................................................................... 33 What doesn't ZEMAX do?....................................................................................................................... 33 Learning to use ZEMAX.......................................................................................................................... 34 System requirements .............................................................................................................................. 34 Multiple processor computers ..................................................................................................... 34 Installation procedure.............................................................................................................................. 34 Policy on the key..................................................................................................................................... 34 Definition of support ................................................................................................................................ 34 Getting technical support ........................................................................................................................ 35 Policy on bug fixes .................................................................................................................................. 35

USER INTERFACE

Chapter 2

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Types of windows ................................................................................................................................... 37 Main window operations ......................................................................................................................... 37 Editor windows operations ...................................................................................................................... 38 Graphic windows operations................................................................................................................... 38 Using the annotation feature ....................................................................................................... 40 Using pan and zoom ................................................................................................................... 41 Text windows operations ........................................................................................................................ 41 Dialog operations .................................................................................................................................... 42 Aborting long computations .................................................................................................................... 42 Summary of useful shortcuts .................................................................................................................. 43 Using the Windows clipboard.................................................................................................................. 44 ZEMAX file types by extension ............................................................................................................... 44

CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS

Chapter 3

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Active configuration................................................................................................................................. 47 Angular magnification ............................................................................................................................. 47 Apodization ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Back focal length..................................................................................................................................... 47 Cardinal planes ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Chief ray.................................................................................................................................................. 47 Coordinate axes...................................................................................................................................... 48 Diffraction limited .................................................................................................................................... 48 Edge thickness........................................................................................................................................ 48 Effective focal length............................................................................................................................... 49 Entrance pupil diameter .......................................................................................................................... 49 Entrance pupil position............................................................................................................................ 49 Exit pupil diameter .................................................................................................................................. 49 Exit pupil position .................................................................................................................................... 49 Extra data................................................................................................................................................ 49 Field angles and heights ......................................................................................................................... 49 Float by stop size .................................................................................................................................... 49 Ghost reflections ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Glasses ................................................................................................................................................... 50

3

Hexapolar rings....................................................................................................................................... 50 Image space F/# ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Image space numerical aperture (NA) .................................................................................................... 50 Lens units................................................................................................................................................ 50 Marginal ray ............................................................................................................................................ 50 Maximum field......................................................................................................................................... 50 Non-paraxial systems ............................................................................................................................. 51 Non-sequential ray tracing ...................................................................................................................... 51 Normalized field coordinates................................................................................................................... 51 Radial field normalization ............................................................................................................ 51 Rectangular field normalization................................................................................................... 52 Normalized pupil coordinates.................................................................................................................. 53 Object space numerical aperture ............................................................................................................ 53 Parameter data ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Paraxial and parabasal rays ................................................................................................................... 53 Paraxial image height ............................................................................................................................. 54 Paraxial magnification............................................................................................................................. 54 Paraxial working F/# ............................................................................................................................... 54 Primary wavelength ................................................................................................................................ 54 Radii........................................................................................................................................................ 54 Real propagation..................................................................................................................................... 54 Sagittal and Tangential ........................................................................................................................... 55 Semi-diameters....................................................................................................................................... 55 Sequential ray tracing ............................................................................................................................. 55 Strehl ratio............................................................................................................................................... 55 Surface apertures ................................................................................................................................... 56 System aperture...................................................................................................................................... 56 Tangential ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Thicknesses ............................................................................................................................................ 56 Total internal reflection (TIR) .................................................................................................................. 56 Total track ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Units........................................................................................................................................................ 56 Vignetting factors .................................................................................................................................... 56 Virtual propagation.................................................................................................................................. 58 Wavelength data ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Working F/#............................................................................................................................................. 58

FILE MENU

Chapter 4

New......................................................................................................................................................... 61 Open ....................................................................................................................................................... 61 Save........................................................................................................................................................ 61 Save As................................................................................................................................................... 61 Use Session Files ................................................................................................................................... 61 Program Mode ........................................................................................................................................ 61 Insert Lens .............................................................................................................................................. 62 Preferences............................................................................................................................................. 62 Address ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Directories ................................................................................................................................... 63 Graphics...................................................................................................................................... 63 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................. 64 Editors ......................................................................................................................................... 65 Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 66 Colors.......................................................................................................................................... 67 Buttons 1-16, Buttons 17-32, Buttons 33-48 ............................................................................... 67

4

Status Bar ................................................................................................................................... 68 Exit .......................................................................................................................................................... 68 Recently used files.................................................................................................................................. 68

EDITORS MENU

Chapter 5

Lens Data................................................................................................................................................ 69 Inserting and deleting surfaces ................................................................................................... 69 The surface number display........................................................................................................ 69 Cutting, copying, and pasting surface data ................................................................................. 69 Entering surface comments ........................................................................................................ 70 Entering radii data ....................................................................................................................... 70 Entering thickness data............................................................................................................... 70 Entering glass data ..................................................................................................................... 70 Entering semi-diameter data ....................................................................................................... 70 Entering conic data ..................................................................................................................... 70 Entering parameter data ............................................................................................................. 70 The Surface Properties dialog box.............................................................................................. 70 Surface properties type tab ......................................................................................................... 71 Surface Type ................................................................................................................... 71 Surface DLL .................................................................................................................... 71 Surface Color .................................................................................................................. 71 Surface Opacity............................................................................................................... 71 Row Color........................................................................................................................ 71 Make Surface Stop.......................................................................................................... 71 Make Surface Global Coordinate Reference................................................................... 71 Surface Cannot Be Hyperhemispheric ............................................................................ 71 Ignore This Surface ......................................................................................................... 72 Surface properties draw tab ........................................................................................................ 72 Hide Rays To This Surface ............................................................................................. 72 Skip Rays To This Surface.............................................................................................. 72 Do Not Draw This Surface............................................................................................... 72 Do Not Draw Edges From This Surface .......................................................................... 72 Draw Local Axis............................................................................................................... 72 Draw Edges As................................................................................................................ 72 Mirror Substrate and Thickness ...................................................................................... 73 Surface properties aperture tab .................................................................................................. 73 Aperture type and other aperture controls....................................................................... 73 Aperture type codes and parameters .............................................................................. 74 Aperture projection on non-plane surfaces ..................................................................... 74 Aperture decenters and pickups...................................................................................... 74 User defined apertures and obscurations ....................................................................... 74 The UDA file format......................................................................................................... 75 UDA Examples ................................................................................................................ 76 Surface properties scattering tab ................................................................................................ 78 Surface scattering settings .............................................................................................. 78 Surface tilt/decenter tab .............................................................................................................. 78 Using the Coordinate Return........................................................................................... 79 Surface physical optics tab ......................................................................................................... 80 Surface coating tab ..................................................................................................................... 80 Setting and removing solves ....................................................................................................... 80 Setting and removing variables................................................................................................... 80 Menu options............................................................................................................................... 80 Edit .................................................................................................................................. 80 Solves.............................................................................................................................. 81

5

View................................................................................................................................. 82 Help ................................................................................................................................. 82 Merit Function ......................................................................................................................................... 82 Menu Options.............................................................................................................................. 82 Edit .................................................................................................................................. 82 Tools................................................................................................................................ 83 View................................................................................................................................. 83 Help ................................................................................................................................. 83 Multi-Configuration.................................................................................................................................. 83 Menu Options.............................................................................................................................. 83 Edit .................................................................................................................................. 83 Solves.............................................................................................................................. 84 Tools................................................................................................................................ 84 View................................................................................................................................. 85 Help ................................................................................................................................. 85 Tolerance Data ....................................................................................................................................... 85 Menu Options.............................................................................................................................. 85 Edit .................................................................................................................................. 85 Tools................................................................................................................................ 86 View................................................................................................................................. 87 Help ................................................................................................................................. 87 Extra Data ............................................................................................................................................... 87 Menu Options.............................................................................................................................. 87 Edit .................................................................................................................................. 87 Solves.............................................................................................................................. 87 Tools................................................................................................................................ 87 View................................................................................................................................. 87 Help ................................................................................................................................. 87 Non-Sequential Components.................................................................................................................. 88 Menu options............................................................................................................................... 88 Edit .................................................................................................................................. 88 Solves.............................................................................................................................. 89 Errors............................................................................................................................... 89 Detectors ......................................................................................................................... 89 Database ......................................................................................................................... 89 Tools................................................................................................................................ 89 View................................................................................................................................. 89 Help ................................................................................................................................. 90 Undo, Redo, and Recover ...................................................................................................................... 90 Undo: None ................................................................................................................................. 90 Undo: Memory 1 Step ................................................................................................................. 90 Undo: Disk Multi Step.................................................................................................................. 90

SYSTEM MENU

Chapter 6

Update .................................................................................................................................................... 91 Update All ............................................................................................................................................... 91 General ................................................................................................................................................... 91 Aperture ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Aperture Type.................................................................................................................. 91 Aperture Value ................................................................................................................ 92 Apodization Type............................................................................................................. 92 Uniform apodization ........................................................................................................ 92 Gaussian apodization...................................................................................................... 92 Cosine cubed apodization ............................................................................................... 92

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User defined apodization................................................................................................. 93 Apodization Factor .......................................................................................................... 93 Telecentric Object Space ................................................................................................ 93 Afocal Image Space ........................................................................................................ 93 Iterate Solves When Updating......................................................................................... 94 Units ............................................................................................................................................ 94 Lens Units ....................................................................................................................... 94 Source Units.................................................................................................................... 95 Analysis Units.................................................................................................................. 95 Afocal Mode Units ........................................................................................................... 95 MTF Units........................................................................................................................ 96 Title/Notes ................................................................................................................................... 96 Lens Title......................................................................................................................... 96 Notes ............................................................................................................................... 96 Glass Catalogs............................................................................................................................ 96 Ray Aiming.................................................................................................................................. 96 Ray Aiming ...................................................................................................................... 96 Use Ray Aiming Cache ................................................................................................... 97 Robust Ray Aiming (slow) ............................................................................................... 97 Pupil Shift, Pupil Compress............................................................................................. 97 Environment ................................................................................................................................ 98 Adjust Index Data To Environment.................................................................................. 98 Temperature in degrees C .............................................................................................. 98 Pressure in ATM.............................................................................................................. 98 Polarization (ZEMAX-EE only) .................................................................................................... 98 Unpolarized ..................................................................................................................... 99 Jx, Jy, X-Phase, Y-Phase................................................................................................ 99 Convert thin film phase to ray equivalent ........................................................................ 99 Method ............................................................................................................................ 99 Files............................................................................................................................................. 99 Coating File ..................................................................................................................... 99 Scatter Profile.................................................................................................................. 99 ABg Data File .................................................................................................................. 99 GRADIUM Profile .......................................................................................................... 100 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................................... 100 Reference OPD ............................................................................................................. 100 Paraxial Rays ................................................................................................................ 101 Semi Diameter Margin (lens units) ................................................................................ 101 Semi Diameter Margin % .............................................................................................. 101 Global Coordinate Reference Surface .......................................................................... 101 Method To Compute F/# ............................................................................................... 102 Fast Asphere Trace....................................................................................................... 102 Fast Semi-Diameters..................................................................................................... 102 Check GRIN Apertures.................................................................................................. 103 Turn Off Threading ........................................................................................................ 103 Dont Print Coordinate Break Data ................................................................................ 103 OPD Modulo ................................................................................................................. 103 Non-Sequential ......................................................................................................................... 103 Maximum Intersections Per Ray ................................................................................... 103 Maximum Segments Per Ray........................................................................................ 104 Maximum Nested/Touching Objects ............................................................................. 104 Minimum Relative Ray Intensity .................................................................................... 104 Minimum Absolute Ray Intensity ................................................................................... 104 Glue Distance In Lens Units.......................................................................................... 104

7

Missed Ray Draw Distance in Lens Units ..................................................................... 105 Maximum Source File Rays In Memory ........................................................................ 105 Simple Ray Splitting ...................................................................................................... 105 Retrace Source Rays Upon File Open .......................................................................... 105 Fields .................................................................................................................................................... 105 Vignetting factors ...................................................................................................................... 105 Saving and loading field data .................................................................................................... 106 Wavelengths ......................................................................................................................................... 106 Saving and loading wavelength data ........................................................................................ 106 Next Configuration ................................................................................................................................ 106 Last Configuration................................................................................................................................. 106

ANALYSIS MENU

Chapter 7

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 107 Layout ................................................................................................................................................... 107 2D Layout.................................................................................................................................. 107 3D Layout.................................................................................................................................. 108 The orientation indicator................................................................................................ 109 Ray errors...................................................................................................................... 109 Configuration data ......................................................................................................... 110 Raylist file format........................................................................................................... 110 Wireframe.................................................................................................................................. 110 Solid Model ............................................................................................................................... 111 Shaded Model ........................................................................................................................... 111 ZEMAX Element Drawing ......................................................................................................... 112 Special characters......................................................................................................... 114 ISO Element Drawing................................................................................................................ 114 Summary of ISO 10110 symbols and codes ................................................................. 114 Diameters and bevels.................................................................................................... 115 Tolerance data .............................................................................................................. 115 NSC 3D Layout ......................................................................................................................... 115 NSC Shaded Model .................................................................................................................. 117 NSC Object Viewer ................................................................................................................... 117 Fans ...................................................................................................................................................... 117 Ray Aberration .......................................................................................................................... 117 Evaluating results at intermediate surfaces................................................................... 118 Optical Path............................................................................................................................... 119 Pupil Aberration......................................................................................................................... 119 Spot Diagrams ...................................................................................................................................... 120 Standard.................................................................................................................................... 120 Through Focus .......................................................................................................................... 122 Full Field.................................................................................................................................... 122 Matrix ........................................................................................................................................ 122 Configuration Matrix .................................................................................................................. 122 MTF....................................................................................................................................................... 123 FFT MTF ................................................................................................................................... 123 FFT Through Focus MTF .......................................................................................................... 124 FFT Surface MTF...................................................................................................................... 125 FFT MTF vs. Field..................................................................................................................... 125 Comment about vignetting factors................................................................................. 126 FFT MTF Map ........................................................................................................................... 126 Huygens MTF............................................................................................................................ 127 Huygens Through Focus MTF .................................................................................................. 128 Huygens Surface MTF .............................................................................................................. 128

8

Geometric MTF ......................................................................................................................... 129 Geometric Through Focus MTF ................................................................................................ 129 Geometric MTF vs. Field........................................................................................................... 130 Geometric MTF Map ................................................................................................................. 130 PSF ....................................................................................................................................................... 131 FFT PSF.................................................................................................................................... 131 Assumptions used in the FFT PSF calculation.............................................................. 132 Discussion of the FFT method and sampling issues..................................................... 133 FFT PSF Cross Section ............................................................................................................ 134 FFT Line/Edge Spread.............................................................................................................. 135 Huygens PSF ............................................................................................................................ 136 Huygens PSF Cross Section..................................................................................................... 137 Wavefront.............................................................................................................................................. 137 Wavefront Map.......................................................................................................................... 137 Interferogram............................................................................................................................. 138 Foucault Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 139 Surface.................................................................................................................................................. 141 Surface Sag .............................................................................................................................. 141 The Contour Format String............................................................................................ 141 Surface Phase........................................................................................................................... 141 RMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 142 RMS vs. Field............................................................................................................................ 142 Comments about RMS computation methods............................................................... 143 Comments about RMS wavefront computations ........................................................... 143 RMS vs. Wavelength................................................................................................................. 143 RMS vs. Focus.......................................................................................................................... 144 RMS Field Map ......................................................................................................................... 145 Encircled Energy................................................................................................................................... 146 Diffraction .................................................................................................................................. 146 Geometric.................................................................................................................................. 147 Geometric Line/Edge Spread.................................................................................................... 148 Extended Source....................................................................................................................... 149 Illumination............................................................................................................................................ 150 Relative Illumination .................................................................................................................. 150 Effective F/# .................................................................................................................. 151 Vignetting Plot ........................................................................................................................... 151 Illumination XY Scan ................................................................................................................. 152 Illumination 2D Surface ............................................................................................................. 153 Image Analysis...................................................................................................................................... 153 Geometric Image Analysis ........................................................................................................ 153 The IMA format.............................................................................................................. 155 The BIM format.............................................................................................................. 155 How rays are chosen for analysis ................................................................................. 156 Calculating efficiency of multi-mode fibers .................................................................... 157 Text output .................................................................................................................... 157 Geometric Bitmap Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 157 Diffraction Image Analysis......................................................................................................... 159 Comment about the coherent optical transfer function.................................................. 163 Computing partially coherent images ............................................................................ 163 Extended Diffraction Image Analysis ........................................................................................ 164 IMA/BIM File Viewer.................................................................................................................. 166 Biocular Analysis................................................................................................................................... 167 Field of View.............................................................................................................................. 167 Dipvergence/Convergence........................................................................................................ 168

9

Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 169 Field Curvature/Distortion ......................................................................................................... 169 Computing distortion when using real image height as the field type ........................... 171 Grid Distortion ........................................................................................................................... 171 Footprint Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 173 Longitudinal Aberration ............................................................................................................. 174 Lateral Color.............................................................................................................................. 174 Y-Ybar Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 175 Chromatic Focal Shift................................................................................................................ 175 Dispersion Diagram................................................................................................................... 175 Glass Map ................................................................................................................................. 176 Internal Transmittance vs. Wavelength..................................................................................... 176 System Summary Graphic ........................................................................................................ 177 Conjugate Surface Analysis ...................................................................................................... 177 Power Field Map ....................................................................................................................... 178 Power Pupil Map ....................................................................................................................... 179 Aberration coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 180 Seidel Coefficients .................................................................................................................... 180 Seidel Diagram.......................................................................................................................... 182 Zernike Fringe Coefficients ....................................................................................................... 182 Subaperture computations ............................................................................................ 183 Strehl ratio approximation ............................................................................................. 184 Zernike Standard Coefficients................................................................................................... 185 Zernike Annular Coefficients ..................................................................................................... 188 Calculations .......................................................................................................................................... 191 Ray Trace.................................................................................................................................. 191 Fiber Coupling Efficiency .......................................................................................................... 192 YNI Contributions ...................................................................................................................... 193 Sag Table.................................................................................................................................. 194 Cardinal Points.......................................................................................................................... 195 Glass and Gradient Index ..................................................................................................................... 195 Dispersion Diagram................................................................................................................... 195 Glass Map ................................................................................................................................. 195 Internal Transmittance vs. Wavelength..................................................................................... 196 Grin Profile ................................................................................................................................ 196 Gradium Profile...................................................................................................................... 197 Universal Plot........................................................................................................................................ 197 New Universal Plot 1D... ........................................................................................................... 197 New Universal Plot 2D... ........................................................................................................... 199 Polarization ........................................................................................................................................... 200 Polarization Ray Trace.............................................................................................................. 201 Polarization Pupil Map .............................................................................................................. 201 Modeling interference between configurations.............................................................. 202 Transmission............................................................................................................................. 202 Phase Aberration ...................................................................................................................... 203 Transmission Fan...................................................................................................................... 203 Coatings................................................................................................................................................ 204 Reflection vs. Angle .................................................................................................................. 204 Transmission vs. Angle ............................................................................................................. 204 Absorption vs. Angle ................................................................................................................. 204 Diattenuation vs. Angle ............................................................................................................. 205 Phase vs. Angle ........................................................................................................................ 205 Retardance vs. Angle................................................................................................................ 205 Reflection vs. Wavelength......................................................................................................... 205

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Transmission vs. Wavelength ................................................................................................... 206 Absorption vs. Wavelength ....................................................................................................... 206 Diattenuation vs. Wavelength ................................................................................................... 206 Phase vs. Wavelength .............................................................................................................. 206 Retardance vs. Wavelength ...................................................................................................... 206 Physical Optics ..................................................................................................................................... 206 Paraxial Gaussian Beam........................................................................................................... 206 Limitations of the analysis ............................................................................................. 207 Overview of Gaussian beams ....................................................................................... 207 Default beam parameters.............................................................................................. 207 Propagating the embedded beam ................................................................................. 208 The quality factor........................................................................................................... 208 Interactive analysis........................................................................................................ 208 Skew Gaussian Beam............................................................................................................... 209 Physical Optics Propagation ..................................................................................................... 209 Comments about beam projection ................................................................................ 212 Beam File Viewer ...................................................................................................................... 213

TOOLS MENU

Chapter 8

Optimization .......................................................................................................................................... 215 Optimization .............................................................................................................................. 215 Global Search ........................................................................................................................... 215 Hammer Optimization ............................................................................................................... 215 Merit Function Listing ................................................................................................................ 215 Remove All Variables................................................................................................................ 215 Glass Substitution Template ..................................................................................................... 215 Tolerancing ........................................................................................................................................... 216 Tolerancing ............................................................................................................................... 216 Tolerance Listing....................................................................................................................... 217 Tolerance Summary.................................................................................................................. 217 Test Plates ............................................................................................................................................ 217 Test Plate Fitting ....................................................................................................................... 217 Test Plate Lists.......................................................................................................................... 218 Catalogs................................................................................................................................................ 219 Glass Catalogs.......................................................................................................................... 219 Glass Compare ......................................................................................................................... 219 Lens Catalogs ........................................................................................................................... 219 Coatings................................................................................................................................................ 223 Edit Coating File........................................................................................................................ 223 Reload Coating File................................................................................................................... 223 Add Coatings to All Surfaces .................................................................................................... 223 Coating Listing .......................................................................................................................... 223 Export Encrypted Coating ......................................................................................................... 224 Scattering.............................................................................................................................................. 224 ABg Scatter Data Catalogs ....................................................................................................... 224 Wavelength scaling of ABg data ................................................................................... 226 Scatter Function Viewer ............................................................................................................ 226 Apertures .............................................................................................................................................. 227 Convert Semi-Diameters to Circular Apertures......................................................................... 227 Convert Semi-Diameters to Floating Apertures ........................................................................ 227 Remove All Apertures ............................................................................................................... 228 Replace Vignetting With Apertures ........................................................................................... 228 Coordinates........................................................................................................................................... 228 Tilt/Decenter Elements.............................................................................................................. 228

11

Add Fold Mirror ......................................................................................................................... 229 Limitations of reversing surfaces following the fold mirror............................................. 229 Delete Fold Mirror ..................................................................................................................... 229 Local To Global ......................................................................................................................... 230 Global To Local ......................................................................................................................... 230 Export Data ........................................................................................................................................... 231 Export IGES/SAT/STEP Solid................................................................................................... 231 Export IGES Line Work ............................................................................................................. 233 Export 2D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 234 Export 3D DXF File ................................................................................................................... 235 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 235 Reverse Elements..................................................................................................................... 235 Scale Lens ................................................................................................................................ 236 Make Focal................................................................................................................................ 236 Ghost Focus Generator............................................................................................................. 236 Performance Test...................................................................................................................... 238 Lock/Unlock All Windows .......................................................................................................... 238 Quick Focus .............................................................................................................................. 238 Quick Adjust .............................................................................................................................. 239 Slider ......................................................................................................................................... 239 Convert to NSC Group .............................................................................................................. 240 Convert File Formats................................................................................................................. 241 *.INT Zernike files.......................................................................................................... 242 *.INT Grid Files.............................................................................................................. 242 OptiWave *F3D files ...................................................................................................... 243

REPORTS MENU

Chapter 9

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 245 Surface Data ......................................................................................................................................... 245 System Data ......................................................................................................................................... 245 Prescription Data .................................................................................................................................. 245 Comments on computing element volumes .............................................................................. 246 System Check....................................................................................................................................... 246 Report Graphics 4/6.............................................................................................................................. 246

MACROS AND EXTENSIONS MENUS

Chapter 10

Edit/Run ZPL Macros............................................................................................................................ 249 Refresh Macro List................................................................................................................................ 249 Macro Names........................................................................................................................................ 249 Extensions ............................................................................................................................................ 249 Refresh Extensions List ........................................................................................................................ 250 Extension Names.................................................................................................................................. 250

SURFACE TYPES

Chapter 11

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 251 Parameter data ..................................................................................................................................... 251 Extra data.............................................................................................................................................. 251 Summary of surface types .................................................................................................................... 251 User defined surfaces ............................................................................................................... 251 Surface types ............................................................................................................................ 252 ABCD .................................................................................................................................................... 254 Alternate Even ...................................................................................................................................... 254 Alternate Odd........................................................................................................................................ 255

12

Atmospheric Refraction......................................................................................................................... 255 Biconic .................................................................................................................................................. 255 Biconic Zernike ..................................................................................................................................... 256 Binary Optic 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 257 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 258 Binary Optic 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 258 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 259 Binary Optic 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 259 Binary optic coefficients sign conventions................................................................................. 261 Birefringent In and Birefringent Out ...................................................................................................... 261 Defining the index ..................................................................................................................... 263 Defining the crystal axis for homogeneous materials................................................................ 263 Defining the crystal axis for inhomogeneous materials............................................................. 263 Determining which ray is traced ................................................................................................ 264 Accounting for phase rotation ................................................................................................... 264 Transmission and other properties of birefringent surfaces ...................................................... 265 Sample ZEMAX files ................................................................................................................. 265 Conjugate.............................................................................................................................................. 266 Coordinate Break .................................................................................................................................. 266 The order flag............................................................................................................................ 267 Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................................... 267 Comments about spline surfaces.............................................................................................. 267 Cylinder Fresnel.................................................................................................................................... 268 Diffraction Grating ................................................................................................................................. 269 Elliptical Grating 1 ................................................................................................................................. 269 Elliptical Grating surface shape................................................................................................. 270 Elliptical Grating 2 ................................................................................................................................. 271 Even Asphere ....................................................................................................................................... 271 Extended Asphere ................................................................................................................................ 271 Extended Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................... 272 Extended Fresnel.................................................................................................................................. 273 Extended Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................... 274 Extended Polynomial ............................................................................................................................ 275 Extended Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................... 275 Filter ...................................................................................................................................................... 277 Fresnel .................................................................................................................................................. 277 Generalized Fresnel.............................................................................................................................. 277 Gradient 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 278 Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN surfaces .............................................................. 278 Restrictions on surfaces following GRIN surfaces .................................................................... 279 Gradient 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 279 Gradient 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 279 Gradient 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 280 Gradient 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 280 Gradient 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 281 Gradient 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 282 GRADIUM ......................................................................................................................................... 282 GRADIUM profile file format...................................................................................................... 283 Gradient 9 ............................................................................................................................................. 284 Gradient 10 ........................................................................................................................................... 285 Grid Phase ............................................................................................................................................ 286 Using the shear distance........................................................................................................... 286 Phase coefficients sign conventions ......................................................................................... 286 Grid Sag................................................................................................................................................ 287

13

Importing grid data .................................................................................................................... 287 Bicubic spline vs. linear interpolation ........................................................................................ 288 Suggestions for using the Grid Sag surface.............................................................................. 288 Hologram 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 288 Hologram 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 289 Irregular................................................................................................................................................. 290 Jones Matrix.......................................................................................................................................... 290 Lenslet Array......................................................................................................................................... 291 Non-Sequential Components................................................................................................................ 291 Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................................... 291 Odd Cosine ........................................................................................................................................... 291 Optically Fabricated Hologram.............................................................................................................. 292 Defining the substrate shape .................................................................................................... 292 Defining the construction optics ................................................................................................ 292 Optimizing the construction and playback optics ...................................................................... 293 Selecting the hologram type...................................................................................................... 293 Paraxial ................................................................................................................................................. 294 Setting the OPD Mode .............................................................................................................. 294 Paraxial XY ........................................................................................................................................... 295 Periodic ................................................................................................................................................. 295 Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................ 295 Radial Grating ....................................................................................................................................... 296 Radial NURBS ...................................................................................................................................... 297 Retro Reflect ......................................................................................................................................... 297 Standard ............................................................................................................................................... 298 Modeling an ellipse with the standard surface .......................................................................... 298 Modeling an axicon with the standard surface .......................................................................... 298 Superconic ............................................................................................................................................ 298 Tilted ..................................................................................................................................................... 300 Toroidal ................................................................................................................................................. 300 Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................................... 301 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 302 Toroidal NURBS ................................................................................................................................... 303 User Defined ......................................................................................................................................... 303 The UDS DLL............................................................................................................................ 304 Refractive and reflective UDS DLLs.......................................................................................... 305 Gradient index UDS DLLs......................................................................................................... 305 Diffractive UDS DLLs ................................................................................................................ 305 Lenslet arrays using DLLs......................................................................................................... 306 User defined surface apodization using DLLs........................................................................... 306 Polarization and coating data using DLLs................................................................................. 306 Error handling and UDS ............................................................................................................ 306 Sample DLLs............................................................................................................................. 306 Variable Line Space Grating ................................................................................................................. 311 Zernike Fringe Phase............................................................................................................................ 312 Zernike Fringe Phase coefficients sign conventions ................................................................. 312 Zernike Fringe Sag ............................................................................................................................... 313 Zernike Standard Phase ....................................................................................................................... 313 Zernike Standard Phase coefficients sign conventions............................................................. 314 Zernike Standard Sag ........................................................................................................................... 315 Zone Plate............................................................................................................................................. 315

NON-SEQUENTIAL COMPONENTS

Chapter 12

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 317

14

Paraxial data and ray tracing with NSC ................................................................................................ 317 Optimization with NSC .......................................................................................................................... 318 The two methods of using NSC ray tracing .......................................................................................... 318 NSC with ports .......................................................................................................................... 318 NSC without ports ..................................................................................................................... 318 Combining NSC with and without ports..................................................................................... 318 Overview of NSC ray tracing with ports ................................................................................................