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![Page 1: Z-Machine Laser Triggering System Design and Safety Features *Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5517fbd5550346d5568b4fdb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Z-Machine Laser Triggering System Design and
Safety Features
*Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
David E. Bliss
Sandia National
Laboratories
LSO Conference, June 16th, 2008 Albuquerque, NM
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Acknowledgements
Tom Avila, Devon Dalton, Jean Paul Davis,Tom Downey, Keith Lechien, Jason Podsednik, Jimmy Potter, Mark Savage,Hans Seamen, Joe Woodworth, …
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The Z-machine is a pulsed power driver that delivers a peak load current of ~26 MA
with an adjustable rise time from 100 to 400 ns.
Wire ArrayRadiation Load
measured
simulated0
5
10
15
20
25c
urr
en
t (M
A)
0 200 400 600
time (ns)
-200
-5
Material Dynamics Load
More fundamentally,The Z machine is a
Magnetic field driver, Capable of delivering fields in excess of 100 MGauss!
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Z1311 Coverdale: Self Emission of aLarge Diameter Copper Single Array
Material: CopperArray Diameter 60 mm, 88 wires
Wire Ф: 11.09 um
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Cross sectional view of the Z-machine highlights the 36 individual modules and
respective oil, water and vacuum sections.
Energy Storage
Section Pulse Forming
Section
Oil, 750,000 gal.
CenterVacuumSectionWater
450,000 gal.
Laser Triggered Gas Switch
108’
20’
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The Laser Triggered Gas Switch is the last actively controlled pulsed
power component on the machine.
• Each of the 36 gas switches has its own trigger laser.
• A low jitter switch and laser are critical for low jitter x-ray output.
• Independent laser timing enables electrical pulse shaping.
triggersection
cascade section
laser entry hole
Switch filled with ~45 psia SF6 gas. • Each gas switch holds off 6-7 MV and handles 0.75 MA when switched.
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Mike Baremore
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The LTS lasers are in the basement of Z and access the machine through the
bottom of the tank into the sealed laser tower.
tank floor
vertical optical table
Tempest lasers
timing photodiodes
and alignment cameras
laser tower
side car extension
laser beam
tank floor
Below the tank floor in the basement
Above the tank floor in the oil section
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Cutaway view shows laser beam path from the tower, through the crossover tube into
the laser can and focusing into the switch.
• Nd:YAG Laser: E = 35 mJ, = 266 nm, t = 4 ns FWHM.
• Focusing lens: f = 50 cm singlet.
• Optical train: 6 mirrors,3 windows,1 lens,10 m total optical
path length
PFL Oil Water Barrier
I-Store
Laser Crossover
Tube
Laser can
Switch
Focusing Lens
LTS Parameters
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Switch Installation
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LTS is aligned with the green second harmonic light illuminating reflective targets.
motorized mounts
laser spark
target around
lens
open crosshair behind M4
alignment camera & lens
M1
M4
M3
M2
M6
M5
dots outside
M3
Image of targets on CCD alignment camera Chromatic aberration in the beam expander
causes the green beam to diverge slightly compared to the 12mm UV beam. The larger green beam is used to flood illuminate targets.
a Good optical design uses
aberrations to an
advantage
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Tom Downey
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• Lasers– Class IV lasers, – UV exposure, develop cataracts later.
• High Voltage around large quantities of water.• Slips trips and falls
– Working in 6” of oil in the bottom of the tank. • Head bumps and bruises.• Overhead loads: Several big heavy metallic
objects are lifted in and out of machine everyday.• Hazardous materials such as Be.• Radiological Hazards.
Many people work at the Z facility!Many hazards exist at the Z facility!!
PPE or procedures for one hazard can enhance the
danger for another hazard!
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• Organized Document Control: – Procedures, Access Lists, Check Lists
• Required Reading: – Documents are written and reviewed
by the crew who use them.• LOTO: Most extensive at Sandia.• Engineering Controls:
– Barriers, interlocks, shorting systems, LOTO,
• Communication: – AAC: Accelerator Activity Coordinator– Radios, cell phone, group pages,
white board.
Several means of controlling hazards are combined to ensure safety at Z.
Al Jojola
Dave Artery
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Tom Avila
A range of controls are used to make laser operations safe.
• Laser alcove interlocked. • Tower doors interlocked.• Modular Hardware.
– Replace malfunctioning units and service offline.
• Curtain placed in front of tower when servicing lasers in place.
• Curtain used as an extra layer of protection within the alcove.
• LTS operations passes control to CM when ready. CM can only operate lasers when allowed to.
• Lucite LOTO plates
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Lucite LOTO plate allows alignment of lasers, while reducing UV intensity below
eye-safe levels without entirely blocking laser.
(nm)
Epulse
(mJ)
PulseWidth (ns)
1/e2 Beam Diameter
(mm)
Min. O.D.
Skin Hazard?
LOTO Plate O.D.
266 30 5 12 1.4 yes 1.9 - 2.2532 0.015 5 50 0 no <0.1
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Conclusions
The Laser Trigger System is a versatile subsystem for low jitter triggering and pulse-shaping at Z.
When implementing safety controls on a large machine, the designer must consider the interaction of all subsystems.
It is the combination of controls, safe work habits and good communication that creates the safest work environment when multiple hazards exist.
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Extra Slides
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The new Tempest Laser Trigger System (LTS) brings extreme flexibility
and precision to shaping the load current on Z
0
5
10
15
20
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
optimalCu300ns 4:57:29 PM 6/5/2003
Cu 3Mbar desired load current
Cu 3Mb, BERTHA model of load current
measured load current, shot Z1028
load current of standard shot, Z914
MITL current of high inductance shot, Z788
MITL current of long pulse shot, Z1108
time (us)
1. More Flexibility: The desired current waveform can be more closely matched. The experimenter can tailor the pulse shape to his experiment.
2. The pulse can be stretched to longer time scales, ~400 ns from foot to peak.
3. Higher maximum currents for pulse-widths >200 ns.
Advantages of the new Tempest LTS over previous methods for creating long pulse shapes on Z:
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Comparison of Requested, Modeled and Measured Load Currents, Z1335
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
time (ns)
curr
ent
(MA
)1335 Requested
1335 BERTHA Model
1335 Measured
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Z1336: 20 ns tweak to 1 module on each to the 4 levels.
Modeling and experiment verify that subtle changes to the waveform
can be made by adjusting the laser timing!!
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Marx generator
mainwater switches
insulator stack
intermediate-store capacitor laser-
triggered gas switch
pulse-forming line(PFL)
peaking water switches
outputtransmissionline 1(OTL1)
output transmission line 2(OTL2)
waterconvolute
magnetically insulated transmission lines
The Z-machine is a pulsed power driver that delivers a peak
current of ~26 MA in a ~100 ns pulse!Cut away view of a pair of ZR modules.