Zeiss / Dywidag shell for planetarium No 1 built at Jena. 1922

Walter Bauersfeld, Carl zeiss,Jena and Franz Dischinger, Dywidag

The shell was finished with sprayed concrete

Dischinger did a doctor thesis on the theory of polygonal shells in 1929

Concrete Shells, Ian Liddell, Buro Happold

Engineer Franz Dischinger, 1/5th model of a market shell for Dresden constructed by Dywidag 1931. 7.3m square, 15mm thick at the crown, 25mm at the edges

Concrete Shells, Ian Liddell, Buro Happold

Brynmawr rubber factory 1950, Arup and Jenkins

Concrete Shells, Ian Liddell, Buro Happold

Smithfield poultry market. Model tests to establish buckling load. Shell thickness was 1/4 inches. Buckling load was found to be 190 lbs/sq.ft at full size.

Hatfield pool

©1963Hatfield Swimming Pool 1965

Cooling Towers at Didcot

120m high by 100 feet diameter

Concrete Shells, Ian Liddell, Buro Happold

ST21 Stuttgart’;s new train station

Ingenhoven, Otto, Leonhardt & Andrae, Buro Happold.

Concrete Shells, Ian Liddell, Buro Happold

ST21 Stuttgart’;s new train station

Ingenhoven, Otto, Leonhardt & Andrae, Buro Happold.

Concrete Shells, Ian Liddell, Buro Happold