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1-BACKGROUNDS

1 BIOREACTORS Bioreactors are ! vessels, containing & controlling ! bioreactionvarying from very simple vessel to highly complicated ones

2 BIOCATALYSIS using of natural living catalysts, as speed up reaction without being involved

3 GREEN CHEMISTRY (i.e. ! development & application of clean processes based on biocatalysis for production of chemical products from renewable raw materials)4 EXTREMOPHILES organisms that live in conditions that would kill other creatures5 GENE THERAPY = replacement of a defective gene in an organism suffering from a genetic disease.

6 GENOMICS

Genomics is ! scientific study of! genome & ! role genes play, individually & collectively, in determining structure, directinggrowth & development, & controlling biological functions.

It consists of two branches: 1-Structural genomics 2-Functional genomics.

7 BIOFUEL CELL

a device thatconverts chemical energy electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganism. it consists ofanode(ve) and cathode (+ve) compartments, fuel is oxidized by microorganisms In the anode compartment,

generating electrons and protons. Electrons are transferred to the cathode compartment through an external electric circuit,

8 QUORUM SENSING

A signaling molecule, a compound has to effect a reaction in a population of cells that is distinct from the manner in which thecells would behave individually.

Quorum sensing is believed to regulate competence development, sporulation, antibiotic synthesis, virulence factor induction,cell differentiation, and nutrient flux along with other physiological events in pathogenic bacterial infections

9 NANO-TECHNOLOGY is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.Dealing with structures of the size 90 nanometers or

smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.

10 BIOINFORMATICS Bioinformatics is the combination ofbiology, computer science and information technology. used to manage, analyze and manipulate large sets of biological data

11 SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy conversions through the use of photosynthetic ( eg. Plant , algae , micro algae )mediators to entrap the solar energy

12 MICROARRAYS

Microarrays are solid supports onto which the sequences from thousands of different relevant molecules are immobilized, The supports themselves are usually glass microscope slides, silicon chips or nylon membranes each microarray study would give tens of thousands of data points.

13 CANCER BIOMARKERS

Caner markers are endogenous proteins or metabolites whose amounts or modifications are indicative of tumor state, progressioncharacteristics, and response to therapies.include a wide variety of molecules, including transcription factors, cell surfacereceptors, and secreted proteins.

14 MARINE ORGANISMS 1- study of organisms in aquatic systems. 2-And marine organisms are the diverse flora inhabiting these aquatic systems.

15BIO-

PHARMACEUTICALS

medical drugs, produced using biotechnology, They are proteins , nucleic acids used for therapeutic

or in vivo diagnostic purposes

produced by means other than direct extraction from anative biological source

based on the recombinantDNA technology

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2-SCOPE & STATE OF ART

1

BIOREACTORS

1. Classification according to ! configuration:

Closed Opened

for industrial application for environmental applications

2. Classification according to ! biomass retention mode:

Suspended biomass Immobilized biomass

(for both

environmental &industrial

applications)

for both applications with advantages of:

1. Higher yields2. Easier down stream processing

3. Classification according to ! flow within ! bioreactors:

Well mixed Plug flow

environmental applications industrial application

For industrial application use : open - suspended plug flow

4. Classification according to ! mode of bioreaction within !

bioreactors:

1- Batch 2-Fed batch 3-Continuous

2 BIOCATALYSIS

Type Applications & use

Amylase

sweeteners in ! food industry Removal of starch from cloth digestive aid

Proteases

detergent & laundry industry dairy industry leather & pharmaceutical industry waste treatment

Lipases Digestive enzymes In dairy industry

Glucose

isomerase foods & beverages

L-Asparaginase In ! treatment or leukemia &

lymphoma

Fibrinolysin

(streptokinase) Treatment of thrombosis

Glucose oxidase

Determination of blood glucoselevel (Biosensor)

Removal of O2 from various foodproducts to prevent their

deterioration.

3GREEN

CHEMISTRY

Application of green chemistry resulted in

1. reduced waste,

2. eliminating costly end-of-the pipe treatments;

3. safer products;

4. reduced use of energy & resources-

5. all improving ! competitiveness of chemical

manufacturers & their customers.

4EXTREMOPHIL

ES

Thermophiles & Hyperthermophiles Applications

DNA polymerases DNA amplification by PCR

Lipases, pullulanases & proteases DetergentsAmylases Bakin and brewin

Halophiles Applications

g-Linoleic acid, b-carotene & cell

extracts,e.g. Spirulina & Dunaliella

Health foods, dietary

supplements, food coloring

and feedstock

Psychrophiles Applications

Polyunsaturated fatty acidsFood additives, dietary

supplements

Ice nucleating proteins Artificial snow, food industrye.g. ice cream

Alkaliphiles &Acidophiles Applications

Proteases, cellulases, lipases

& amylasesDetergents & digestive aids

Sulphur oxidizinq acidophiles Recovery of metals

Acidophiles Organic acids & solvents

5GENE

THERAPY

1. Germ-line cell therapyIf hereditary diseaseor congenital disease >>>> treat germ cell

transmitted to ! new generation for treatment of many chronic diseases

2. Somatic cell gene therapy is ! introduction of genes in an organ ortissue to enable it

to function normally.

This can be done: 1- In-vivo 2-Ex-vivo:

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6 GENOMICS

1. Structural Genomics 2. Functional genomics includes ! construction & comparison of various types of genome maps & large-scale DNA

sequencing

Used to isolate specific recombinant molecules or microbes with unique biochemistry. Identify ! genes involved in complex traits that are controlled by many genes. Detect microbial contaminants in cell cultures

aims to understand whateach gene does, how it is

regulated & how it interacts

with other genes.

7 BIOFUEL CELL

In general, there are two types of microbial fuel cells (mediator and mediator-less microbial fuel cells)

A. Mediator Microbial Fuel Cell B. Mediator-less Microbial Fuel Cell

The electron transfer from microbial cells to the electrode is facilitated by mediators Disadvantage: most of the mediators available are expensive and toxic . does not require a mediator but uses electrochemicallyactive bacteria to transfer electrons to the electrode

8QUORUM

SENSING

Medicinal applications Industrial applications Environmental applicationa. Inhibition of the biofilm formation within catheters or artificial valves

b. Control of pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureusand P. aeuroginosathroughcontrolling their ability to form biofilm (aggregations), multiplication or

expression of their virulence factors

a. Inhibition of biofilm formation in the

oil pipes

b. Improvement of the yield of

production of valuable bioproducts

a. Induction of the biofilm

forming ability to enhance the

biodegradation capacity for

removal of xenobiotics and other

toxic pollutants

9

NANO-

TECHNOLOGY

two main approaches are used in nanotechnology: Bottom-up approach : nano intact Top-down approach: intact nano

10BIOINFORMAT

ICS

Applications:1. Genome annotation = the process of marking the genes and other biological features in a DNA sequence2. Analysis of gene expression and regulation 3-Analysis of mutations in cancer 4- Prediction of protein structure

11 SOLAR ENERGY

Medicinal applications: Industrial applications A. Environmental application:-carotene antioxidant ( anti-

cancer ).

energy production 1. Photosynthetic bioremediation2. (CO2 mitigation = fixation) Removal of CO2 from the environment

and conversion to either bio-fertilizers or biomass to be used for

biofuel production

12 MICROARRAYS

Type of microarray Common applications

DNA microarray Forensic, diagnosis and bioinformatics Protein microarray Early detection of biomarkers, forensic and proteomics Antibody microarray Diagnosis and biological assays Chemical compound microarray Rapid screening and assays of novel compounds

13CANCER

BIOMARKERS

facilitating diagnosis of cancers at early stages and by helping to individualize treatments. Identification of novel therapeutic targets in cancer drug discovery. Monitoring of the cancer treatment efficiency and progress

14MARINE

ORGANISMS

Applications represented in bioactive compounds such as: 1-Antitumor 2- new antibiotics 3-Antiviral agents 4-Anti-inflammatory5-Beta-carotenes (anti oxidant "anti cancer" from algae

15

BIO-

PHARMACEUT

ICALS

wide diversity of biopharmaceutical products are produced (include proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, whole cells, viral particles andvaccines).

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8 QUORUM SENSINGa. Screening and identification of involved in quorum

sensing

b. Screening for novel natural quorum sensing inhibitors or

inducers other chemical molecules

9NANO-

TECHNOLOGY

1. NANOSHELLS= CORE-SHELLS,

2. QUANTUM DOTS = NANOCRYSTALS One common formula for the construction of nanoshells

is to use silica for the core and another sticky

compound to adhere gold particles to the outside

surface, creating the shell.

Once injected into a tumor, radiation is applied andthe nanoshells heat up enough to kill the tumor cell.

, quantum dots are nanosizedsemiconductors that, depending on their

size, can emit light in all colors.

applied in cancer imaging studies.

10 BIOINFORMATICS integration of a wide variety of data sources The integration of GIS data

11SOLAR ENERGY 1. Production of hydrogen using photosynthetic algae 2. Storage of solar energy as bonds of biochemicals (ATP)

3. The use of transgenic plants for production of certain valuable proteins

12MICROARRAYS 1. Development for betteranalysis and interpretation of data

2. Improvement of the resolution

3. Development of the immobilization techniques

4. Development for reduction of costs

13CANCER

BIOMARKERS

1. Screening for discovering new biomarkers for different typesof cancers

2. Development in the

microarrays to reduce their cost

14MARINE

ORGANISMS

1. Screening for more relevant marine organisms andmicroorganisms

2. Improvementof the cultivation methods for marinemicroorganism

15BIO-

PHARMACEUTICALS

1. Edible vaccines

2. Transgenic Cows That Produce Recombinant Human Lactoferrin in Milk

4-SHORT NOTES

1 BIOREACTORS

2 BIOCATALYSIS

The use of biocatalysts especially enzymes revealed many advantages such as:

1. Ultimate & sustainable resources

2. Wide diversity

3. Environmentally acceptable

4. Highly selective & specific down streaming

3GREEN

CHEMISTRY

Many green products are currently or very soon would be available such as:

1-Formalin technology 2-Organic acids 3- Oxo alcohols & plasticizers

4-Environmentally friendly coat reagent such as epoxides & acrylates from ! vegetable oils

5- Biopolymers 6-Biosurfactants

4 EXTREMOPHILES

Thermophile Organisms having growth temperature optimum of 50C or higher.Halophile Organisms requiring at least 0.2 M (3-30%) salt for growth.

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Psychrophile Organisms having growth temperature optimum of 15C or lower, (some can survive at - 10C),

& are unable to grow above 20C.

Alkaliphile Organisms with optimal growth at pH values above 10.Acidophile Oganisms with a pH optimum for growth at, orbelow, pH 2.Piezophile (previously termed barophile) = Organisms that lives optimally at highhydrostatic pressure.

6 GENOMICS

genomics cover all other fields such as: MCQ1-Fungal genomics 2-Plant genomics 3-Microbial genomics 4-Anything genomics

Pharmacogenomics has ! potential to:1-Decrease side effects of drugs 2-Increase drug effectiveness 3-Make drug development faster & less costly

9NANO-

TECHNOLOGY

Applications: 1-DNA nanotechnology 2- Biodegradable Polyanhydride Nanosphere 3-Nano-polymers for targeteddrug delivery (e.g. Liposomes) 4-Modulated enzymes with nanotechnology 5-Nanotechnology in biofuel cell

13CANCER

BIOMARKERS

15BIO-

PHARMACEUTICALS

Applications of biopharmaceuticals:

Monoclonal antibodies Hormones Insulin

Growth hormone Interferons Vaccines (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

Nutraceuticals Cosmeceuticals

1. BIOREACTORS All applications done on it

3:1.152.5113.913

relationsbold

assignment

2. BIOCATALYSTS Extremophiles & Genomics3. GREEN CHEMISTRY Biocatalysts & Extremophiles & Biofuel cell4. GENE THERAPY BIOinformatics5. GENOMICS BIOinformatics6. BIOFUEL CELL Waste water treatment & nano tech.7. QUORUM SENSING Bio informatic8. NANO TECH. = MICRO

ARRAY Cancer biomarker& Genomics &Bio

informatics

9. BIO INFORMATICS 10.SOLAR ENERGY Biofuel11.CANCER BIOMARKER Genomics , bioinformatics , microarray12.MARINE Bio informatics s& Genomics13.BIOPHARMACEUTICAL Genomics & Extremophiles, microarray,

Marine