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    1-BACKGROUNDS

    1 BIOREACTORS Bioreactors are ! vessels, containing & controlling ! bioreactionvarying from very simple vessel to highly complicated ones

    2 BIOCATALYSIS using of natural living catalysts, as speed up reaction without being involved

    3 GREEN CHEMISTRY (i.e. ! development & application of clean processes based on biocatalysis for production of chemical products from renewable raw materials)4 EXTREMOPHILES organisms that live in conditions that would kill other creatures5 GENE THERAPY = replacement of a defective gene in an organism suffering from a genetic disease.

    6 GENOMICS

    Genomics is ! scientific study of! genome & ! role genes play, individually & collectively, in determining structure, directinggrowth & development, & controlling biological functions.

    It consists of two branches: 1-Structural genomics 2-Functional genomics.

    7 BIOFUEL CELL

    a device thatconverts chemical energy electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganism. it consists ofanode(ve) and cathode (+ve) compartments, fuel is oxidized by microorganisms In the anode compartment,

    generating electrons and protons. Electrons are transferred to the cathode compartment through an external electric circuit,

    8 QUORUM SENSING

    A signaling molecule, a compound has to effect a reaction in a population of cells that is distinct from the manner in which thecells would behave individually.

    Quorum sensing is believed to regulate competence development, sporulation, antibiotic synthesis, virulence factor induction,cell differentiation, and nutrient flux along with other physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections

    9 NANO-TECHNOLOGY is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.Dealing with structures of the size 90 nanometers or

    smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.

    10 BIOINFORMATICS Bioinformatics is the combination ofbiology, computer science and information technology. used to manage, analyze and manipulate large sets of biological data

    11 SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy conversions through the use of photosynthetic ( eg. Plant , algae , micro algae )mediators to entrap the solar energy

    12 MICROARRAYS

    Microarrays are solid supports onto which the sequences from thousands of different relevant molecules are immobilized, The supports themselves are usually glass microscope slides, silicon chips or nylon membranes each microarray study would give tens of thousands of data points.

    13 CANCER BIOMARKERS

    Caner markers are endogenous proteins or metabolites whose amounts or modifications are indicative of tumor state, progressioncharacteristics, and response to therapies.include a wide variety of molecules, including transcription factors, cell surfacereceptors, and secreted proteins.

    14 MARINE ORGANISMS 1- study of organisms in aquatic systems. 2-And marine organisms are the diverse flora inhabiting these aquatic systems.

    15BIO-

    PHARMACEUTICALS

    medical drugs, produced using biotechnology, They are proteins , nucleic acids used for therapeutic

    or in vivo diagnostic purposes

    produced by means other than direct extraction from anative biological source

    based on the recombinantDNA technology

    1.25

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    2-SCOPE & STATE OF ART

    1

    BIOREACTORS

    1. Classification according to ! configuration:

    Closed Opened

    for industrial application for environmental applications

    2. Classification according to ! biomass retention mode:

    Suspended biomass Immobilized biomass

    (for both

    environmental &industrial

    applications)

    for both applications with advantages of:

    1. Higher yields2. Easier down stream processing

    3. Classification according to ! flow within ! bioreactors:

    Well mixed Plug flow

    environmental applications industrial application

    For industrial application use : open - suspended plug flow

    4. Classification according to ! mode of bioreaction within !

    bioreactors:

    1- Batch 2-Fed batch 3-Continuous

    2 BIOCATALYSIS

    Type Applications & use

    Amylase

    sweeteners in ! food industry Removal of starch from cloth digestive aid

    Proteases

    detergent & laundry industry dairy industry leather & pharmaceutical industry waste treatment

    Lipases Digestive enzymes In dairy industry

    Glucose

    isomerase foods & beverages

    L-Asparaginase In ! treatment or leukemia &

    lymphoma

    Fibrinolysin

    (streptokinase) Treatment of thrombosis

    Glucose oxidase

    Determination of blood glucoselevel (Biosensor)

    Removal of O2 from various foodproducts to prevent their

    deterioration.

    3GREEN

    CHEMISTRY

    Application of green chemistry resulted in

    1. reduced waste,

    2. eliminating costly end-of-the pipe treatments;

    3. safer products;

    4. reduced use of energy & resources-

    5. all improving ! competitiveness of chemical

    manufacturers & their customers.

    4EXTREMOPHIL

    ES

    Thermophiles & Hyperthermophiles Applications

    DNA polymerases DNA amplification by PCR

    Lipases, pullulanases & proteases DetergentsAmylases Bakin and brewin

    Halophiles Applications

    g-Linoleic acid, b-carotene & cell

    extracts,e.g. Spirulina & Dunaliella

    Health foods, dietary

    supplements, food coloring

    and feedstock

    Psychrophiles Applications

    Polyunsaturated fatty acidsFood additives, dietary

    supplements

    Ice nucleating proteins Artificial snow, food industrye.g. ice cream

    Alkaliphiles &Acidophiles Applications

    Proteases, cellulases, lipases

    & amylasesDetergents & digestive aids

    Sulphur oxidizinq acidophiles Recovery of metals

    Acidophiles Organic acids & solvents

    5GENE

    THERAPY

    1. Germ-line cell therapyIf hereditary diseaseor congenital disease >>>> treat germ cell

    transmitted to ! new generation for treatment of many chronic diseases

    2. Somatic cell gene therapy is ! introduction of genes in an organ ortissue to enable it

    to function normally.

    This can be done: 1- In-vivo 2-Ex-vivo:

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    6 GENOMICS

    1. Structural Genomics 2. Functional genomics includes ! construction & comparison of various types of genome maps & large-scale DNA

    sequencing

    Used to isolate specific recombinant molecules or microbes with unique biochemistry. Identify ! genes involved in complex traits that are controlled by many genes. Detect microbial contaminants in cell cultures

    aims to understand whateach gene does, how it is

    regulated & how it interacts

    with other genes.

    7 BIOFUEL CELL

    In general, there are two types of microbial fuel cells (mediator and mediator-less microbial fuel cells)

    A. Mediator Microbial Fuel Cell B. Mediator-less Microbial Fuel Cell

    The electron transfer from microbial cells to the electrode is facilitated by mediators Disadvantage: most of the mediators available are expensive and toxic . does not require a mediator but uses electrochemicallyactive bacteria to transfer electrons to the electrode

    8QUORUM

    SENSING

    Medicinal applications Industrial applications Environmental applicationa. Inhibition of the biofilm formation within catheters or artificial valves

    b. Control of pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureusand P. aeuroginosathroughcontrolling their ability to form biofilm (aggregations), multiplication or

    expression of their virulence factors

    a. Inhibition of biofilm formation in the

    oil pipes

    b. Improvement of the yield of

    production of valuable bioproducts

    a. Induction of the biofilm

    forming ability to enhance the

    biodegradation capacity for

    removal of xenobiotics and other

    toxic pollutants

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    NANO-

    TECHNOLOGY

    two main approaches are used in nanotechnology: Bottom-up approach : nano intact Top-down approach: intact nano

    10BIOINFORMAT

    ICS

    Applications:1. Genome annotation = the process of marking the genes and other biological features in a DNA sequence2. Analysis of gene expression and regulation 3-Analysis of mutations in cancer 4- Prediction of protein structure

    11 SOLAR ENERGY

    Medicinal applications: Industrial applications A. Environmental application:-carotene antioxidant ( anti-

    cancer ).

    energy production 1. Photosynthetic bioremediation2. (CO2 mitigation = fixation) Removal of CO2 from the environment

    and conversion to either bio-fertilizers or biomass to be used for

    biofuel production

    12 MICROARRAYS

    Type of microarray Common applications

    DNA microarray Forensic, diagnosis and bioinformatics Protein microarray Early detection of biomarkers, forensic and proteomics Antibody microarray Diagnosis and biological assays Chemical compound microarray Rapid screening and assays of novel compounds

    13CANCER

    BIOMARKERS

    facilitating diagnosis of cancers at early stages and by helping to individualize treatments. Identification of novel therapeutic targets in cancer drug discovery. Monitoring of the cancer treatment efficiency and progress

    14MARINE

    ORGANISMS

    Applications represented in bioactive compounds such as: 1-Antitumor 2- new antibiotics 3-Antiviral agents 4-Anti-inflammatory5-Beta-carotenes (anti oxidant "anti cancer" from algae

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    BIO-

    PHARMACEUT

    ICALS

    wide diversity of biopharmaceutical products are produced (include proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, whole cells, viral particles andvaccines).

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    8 QUORUM SENSINGa. Screening and identification of involved in quorum

    sensing

    b. Screening for novel natural quorum sensing inhibitors or

    inducers other chemical molecules

    9NANO-

    TECHNOLOGY

    1. NANOSHELLS= CORE-SHELLS,

    2. QUANTUM DOTS = NANOCRYSTALS One common formula for the construction of nanoshells

    is to use silica for the core and another sticky

    compound to adhere gold particles to the outside

    surface, creating the shell.

    Once injected into a tumor, radiation is applied andthe nanoshells heat up enough to kill the tumor cell.

    , quantum dots are nanosizedsemiconductors that, depending on their

    size, can emit light in all colors.

    applied in cancer imaging studies.

    10 BIOINFORMATICS integration of a wide variety of data sources The integration of GIS data

    11SOLAR ENERGY 1. Production of hydrogen using photosynthetic algae 2. Storage of solar energy as bonds of biochemicals (ATP)

    3. The use of transgenic plants for production of certain valuable proteins

    12MICROARRAYS 1. Development for betteranalysis and interpretation of data

    2. Improvement of the resolution

    3. Development of the immobilization techniques

    4. Development for reduction of costs

    13CANCER

    BIOMARKERS

    1. Screening for discovering new biomarkers for different typesof cancers

    2. Development in the

    microarrays to reduce their cost

    14MARINE

    ORGANISMS

    1. Screening for more relevant marine organisms andmicroorganisms

    2. Improvementof the cultivation methods for marinemicroorganism

    15BIO-

    PHARMACEUTICALS

    1. Edible vaccines

    2. Transgenic Cows That Produce Recombinant Human Lactoferrin in Milk

    4-SHORT NOTES

    1 BIOREACTORS

    2 BIOCATALYSIS

    The use of biocatalysts especially enzymes revealed many advantages such as:

    1. Ultimate & sustainable resources

    2. Wide diversity

    3. Environmentally acceptable

    4. Highly selective & specific down streaming

    3GREEN

    CHEMISTRY

    Many green products are currently or very soon would be available such as:

    1-Formalin technology 2-Organic acids 3- Oxo alcohols & plasticizers

    4-Environmentally friendly coat reagent such as epoxides & acrylates from ! vegetable oils

    5- Biopolymers 6-Biosurfactants

    4 EXTREMOPHILES

    Thermophile Organisms having growth temperature optimum of 50C or higher.Halophile Organisms requiring at least 0.2 M (3-30%) salt for growth.

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    Psychrophile Organisms having growth temperature optimum of 15C or lower, (some can survive at - 10C),

    & are unable to grow above 20C.

    Alkaliphile Organisms with optimal growth at pH values above 10.Acidophile Oganisms with a pH optimum for growth at, orbelow, pH 2.Piezophile (previously termed barophile) = Organisms that lives optimally at highhydrostatic pressure.

    6 GENOMICS

    genomics cover all other fields such as: MCQ1-Fungal genomics 2-Plant genomics 3-Microbial genomics 4-Anything genomics

    Pharmacogenomics has ! potential to:1-Decrease side effects of drugs 2-Increase drug effectiveness 3-Make drug development faster & less costly

    9NANO-

    TECHNOLOGY

    Applications: 1-DNA nanotechnology 2- Biodegradable Polyanhydride Nanosphere 3-Nano-polymers for targeteddrug delivery (e.g. Liposomes) 4-Modulated enzymes with nanotechnology 5-Nanotechnology in biofuel cell

    13CANCER

    BIOMARKERS

    15BIO-

    PHARMACEUTICALS

    Applications of biopharmaceuticals:

    Monoclonal antibodies Hormones Insulin

    Growth hormone Interferons Vaccines (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

    Nutraceuticals Cosmeceuticals

    1. BIOREACTORS All applications done on it

    3:1.152.5113.913

    relationsbold

    assignment

    2. BIOCATALYSTS Extremophiles & Genomics3. GREEN CHEMISTRY Biocatalysts & Extremophiles & Biofuel cell4. GENE THERAPY BIOinformatics5. GENOMICS BIOinformatics6. BIOFUEL CELL Waste water treatment & nano tech.7. QUORUM SENSING Bio informatic8. NANO TECH. = MICRO

    ARRAY Cancer biomarker& Genomics &Bio

    informatics

    9. BIO INFORMATICS 10.SOLAR ENERGY Biofuel11.CANCER BIOMARKER Genomics , bioinformatics , microarray12.MARINE Bio informatics s& Genomics13.BIOPHARMACEUTICAL Genomics & Extremophiles, microarray,

    Marine