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REGIONAL WORKSHOP IN DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIPS FOR WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION1- 5 DECEMBER 2008, HOTEL EQUATORIAL BANGI-PUTRAJAYA, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA
NAHRIM/NARBO/ADB
MALAYSIA: Water andClimate Change - “projection,vulnerability, adaptation,
olic , ca acit buildin , etc”
Ir. SALMAH BINTI ZAKARIA, PhD, FAsc
rector enera National Hydraulic Research Institute Of Malaysia (NAHRIM)Ministry Of Natural Resources And Environment (MoNRE)
The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the
1
views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments theyrepresent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts noresponsibility for any consequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent withADB official terms.
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WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
CLIMATE CHANGE & POLICYCLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTION
ADAPTATION
CAPACITY BUILDING
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Water Resources
Management
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30years:1990-2020
A Developed Country with the
Have appropriate economic independence,shelter, food and clothin of acce tablequality
Clean land, clean air, clean water
,bio-diversity well managed for ourcontinued survival
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189 River Basins
330,000 sq km
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Water Challenges
Water su l
Water quality
Governance and Management Instruments
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ater upp y
Domestic and Industrial
Environment y ropower
Transportation Recreation
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Hydrological balance in Malaysia(billion cubic meters per year)
Region Rainfall Distribution
Surface
Runoff
Evapo-
Trans piration
Ground
water Recharge
JICA Study (1982)
Pen Malaysia
Sabah
320
194
147
113
153
67
20
14
Sarawak 476 306 140 30
Mala sia (1982 990 566 360 64
SMHB (2000)
Pen Malaysia 324 152 152 20
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D&I(in MLD) 9,543 15,285 20,338 24,485 28,131 31,628
(in million m3/yr)* 3,483 5,579 7,423 8,937 10,268 11,544
Irrigation Water
( million m3/yr)
, , , , , ,
Total (mill m3/yr)* 10,833 12,086 13,940 15,069 16,400 17,676
o runo . . . . . .
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Extracted and calculated from SMHB et al
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Water Qualit Pollutants
Chemical n ustr a po utants
residuals from agricultural fertilisers and pesticides households
microbial contamination
agriculture and livestock waste
Silts, sediment and construction waste material
House waste
Oil spills
Leachate from land fills
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Solid waste in rivers
Solid wastes
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Multi coloured Rivers
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s a, u ope a e ca
More than 40% of lakes were identifiedas eutrophic
Eutrophic, very rich in nutrients
A preliminary desk top study in 2005surveyed 90 lakes and reservoirs
more t an 60% o t e 90 a es anreservoirs surveyed were eutrophic
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oas a a ers Ma or ollution sources
From the hinterland, washed to the
coast
wastes
Animal and agricultural waste
land reclamation Oil Pollution Source: DOE
At risk from oil pollution
Discharges and spills from oil
an ers
vessel accidents
coastal oil refineries and pipelines
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Oil Spill Cleanup (Source: DOE)
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t er nv ronmenta a enges
Floods
Droughts
Erosion (coastal and rivers)
Forest Fires
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Floods 2006/07
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Tmn Sri MudaFloods - OldShah Alam,
Dec1995
Kelantan
Kuala Lumpur,
2005
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PJ, 2000
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Kuala Lumpur 1971Floods - Older
KL Railway, around 1920s
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Padang Kelab Selangor…. 1949Kuantan 1975
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Drou ht
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ores res an aze now
have a common recurrentof 3-4 years in Malaysia
Major threats causing the
loss of peat swamp forests
Cause: Improper peat landmanagement
The New Straits Times 16 Feb 2002
Fires to be put out within two weeks
Firemen battle peat fires200 firemen are battling the biggest forest and peat fires
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tr ggere y t e current ry spe at t e u t ar orest
reserve in Lembah Beringin, Kuala Kubu Baru. As of
press time the firemen had succeeded in putting out fires
covering over 5,000ha of the forest.
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Flooded hollows and basins provide ideal
growing conditions of reeds and sedgesand in humid tropical climate, indigenous
shrubs and rain forests trees
22•Http://www.nics.gov.uk/doe env/leaflet5.htm
Key to Formation of Peat Bog
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1. When the vegetation dies, it does not rot away
completely as the water in the hollows prevents
oxygen, which most decomposer organisms need tolive, from reaching the dead plants. The partly-rotted
plants gradually build up to form the peat swamp.
2
2. Eventually dark fibrous peat completely fills the
hollow to form a peat swamp basin.
3. Most of the nutrients are tied up in the peat and so the
only minerals available for plant growth are those
dissolved in rainfall. The decomposition of the rotted
material create a very acidic environment, and in
humid tropical climate, rain forests with appropriate
root systems thrived.
4. In some areas, eg Sarawak, an increasing thickness of
peat slowly accumulates and the surface of the peat
swamp starts to rise above the surrounding land,
sometimes reaching a height of more than 7m after
more than 6 000 ears of rowth. The water table in
4the raised mass fluctuates seasonally. But the moist
condition remains because of the sponge-like abilities
of the peat and the humidity and wet climate. The
original peat swamp has now become a raised peat
23•Http://www.nics.gov.uk/doe env/leaflet5.htm
an .
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Peat Environment
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Exacerbate current water challenges
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overnance an anagementInstruments
Generally Sectoral, and needs to bentegrate n areas
Institutions and Legislationsw , v y y u
Financing
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Existing Over-arching Policy on
Water Resources Management-
2010 describes development thrusts for a sustainableenvironmental development, IWRM
g t a ays a an or t e years - ‘Adopting an integrated and holistic approach in addressing
environmental and resource issues to attain sustainabledevelo ment.’ IWRM and IRBM
Ninth Malaysia Plan (9MP) for the years 2006-2010 Promotes environmental stewardship to strengthen
Preventive measures to mitigate negative environmental effects atsource
Intensifying conservation efforts
Stren thenin of the institutional ca acit and re ulator framework
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From a technicall 1 ideal stand oint, Mala sia mi ht wish to create a
Water Resource Ministry (WRM)…2003: Institutional Study on Water Resources Management in Malaysia
• Malaysia has a highly fragmented
water management system.’
To have a ‘Water Resource Ministry’ toprovide single-focus, sustainable,
‘Integrated Water ResourceManagement’ (IWRM) for Malaysia
system is disorganised.
• Malaysia does not have anempowered champion for water.
•sustainable national policy/framework
for water.
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…But several ‘fixes’ to the current water management system would berequired, and there would be significant challenges to be overcome
Note: (1) Technical in this case refers to water-related technical issues
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Reor anisin of Ministries, 29 March 2004
Two new ministries related to the water sector Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)
Dealing with land and water resources andenv ronmen
Ministry of Energy and Water and Communication(MEWC) Dealing with service provisions utilities
Issues on agriculture waters and project approvalsat local levels remain with the Ministry of Agriculture and Local Authorities, respectively
Preparation of National Physical Plan (NPP)
Preparation of National Water Policy
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Goale es a s men o an e c en , equ a e an sus a na e
national spatial framework to guide the overall development ofthe country towards achieving developed nation status by 2020
Objectives
To rationalise national spatial planning for economic efficiencyan g o a compe veness.
To optimise utilisation of land and natural resources forsustainable development.
To promote balanced regional development for national unity.
To secure spatial and environmental quality and diversity for ahigh quality of life.
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P1: Develop t he count ry as a single int egrat ed unit .
P2: Promote areas of greatest growth potential
P3: Maximise t he use of exi st ing and commit t ed infrastructure.
.
P5: Encourage t he development of regions based on t hei r pot ent ials.
P6: Favour public transport over private vehicle use for inter- ur an an ntra-c ty movement.
P7: Strive towards compact urban forms with clear identity.
P8: Avoid disrupt ing ecological st abil i t y.
- P10: Strengthen urban and rural linkages.
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Currentl bein looked into
There is a need to have an all inclusive NationalWater Policy, acceptable and supported by alls a e o e s, a c u e s ou e
Strategies of managing all the challenges, including climate
change Action Plans with milestones
Supported by needed resources
Proposed a National Framework for Water Resources
Mana ement NFWRM
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Vision for National Framework4/i
for WRM (NFWRM) Water Resources Management fully integrated
through out the country from the head waters to the coastal areas
Equity distribution of water between the sectors Water supply for industry, housing and agriculture, integrated
and well coordinated
Clean and vibrant rivers and water bodies
Malaysia’s biodiversity and gene bank, recognised,protected, thriving and contributing to the country’seconomy
Floods, erosion, land slides and other land & waterrelated challenges, well managed and under
3312/10/2008
control
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Focuses on Water resources governance
Incorporate land and water, together with other relatedresources, weave n a matr x t at
Complement one another Workable, and developing incrementally, if necessary Su orted monitored assisted and enforced b all
stakeholders
Ensure sustainable economic growth and pristine
environment
Managed the vulnerability of the country attributed toimpact of climate change
Su ort, nurture and develo related water servicesturning them into successful businesses; beyond theshores of the nation
Must have action plans with targeted milestones
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Suggested Milestones NFWRM
Immediate Term 6 months to 2 years : secure financial support to develop theframework - as directed by the NWRC and chaired by the YAB PM
Short Term 2-3 years: Develop the framework, together with more detail milestones
and prioritize action plans
Medium Term 3-10 years: implement prioritized areas of actions such as
over-arching IRWM legislations to fit-in (adapt, adopt, amend) existing waterrelated laws and proposed water related laws, which lies within a connectedand contiguous single environmental system or units
setting up river basin organizations (189 of them) to manage developmentwithin each basin
manage mpact o g o a warm ng on c mate c anges an water resources
Visionary Term Over 2 planning horizons or more, each of 25 to 30 years
Achieve Clean Water in lakes, rivers , ground water resources and coastal
The water sector developed to include development of related businessesproviding service provisions beyond our shores
May need to be packaged to anticipate/dovetail election schedules,not only to ensure compliance but to monitor impacts
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Climate Chan e
& Policy
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Generic Policies - 1 Adopts a “precautionary principle” and “no regret”
policy,a ac on, us e n e r r g , cou e a en o
mitigate or adapt to climate change, even though there
are still scientific uncertainties. Utilises the overarching framework on sustainable
developments goals of the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-1980)
Some Strategies Previously adoptednergy sec or s a ma or con r u on o s o e
atmosphere. Besides petroleum/oil; Identify alternative energy sources such as
hydro power and gas ,
transport sector
Implement public awareness programs promoting energyefficiency, recycling and use of public transport (cont…)
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Generic Policies - 2
Some Strategies Previously adopted (…cont) Maintain an effective forest management and
conservat on program to preserve o vers ty an s n sfor GHGs
Ensure food sufficiency by through appropriatemana ement and R&D
Undertake R&D in Climate Change Projection
Additional policies in 2008 Settin u of a Cabinet Committee on Climate Chan e
Draft National Policy on Climate Change completed
Commitment of the National Water Resources Council onthe need to manage impact of climate change on water
Endorsement of the need for finer downscaling of climate changeprojection
Endorsement of a study on impact assessment on water resourcesrelated infrastructure
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Malaysia’s Milestones Commitment on Climate Change
1989 Malaysia ratified Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the OzoneLayer
1995 Malaysia set up National Climate Committee
2000 Malaysia submitted Initial National Communication (INC) to UNFCCC
a ays a ra e yo o ro oco
Set up National Committee on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
2002 NAHRIM commenced Reg Hydro-Climatic Model for Peninsula Malaysia (Reg-
2004 Malaysia begins preparation for Second National Communication , anticipatedto complete in 2009, uses NAHRIM CCProj as base line for WG2
2007 NAHRIM commenced to CC Pro ection Stud for Sabah and Sarawak anticipated to complete in 2010
2008 Cabinet Committee on Climate Change set up and Draft National ClimatePolicy Completed
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2008 NWRC endorsed the need for downscaling of climate change projection to finerresolution and R&D in impact assessment
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Climate Chan e
Projection
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Climate Chan e Pro ections Currently, steered by the CC Projection Sub-
committee, chaired by NAHRIM, under WG2 fort e preparat on o 2
Institutions currently involved
MMD (Malaysian Meteorological Dept), Ministry of
Science and Technology, University Malaya, UM
Anticipated more institutions and universities willbe interested eg Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
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GLOBAL* MALAYSIA
1906-2005 1968-2002
Surfacetem erature
0.74 0.49 – 0.91**
(ºC)
1961-2003 1993-2003 1986-2006ea eve
rise (mm/yr). . 1.25
* IPCC 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007**
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***DID, 2007
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NAHRIM REGIONAL
HYDROCLIMATE MODEL
-
Peninsular Malaysia, ‘Regional Hydroclimate Modelof Peninsular Malaysia (RegHCM-PM)’ was
Downscaling global climate change simulation data(Canadian GCM1 current and future climate data) that are atvery coarse reso u on ~ m , o ner spa a reso u on(~9km) for Peninsular Malaysia
Able to uantif the im act of the com lex to o ra hical andland surface features of Peninsular Malaysia on its climateconditions.
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Data grid of CGCM1 that were used in the RegHCM-PM.-
shown as blue. The land grids which are used in theRegHCM-PM are shown as green.
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The grid layout for the outer domain (1st Domain,,
under Mercator projection.
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Locations of selected stream gaugingLocations of selected stream gauging
stat ons an waters e sstat ons an waters e s
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SubSub--regions in Peninsular Malaysiaregions in Peninsular Malaysia
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RESULTS: Future Air TemperatureRESULTS: Future Air Temperature
Mean temperature during the future period is.
deg Celcius.
up to 2.0 deg Celcius all over Peninsular
.
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mm r f Hi ri l An F r M n hl Air
Temperature (2025-2050)
Subregion NameWestCoast Klang Selangor
Teren-gganu
Kelan-tan Pahang
MaximumHistorical 28.9 27.7 27.7 28.2 28.0 28.3
Future 30.7 29.7 29.5 29.9 29.6 29.9
Air Temp(deg C)
Increase 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6
% Increase 6.2% 7.2% 6.5% 6.0% 5.7% 5.7%
Mean Historical 27.3 26.5 26.4 25.5 25.3 26.1
MonthlyAirTemp(deg C)
Future 28.6 27.9 27.8 26.8 26.5 27.4
Increase 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3
% Increase 4.7% 5.3% 5.3% 5.1% 4.7% 5.0%
MinimumMonthlyAirTemp
Historical 24.9 24.8 24.7 21.9 21.0 22.8
Future 26.2 25.5 25.4 23.1 22.4 24.1
Increase 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.3
5151
ncrease . . . . . .
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RESULTS: Future Preci itationRESULTS: Future Preci itation
More extreme hydrological conditions in the futurema be ex ected since hi her maximum and lowerminimum precipitation are observed.
Increase in maximum monthly precipitation of up to, .
Decrease in minimum monthly precipitation from
32% to 61% for all over Peninsular Malaysia.There is a substantial decrease in futureprecipitation and river flow at the northwestern sub-
re ion es eciall at Kedah watershed ofPeninsular Malaysia, when compared to thehistorical conditions
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Summary of Historical And Future Monthly Precipitation (2025-2050)
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y y p ( )
Sub-region Name
es
Coast Klang
e an-
gor
eren-
ggau
e a-
ntan
a an
g Perak
e a
h
o o
r
Historical 600.0 436.2 564.1 1271.2 929.7 633.6 722.9 626.7 591.7
MonthlyPrecip(mm)
Future 560.3 601.3 525.7 1913.9 1128.5 684.6 767.8 705.3 538.2
Diff. -39.7 165.1 -38.4 +642.7 +198.8 +51.0 +44.9 +78.3 -53.5
% -6.6 +37.8 -6.8 +50.6 +21.4 +8.0 +6.21 +12.5 -9.0
Mean
Monthly
Historical 179.2 190.1 190.2 289.0 221.8 198.5 192.9 173.6 187.3
Future 176.2 182.3 180.9 299.0 239.5 208.4 199.4 176.6 180.0rec p
(mm)Diff. -3.0 -7.8 -9.3 +10.0 +17.7 +9.9 +6.5 +3.0 -7.3
(%) -1.7 -4.1 +4.9 +3.5 +7.9 +4.9 +3.4 +1.7 -3.9
Historical 12.4 12.8 12.2 33.6 15.4 24.5 9.0 2.1 13.3MinimumMonthlyPrecip(mm)
Future 7.9 5.9 8.3 14.0 10.9 16.6 4.1 1.1 5.2
Diff. -4.5 -6.9 -3.9 -19.6 -4.5 -7.9 -4.9 -1.0 -8.1
5353
- . - . - - . - . - . - . - - .
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Table C is a summar of simulated monthl flowsduring the historical and future periods at the
selected Peninsular Malaysia watershed.
variability with increased hydrologic extremes are
expected in Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu andera .
Increase in maximum monthly flows from 11% to
Decrease in minimum monthly flows from 31% to93% for Johor and Selangor.
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Summary of Historical And Future Monthly Flows (2025-2050)
River Klang Selangor DungunKelan-
tan Pahang Perak Muda Johor
Historica31.2 107.9 398.4 1535.1 1697.4 523.7 307.4 82.7
MaximumMonthly
Flows(cms)
Future 45.8 108.5 569.5 1950.7 2176.6 578.2 340.0 94.0
Diff. +14.6 +0.6 +171.1 +415.6 +479.2 +54.5 +32.6 +11.3
(%) +46.8 +0.6 +42.9 +27.1 +28.2 +10.4 +10.6 +13.7
Mean
Historica
l
14.4 40.7 93.4 535.9 669.6 286.4 105.6 32.7
on yFlows(cms)
u ure . . . . . . . .
Diff. -1.1 -3.2 +4.9 +65.8 +48.5 +13.3 -1.6 -0.9
(%) -7.6 -7.9 +5.2 +12.3 +7.2 +4.6 -1.5 -2.8
MinimumMonthlyFlows
Historical
2.6 7.1 13.1 158.4 156.3 183.6 25.3 9.8
Future 3.5 0.5 10.8 125.8 122.7 139.2 5.3 6.8
5555
(cms) Diff. +0.9 -6.6 -2.3 -32.6 -33.6 -44.4 -20 -3
(%) +34.6 -93.0 -17.6 -20.6 -21.5 -24.2 -79.1 -30.6
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u y
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Adaptation Plans Formulating National Overarching Policies
Strategies for sustainable development despite climate changes Setting up cabinet committee and approval of National Policy on
Prioritising in the light of limited resources, both human and financial
Incorporates x-cutting issues dealing with Climate Change Inventories –WG1 Vulnerability and Adaptation – WG2 (essentially water related) Adaptation and Mitigation – WG3 (essentially energy related)
Secretariat is Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
Ministries of Science and Technology, Transport, Water-Communication-Energy, International Trade, Agriculture, Finance,Prime Minister’s Department, and others
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N 2: W 2 - V ln r ili n
Adaptation
on several vulnerable sectors
to formulate corresponding adaptation measures 7 vulnerable sectors (and sub-committees):
gr cu ure Forestry (FDPM) Biodiversity (FRIM) Water resources (NAHRIM) oas a an mar ne resources Public health (MOH) Energy (PTM)
2 support groups under WG2 Climate Projections (NAHRIM) - looks at climate projections studies carried
out in Malaysia, based on available climate models and data. Socio-Economic Impacts and Responses (LESTARI, UKM) - looks at socio-
economic impact and responses from global warming and climate changes aswell as ada tation measures.
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-V&AWG
Chair-
NAHRIMClimate
Projection
NAHRIM
& ImpactsResources
LESTARI - UKM
Water PublicCoastal
MARDIResourcesNAHRIM
HealthIMR
FRIMFRIM PTMResources
JPS
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WG II Current Progress
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PUBLIC A second workshop on time series was carried out in EHRC from 30 July – 1
g
researchers in their research on air pollution and temperature. We expect to finish itby the end of the year and it will be presented to Prof Wong when he makes his third
visit. Another meeting is expected in this November, 2008. Compilation of
.
AGRICULTURE Preliminary vulnerability assessment of selected agriculture activities (rice, cocoa,
oil palm, aquaculture and livestock) are in progress. For rice the impact will beassessed by using DSSAT crop model, and the analysis was started by collecting
requ re so an weat er ata, an ana ys ng pro ecte weat er c anges n se ecte
rice growing areas (MADA, KADA and Seberang Perak). Meanwhile, general
adaptation strategies from other countries were compiled and analysed, where
possible the strategies can be used and applied under Malaysian environment.re m nary report on ru er an vestoc was comp ete .
WATER
RESOURCES
Appointment of a consultant to carry out assessment of the climate change on
Irrigation on selected irrigation areas and domestic water supply in Klang Valley.
Initiation of assessment of the impact of climate change on groundwater by theDepartment of Mineral and Geosciences, as well as assessment on the hydrological
changes by the Division of Hydrology, Department of Irrigation and Drainage.
Finalization of modes of carrying out the assessment of the impact on river quality
changes and hydropower supply – to determine the source for funding and personnel
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to carry out the study.
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WG II Current Progress
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WG II Current ProgressSOCIO-
ECONOMIC
Development of proposal on ‘Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change On Public
Health’ for funding from Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Methodology
approach on developing socio-economic scenarios for vulnerability and adaptation
assessments.
FORESTRY Satisfactorily achieve current JPSM RMK-9 projects related on WG2 V&A for
forestr sector, includes Forest Rehabilitation and Conservation, Plantin of
Mangroves and Other Suitable Tree Species Along the Country’s Shoreline and
Management of Water Catchments Forest have been undertaken by JPSM under
RMK-9.
PROJECTION 2008, 59 users have registered and already accessing the hydroclimate projection at
various location in Peninsular Malaysia
COASTAL & Circulation of National Coastal Vulnerability report to sub-sector group members.
RESOURCES
BIODIVERSITY Checklist for plant species that maybe vulnerable to climate change for Peninsular
Malaysia has been compiled and can be submitted to the committee
ENERGY The V&A impact assessment for oil and gas and electricity sector is ready. The team
will further refine the impact assessment. The team managed to establish a good
networking with agencies from the transport sector. More agencies under MoT has
been artici ated in the rou . The team has been assisted b UKM for socio-
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economic analysis.
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Immediate impact on water resources x reme even s o oo s an roug s, a ec
Water supply Water quality
Agricultural production
Bio-diversity, etc
Melting Polar Ice will result in sea-level rise Inundation of low lying areas
Potentially affecting coastlines and low riverine areas
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Possible Climate Chan e Im lication -2
Water Availability:
long-term water shortage
Water scarcity that retards progress on Millennium
Losses from reallocations of water among
competing users Non-violent but costly conflict among competing
water users
,and manageable fluctuations in water availability
Lack of quality water
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Possible Impacts as a result of stream flow
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Possible Impacts as a result of stream flow –
higher high flows
Possibly are higher concentration of pollutants from variessources – dilution would be lesser
Retention of flow during these events will eventually result in
Impacts to aquatic life would be extremes – less tolerable specieswould be replaced by hardy species
Biodiversity in rivers is expected to reduce Impacts to riparian areas vegetation would be expected due to
lowering of ground water level Saline water intrusion would increase due to two reasons – saline
rise Saline water intrusion would impact productivity of agriculture
output – paddy, palm oil
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s es spawn ng cyc e cou e a ec e
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Possible Climate Chan e Im act on Groundwater
e rect mpact o c mate c ange on groun water
resources - depends upon the change in the volume and distribution of roundwater rechar e. The drier periods lead to the seasonal deficits in the moisture content of soils.
Change in Recharge
Change in Storage
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Agriculture and Forestry
AgricultureAgriculture Increase in rainfall is bad for rubber but good for oil palm a ru er an cou e a ec e Rise in sea level could force abandoning low lying planted areas Decline of rice yields 10% for every 10C increase in temperature Decrease in rainfall would affect cro that need wet condition
ForestryForestry Physiological process - up to 40% increase in biomass growth due to
increase in photosynthesis processes
Biodiversity - still uncertain
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Coastal ResourcesCoastal Resources
(a) Mangrove-fringed mudflats (b) Sandy shores - Insignificant as existing ground
(c) Increased flooding - Reduced drainage efficiency
of tidal control gates
(a) Sandy shoreline retreat - Insignificant (b) Mangrove loss - Vertical accretion rate able to
eep pace Increased Wave Action – Insignificant Saline Intrusion - Unlikely to
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Geographic distribution of long-term linear trends in mean sea level (mm yr–1) for 1955 to 2003 based
on the past sea level reconstruction with tide gauges and altimetry data (from Church et al., 2004)
Figure 1. (Reproduced from Figure 5.16 of Bindoff et al. (2007)
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Climate Chan e Im acts in Public health
Vector-borne diseases tropics, sub-tropics to temperate zones Den ue – Increase in urban areas. Hi h rainfall re uired for
high transmission.
Malaria - Specific temperature & rainfall required for vectorbreeding. Increase in sea level & deforestation without proper
ground. Viral diseases – Increase with increases in humidity &
temperature. Can change from endemic to epidemic forms..g. apanese encep a s.
Water-borne diseases tropics and sub-tropics Bacterial – Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella sp.
ra – epa s , o omye s. Protozoa – Giardia sp. Amoeba sp.
Airborne diseases - Increase in particulate (PM10)
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,
aggravate conjunctivitis, bronchitis & asthma.
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Adaptation Strategies in Stream Flo
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Adaptation Strategies in Stream Flow
Increasing base flow in rivers through Rainwater harvesting by all community within catchment and release when
not re uired Retention ponds at higher location within catchment
Groundwater recharge techniques to supplement base flow Small and low check dams in hill areas to reduce peak flow and increasebase flow
Decrease uptake of river water (bigger flow in river) Efficient use of water for agriculture
Improvement in irrigation efficiency Industrial use to be reduced
Wider River buffer within coastal zone To reduce salt water intrusion effect
Barrages
To prevent salt water intrusion and sea level surges
Reduction of pollution
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e er rea men was e wa er
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ap a on ra eg es on roun wa er
conditions with respect to climatologic changes
Refine projections of climate change, consequences
Assess climate change effects on groundwater
Study the combined effects of increased temperature on groundwater resources
Analyze the effect of sea level rise on delta salinity
state, federal, and academic researchers
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Resources
Water Resources
Improving hydrological forecastingImproving hydrological forecasting
Promoting widespread use of groundwaterPromoting widespread use of groundwater Changing land use practicesChanging land use practices
Demand side management for water resourcesDemand side management for water resources
Buffer zone for agriculture and forestry industries toBuffer zone for agriculture and forestry industries tominimize erosion and sedimentationminimize erosion and sedimentation
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Resources
Coastal Resources
AccommodateAccommodate
RetreatRetreat
Counter attackCounter attack
Coastal land buybackCoastal land buyback
Integrated coastal zone managementIntegrated coastal zone management
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A riculture
Develop plant varieties that are tolerant to high temperature and highDevelop plant varieties that are tolerant to high temperature and high
water use efficiencywater use efficiency Develop the means to maximize efficient usage of water and nutrientDevelop the means to maximize efficient usage of water and nutrient
Preserve PFRs and water catchments areas to ensure adequatePreserve PFRs and water catchments areas to ensure adequatewater supply for agriculturewater supply for agriculture
Develo a ro riate mana ement ractices for ostDevelo a ro riate mana ement ractices for ost--harvest handlinharvest handlin
Strengthen the integrated pest management and biocontrolStrengthen the integrated pest management and biocontrolprocedures to deal with increase incidences of pests and diseasesprocedures to deal with increase incidences of pests and diseases
Conduct research on impact of environment on the physiology ofConduct research on impact of environment on the physiology of
Establish semiEstablish semi--controlled and controlled plant and animal housingcontrolled and controlled plant and animal housing
Implement microclimatic modification through landscaping and agroImplement microclimatic modification through landscaping and agro--forestrforestr
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Forest plantation establishmentForest plantation establishment
Promotion of greater use of timberPromotion of greater use of timber
Reduction of wastage in forest harvesting andReduction of wastage in forest harvesting andincreased efficiency of wood processingincreased efficiency of wood processing
Strengthen and integrate conservation of protectedStrengthen and integrate conservation of protected
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Adaptation Strategies in Energy SectorAdaptation Strategies in Energy Sector
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Adaptation Strategies in Energy Sector Adaptation Strategies in Energy Sector
In oil and gas sectorIn oil and gas sector
Built retaining wall/dredgingBuilt retaining wall/dredging
Upgrade cooling systemUpgrade cooling system
Air intake coolingAir intake cooling
Wave break waterWave break water
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y u
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Various sectors related to water
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Various sectors related to water Technical
Can concurrently be identified with identification of vulnerability
Include also the need to update hydrological/hydraulics data
bases/information for future scenarios as compared to historicalextreme weather conditions and consequently
Possible modification in operations and maintenance and designrehabilitation
Plannin and Polic There is a need to capacity-built planners, macro and micro ie @
national, state and basin levels so that project planning canincorporate impacts from climate changes to ensure continued
sus a na e eve opmen policy decision makers, to ensure support for project proposals
as well as provision of adequate funding
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From: RK Pachauri el, “Climate Change 2007-Synthesis Report”, IPCC
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Pool our Resources
Being part of the NC2 team showed us the benefit of team work andnetworking Share our strength and strengthen our weaknesses Share the resources, expertise and finance, data & information
Understand that a positive initiative in one sector, need not be so foranother sector
o a + su comm ees WKHCCA will have the support of the 9 subcommittees
Build alliances
across the board; across expert areas; across levels of subsidiarity–
across administrative boundaries; private/public sectors partnerships,international partnerships, etc
Reaching out
vocacy an awareness: presc oo s, pr mary, er ary, pens oners Media, School curriculum, product branding, etc
Capacity building-
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, ,
Demonstration projects of best practices
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THE WATER CYCLE
NAHRIM CC Projection has proceeded from the normal output of tempand rainfall, to include surface runoff/stream flow (water infrastructure
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,
sea level rise (coastal settlement, etc)
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The modeling domains of Southeast Asia; D01 denotes the large outer domain, delineated by
red lines; D02 is the intermediate domain, delineated by the large rectangular region that is
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bounded by blue lines; the domains D03, D04, D05 and D06 are the inner modeling domains where the modeling studies will be carried out at 12km grid resolution.
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Land cover map (GLCC) over the Southeast Asia region and proposed
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FAO soil map over the Southeast Asia region. The color indicates soil
ma units
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Provide first cut of CC Projection for countries in the
region e resu s o a ne rom suc s u es, w e p
governments in determining the potential long term climate hydrologic
water resources Identifying vulnerabilities from the impact of climate change,
extreme weather conditions repar ng an mp ement ng a aptat on p ans
The results will provide a scientific basis informulating any policy or adaptive measures related
Countries may use it downscale to finer
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