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Zaigham wastewater management in indus basin pakistan
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PresentationPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in StockholmPresentation from the 2008 World Water Week in Stockholm©The Author(s), all rights reserved
Mobilizing Wastewater to Protect Sustainable Water Cycle in
different Indus Zonesdifferent Indus Zones
Dr. Zaigham Habib
Planning Commission PakistanPlanning Commission Pakistan
C t t f W t t M tContext for Wastewater Management
AfghanistanIndia
g
India
India
Organization of the Presentation
i. Natural and water distribution settings
ii. Different Hydrological zones and challenges
iii W t t l t d bliii. Watewater related problems
iv Treatment and reuse scope in different zonesiv. Treatment and reuse scope in different zones
v. Conclusions
64° 68° 72° 76°E E EE
Aridity and Salinity
H I N D U K U S H
H I M A L Y A S
Kabul River
1000
mm50
0 m
m
1000 m
m
N
EW
S
34° N 34° N
N I S T A N
C H I N A
Indus PlainIrrigated Arae
LEGEND Areas with low rainfall have
L A
I M
A N
R
A N
G E
T O B A K A K A R R
A N G E
Sutlej River
Ravi River
Chenab R
iver
Jehlum River
Indu
s R i
ver
250
mm
125
mm
125
mm
125
mm
250 m
m
250 m
m
500 mm
230° N 30° N
A F G H A N
International BoundaryRiver
Isohytes of Annual Precipitation
Hilly Areas high groundwater salinity
M A K R A
N
R A
N G
E
E R
R A
N G
E
S E
R T
C H O L
I S T
A N
D E S E R T
S U
L
S A N D Y D E S E R T
Dashat River
Hing
ol Ri
ver
Hub
Riv
er Indu
s R i
ver
25 0 mm
125 mm125 mm1
2
3
LOCATIONS
1 Manchar Lake2 Hammal Lake3 Evaporation Ponds4 LBOD26° N 26° N
I R A N I N D I A
K I R
T H
T H
A R
D E
S
125 mm 44 LBOD26° N 26° N
64° 68° 72° 76°
MAP 1 Pakistan-Physical Features Percipitation and Irrigated Area
A R A B I A N S E A
MAP 1. Pakistan-Physical Features, Percipitation and Irrigated Area.
Drainage Basin loosing Recharge Patterns
Reduced river flows, high network losses, higher occurrence of wet and dry span, climate change pattern still not known
Indus Rivers Total Inflow and Outflow 1976-2006120
90
120
1976-86 1986-96 1996-06
60
90
Sea
(bcm
)
30
60
utflo
w to
S
0
30
O
120 150 180 210 240
River Inflows (bcm)
Closed Sub-systems Emerging
Three water supply ver demand Situationsi. Higher uses than the supplyii Gross inflow higher than the reported uses but groundwaterii. Gross inflow higher than the reported uses, but groundwater
depleting – i.e unaccounted uses! iii. Higher availability and positive groundwater recharge in
saline and waterlogged areas
(Gross Inflow - Total Et) and Groundwater Balance300
saline and waterlogged areas
100
200
300
mm
Gross Inflow-Total Et Aquifer balance
0
100
Valu
es in
m
-200
-100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
Large area units
Hydronomic Zone Key CharacteristicsHydronomic Zone
1 High water use
Key Characteristics
Vast irrigation network extensive GW1. High water use, populated, fresh but depleting
Vast irrigation network, extensive GW extraction, river shrinking, surface drains carry urban and industrial
aquifer effluent to rivers, direct wastewater agriculture
2. Good rainfall, Rain & streams local source, little i lt ff i lid &but deteriorating
Aquiferagriculture, runoff carries solid & liquid waste to downstream water bodies
3. Saline Groundwater
bodiesHigh dependency on river flows, water logging, canals and lakes Groundwater
low rainfall
gg g,drinking water source, drainage failure, Prelatic fresh water lenses
Wasterwater drains and surface watercources
Sampling sites pH COD mg/l BOD mg/lWater Quality of Surface Drains after Monsoon season
NEQS Limits 6-9 150 80
Hudiara Drain 7.9 407 217.1
Raiwind Main drain 7.6 1570 674.8Raiwind Main drain 7.6 1570 674.8
Deg Nullah 7.8 338 182.0
Paharan Drain 7.7 671 243.0Jaranwala Drain 7 9 274 144 3Jaranwala Drain 7.9 274 144.3
Khairwala Drain 9.4 273 126.2
Sillanwali Drain 8.3 278 178.7
Summandri Drain 7.9 254 110.3
Babu Sabu Drain 7.7 214 104.0
Chak Bandi Drain 8.0 247 118.5
Disposal Station Saggian 7.5 381 224
Kasur Nullah 8.1 987 392
Pandoki Drain 8.2 192 89
Gojra Drain 8.0 180 102
Fazilka Drain 7.3 357 216Pulkhu Nullah 7 4 498 254Pulkhu Nullah 7.4 498 254
Checho Ki Malian Drain 9.7 225 102
Wastewater Faisalabad – Urban ExampleCity Wastewater discharge 5 3 m3/sec district discharge 7 3• City Wastewater discharge 5.3 m3/sec, district discharge 7.3 m3/sec, 25% wastewater used for irrigation treated
• 88% samples exceed BOD, while 96% COD permissible limit88% samples exceed BOD, while 96% COD permissible limit
• Microbiologically unfit drinking water samples 25% to 65%
• 90% groundwater sample unfit for TDS Na K Cl• 90% groundwater sample unfit for TDS, Na, K, Cl
• Vegetables contaminated with Cr, Pb, Cd & Fe
Fi h t i t d ith F d C• Fish contaminated with Fe and Cr
• 75% industries without effluent treatment
• Filtration plants provided to 30% of the population
• 90% population complain about drinking water quality, but not report water born diseasesnot report water-born diseases
• According to doctors 30 to 40 percent patient suffer from water-born diseaseswater born diseases
Source: PCRWR, IWMI
High level of contamination is wide spreadg pCites: Rawalpindi: Total Dissolved Salts – 422 to 780 ppm, EC - 985 to 1800, Main source of contamination: recharge from Nullah Lai and Korang River Lahore: A drinking surve in 2008 show 20% to 90% samples contaminated Karachi: Groundwater saline, household supply contaminated due to sewage leakage. Multan and Rahim Yar Khan: A i i l l hi h i th 50% l d if b ttArsinic level high in more than 50% samples, deep aquifer better.
Rivers: the Least and worst polluted rivers Jhelum and Ravi need BOD in the range of 45 to 880 tonnes per dayBOD in the range of 45 to 880 tonnes per day
Fresh Water lakes: In 2003 river supported lakes Hamal andFresh Water lakes: In 2003 river supported lakes Hamal and Mancher had DTS 4600 mg/l and 5300 mg/l
City Population Wastewat Percent Wastewater Discharged
Annual Urban Wastewater Produced and TreatedCity Population
MillionWastewater MCM
Percent Treated
Wastewater Discharged
Lahore 5.15 287 0.01 River Ravi, Canals & Veg. farms
Faisalabad 2.01 129 25.6 Ravi, Chenab and Veg. farms
Gujranwala 1.13 71 SCARP Drains and Veg farms
Rawalpinidi 1,41 40 River Soan and Veg farms
Sheikhupura 0.87 15 SCARP Drains
Multan 1 2 66 Riv Chenab canals & Veg farmsMultan 1.2 66 Riv. Chenab, canals & Veg farms
Sialkot 0.71 19 Ravi, Canals and Veg farms
Karachi 9.4 604 15.9 ArabianKarachi 9.4 604 15.9 Arabian
Hyderabad 1.17 51 34.0 Indus, Canals & Drains
Peshawar 0.98 52 36.2 River Kabul
Other 19.48 967 0.7
Total Urban 43.45 2,301 7.7
Source: Master Plan for Urban wastewater (municipal & industrial) treatment
Human Health – all impacts not knownIncreased use of bottled waterIncrease in water born diseases according to medical specialists (diarrhea, typhoid, intestinal worms and hepatitis) while direct ( yp p )deaths have decreasedHigher dis-satisfaction of community about drinking water supply
Urban Floods
The drainage systems
Drying eco-systems
No water for natural forestsg yfailing in big cities and peri-urban areas during monsoon
No water for natural forestsDrastic reduction in fresh water supply to welands
Decreasing access for imformal uses
Planning for population growth and municipal water demands!water demands!
Population Projection for two Growth Rates
2.0
2.5
3.0
in m
illio
ns
350
400
450
wth
rate
0.5
1.0
1.5
Popu
latio
n i
150
200
250
300
Popu
latio
n gr
ow
Municipal Supplies based on Current
0.01990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
100
growth rate 2.2% consistant growth with controlled growth rate
Municipal Supplies based on Current Development Pattern
20
25
met
ers
Urban bcm
10
15
al b
illio
n cu
bic
m Rural bcm
0
5
1998 2003 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2050
Annu
a
Waste water Management in populated, high water use and depleting aquifer zone
Theme Quality control and Treatment
Reuse
water use and depleting aquifer zone
Treatment • Control
Municipal • Segregated urban
drainage treatment• Agriculture after
sufficien treatmentpsupply
Strict q alit
g
• Sectors control effl ent at the so rce
• Quality controlled discharge to ri ers• Strict quality
regulation•
effluent at the source
• Treat industrial
discharge to rivers
• Recharge aquifer• Maintain
surface drains
Treat industrial effluent to the secondary level
Recharge aquifer from treated drainage runoff and agriculture
• Control aquifer
• Effective urban drainage
and agriculture uses
• Local harvesting & uses
Waste water Management in High rainfall low Agriculture zone
Theme Quality control and Treatment
Reuse
g
Treatment • Minimize
Municipal waste • Segregate runoff,
wastewater and • Back to streams
and water bodiespwater
Q alit control
solid waste
Rain har est roof• Recharge aquifer
from treated rain• Quality control regulation
• Rain harvest – roof top, parks
from treated rain, drainage runoff
• Protect natural streams
• Treat municipal effluent to specific quality standards
• Plan domestic & infrastructure uses
• Fresh recharge of ground
quality standards
• Treat industrial
uses
• Wastewater aquifer effluent to the
drainage levelecology
Saline and Water Access Areas Theme Quality control and
Treatment REUSE
• Protect lakes • Segregate and • High potential in• Protect lakes, watercourses
• Segregate and manage at diff. levels
• High potential in agriculture, still better than saline
d t• Minimize Agri. and domestic effluent
• Bio-treatment through wetlands
groundwater
• Back to the rivereffluent
• Protect • Treat municipal
effluent to primary
Back to the river reaches after treatment
usability of wastewater
level for agriculture
• Treat industrial• Planned saline
plantations• Long term
saline uses
• Treat industrial effluent for drainage, controlled wetlands
p
Wastewater Management Challenges
Limited public sector capacity for collection and treatment
Public finances limited while private sector is not investing
High pressure to extend old water supply and sanitation systemsHigh pressure to extend old water supply and sanitation systems
Drinking schemes not covering waste treatment and drainage
Treatment laws for Industries not easy to implement
Profitability of traditional wastewater uses decresaing
Limited research and technology inputsgy p
Basin and local level interaction not understood
Climate change Challanges
Achieving a Water CycleMust do measures
Industrial effluent treatment to a usable levelIndustrial effluent treatment to a usable level
Municipal effluent & solid waste - primary level treatment
Ensuring safe wastewater agricultureEnsuring safe wastewater agriculture
Hygiene awareness and local actions
Safe gro nd ater recharge techniq esSafe groundwater recharge techniques
Direct rain-harvesting for urban uses
Control demand and supply in all water use sectors (allocation, pricing, incentives)
Address commercial aspects of water reuse
Basin level resilience integrating basin level andBasin level resilience, integrating basin level and local actions
Thanking You