Ñz ~ xŽZ ˛ggzZ7Zx §Zz
Transcript of Ñz ~ xŽZ ˛ggzZ7Zx §Zz
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ABSTRACT
This is the translation of an article by an Egyptian scholar of
Turkish origin Dr. Ismail Ahmad Adham (d. 1940), who was
essentially a mathematician and physicist for having doctorate
in both the subjects. In addition, he was fully adept in literary
criticism, history and theology, having direct access to the basic
sources in as many as eight languages of the East and the West.
This article probes into an important historical incident of
pre-Islamic era marked by Arab historians as Safar-ul-Fil (the
journey of the elephants). But, the narratives of this incident put
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© Dr Muhammad Hamidullah Library, IRI, IIU, Islamabad. http://iri.iiu.edu.pk/
by them in black and white date back only to the third century
A.H., relying upon the oral tradition passed on from olden
Arabs. These narratives were diffused with imagination by the
transmitters who got influenced by a sort of instinctive
inclination of man toward storytelling, which took them astray
to weave a fabric of alluring tales around what the Quran has
related in a precise manner. On the other hand, the historical
sources contemporary to the incident, which are Greek ones,
clearly narrate that the Abyssinians (Ethiopians), who ruled
Yemen at that time (i.e. 540 A.D.), did not send their forces to
Hejaz in order to attack Mecca and demolish the Kaaba for its
so-called rivalry to the temple they had erected in the capital of
Yemen. Instead, the Abyssinian army advanced under the
command of Abraha al-Ashram to attack Persia in her borders
with Arabian lands to help out the Roman Empire in its war
with the rival Empire of Persia on the request of the Emperor
Justinian who had earlier facilitated the occupation of Yemen
for the forces of Negus, king of Abyssinia. The long natural
passage leading to Persia from Yemen goes by Hejaz ending up
in the valley of Rumma, a tributary to the Euphrates in Iraqi
soils bordering Persia. The Abyssinians took that path of
necessity. But, their march came to an end near Hejaz, for being
hit by a severe attack of the epidemical disease of smallpox (as
told by the Arab historians as well who used the exact Arabic
47
word: Judri for that) which destroyed most of the Abyssinian
army. The remaining came under the assault of simoom (hot
sandstorm) which they were not used to. (Be kept in mind that
Arabs also used the word Waba [epidemic] for the sand-laden
hot desert wind [ar-Rih as-Samum]). Whatsoever be, the Arabs
of Hejaz took the Abyssinian advancement towards Persia as an
attack on Hejaz and especially on the Kaaba of Mecca, their
sacred centre. But, when they saw the Abyssinians devastated
by the hot sandstorm or smallpox (or by the both), they thought
it to be the Divine Providence worked in their favour. This was
all what gave the impulse to the imagination of later
transmitters and they laid stories of rivalry to the Kaaba. The
Arab historians also relate this incident to the birth of the
Prophet of Islam, which took place in 570 A.D. as the
researchers clearly assert. While the year of the incident
('Am-ul-Fil) is 540 A.D. as indicated by the Arab historians
themselves. So, there is no link found between 'Am-ul-Fil and
the birth of the Prophet that occurred some thirty years aftter the
incident of Safar-ul-Fil.
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