'ýý - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Journey Through Borneo... · Kajian ini mempunyai implikasi...

'ýý

ýý. ý '; ý``ýýýtiý ', r. ýi

rý. ý

1`. sý, uý ý; ý:, ýý. ý" ý=_ý'ý: ýs'

ýý

Uni DS 597. 364 F176 1995

ýý-ý, ý, "

P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK t Ac; Y cºtai itý. lra ..::.: -. - UNIMA=

1111111111111111111111 Ill 111 1000168112

A Scientific Journey Through Borneo

FORWARD

The Bario area, which forms the uppermost catchment of the Baram River watershed, is located southeast of Mid in the Mid Division of Sarawak. Siting on a plateau of approximately 1,200 metres above sea level, Bario has an annual rainfall of about 2,213 mm per year (7-year average), with the mean daily temperature ranging from 19.6° to 22.1 °C. The soils are derived from accreting and non-accreting alluvium composed mainly of poorly drained clays, podzolic sands and 'climatogenic' organic soils. It, however, has a good potential for agriculture especially for wet rice cultivation.

The rediscovery in 1986 of the last endangered Sumatran rhinoceros around Ulu Sungai Limbang, between Batu Iran and Batu Lawi, has put the whole area on the conservation map of Sarawak. The rugged and mountainous area comprising forested land of 164,500 hectares encircling the Kelabit country has been proposed as Pulong Tau National Park. Inaccessibility by river transport and remoteness of the Kelabit Plateau has apparently secluded it from major expeditions organised by earlier scientists. As early as 1925 up to 1958, reports on its diverse fauna including birds, mammals and reptiles in the upland areas have appeared. Until now, however, there has been relatively little interest in detailed exploration.

The sub-montane and Kerangas habitats of Bario present diverse and unique research opportunities. Scientists from all over Malaysia and overseas are gathered here for the first time to carry out research of their specialised fields. This expedition will provide baseline information on various environmental aspect including cultural, anthropological and socioeconomic values of the local communities, water quality, climate, geology, flora and fauna as well as the river system of the area.

This expedition will not only enrich our understanding of the upland cultural and natural heritage of Bario, but will also contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the conservation biology of Borneo. A report in the form of a monograph will be published in the Scientific Journey Through Borneo Series. This expedition is the sixth of its kind in our venture to explore Borneo's forests following Danum Valley, Sabah (1986); Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah (1988); Gunung Danum, Sabah (1989); Tawau Hills Parks, Sabah (1989); and Sayap Kinabalu, Sabah (1992).

We have come this far, and sure enough we will continue the journey. To fellow scientists, this expedition will not materialise without your support and the organising committee would like to register our deepest appreciation. Our thanks are also extended to the people of Bario, especially to Penghulu Ngimat Ayu who have given whole-hearted support to make this expedition possible.

Let us unravel the many wonders of our natural heritage that rightfully deserve priority.

FSTS, UNIMAS & Forward Sarawak Forestry Department

A Scientific Journey Through Borneo ii

PENAUNG:

PENASIHAT:

PENGERUSI:

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Profesor Dato' Zawawi Ismail Naib Canselor UNIMAS

Profesor Ghazally Ismail Timbalan Naib Canselor (Penyelidikan dan Khidmat) UNIMAS

Tuan Haji Abang Kasim Abang Morshidi Timbalan Pengarah Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak

Profesor Laily B. Din Dekan Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber UNIMAS

En. Sapuan Ahmad Ketua Bahagian Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak

SETIAUSAHA: En. Mustafa Abdul Rahman UNIMAS

AHLI JAWATANKUASA: Dr. Petrus Bulan UNIMAS

En. Abang Hamid Abang Karim Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak

En. David Labang Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak

Cik Sharifah Mordiah Hj. Wan Abdul Rahman UNIMAS

FSTS, UNIMAS & Committee Sarawak Forestry Department

... ý1.3A1{ '! ý r1}fýrit'«+ fF'i :

ý . r. 1: . +: ý'ý a


PROGRAMME

III

8 April 1995 (Saturday) - Participants leave for Mid and overnight at Lambir National Park

Expedition briefing and ice breaking session

9 April 1995 (Sunday) - Participants leave for Bario

10 April 1995 (Monday)

to - Field works in various locations

19 April 1995 (Wednesday)

20 April 1995 (Thursday) - Participants leave for Miri/Kuching/Kuala Lumpur

FSTS, UNIMAS & Programme Sarawak Forestry Department

A Scientific Journey Through Borneo Page 1

KAJIAN SOSIO-EKONOMI KE ATAS KAUM KELABIT DI BARIO

Abdul Rashid Abdullah, Spencer Empading Sanggin, Othman Md. Yatim, Gabriel Tonga Noweg

& Stanley Bye Kadam Kiai

Kaum Kelabit adalah salah satu daripada kaum minoriti di Sarawak. Kebanyakan mereka menduduki kawasan Bario iaitu sebuah kawasan yang terpencil dari segi fizikal. Oleh kerana terpencilnya kawasan tersebut, disamping masalah kesukaran komunikasi, maklumat mengenai kaum Kelabit serta aktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan

oleh penduduk di kawasan tersebut adalah terhad. Setakat ini belum terdapat makiumat-maklumat terperinci mengenai status dan struktur sosio-ekonomi, penggunaan hasil-hasil hutan, perburuhan dan etnobotani di kalangan kaum Kelabit. Tujuan utama projek ialah untuk mengkaji status dan struktur sosio- ekonomi kaum Kelabit di Bario. Tujuan yang kedua ialah untuk mengenalpasti pola-pola penggunaan sumber asli (seperti tanah, air dll. ), buruh, ternakan, tanaman serta tumbuhan dan haiwan liar. Kajian ini akan meiibatkan seluruh penduduk di sembilan (9) buah rumah panjang di Bario dan kawasan-kawasan berhampiran. Pengumpulan data akan dilakukan secara survei temuduga di mana responden yang dipilih secara rawak akan di temuduga berpandukan borang soal selidik yang disediakan.

A SOSIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE KELABIT IN BARIO

The Kelabit is one of the minority groups in Sarawak. Most of them reside in Bario, an area very much isolated from the rest of Sarawak. Very little is known about the Kelabit and their economic activities mainly because of this isolation and the other related communication problems such as the lack transportation and communication facilities. To date, there is little or no indepth information available on the status and socio-economic structure of the Kelabit in Bario. Very little is known about their land use practices, labour utilization, and usage of other natural resources. Thus, the primary purpose of this project is to determine the socioeconomic status of the Kelabit community in Bario. The second purpose of the research project is to identify the patterns of usage of natural resources (water, land, forest etc. ), labour, livestocks, agricultural crops as well as plant and wildlife. The second purpose of the project also incorporates a study of the usage and processing characteristics of wild plants resources (native trees, herbs, etc. ) among the Kelabit community. This study covers communities from nine longhouses in Bario and the surrounding areas. The data will be collected using a questionnaire survey technique whereby respondents will be randomly selected and personally interviewed with the aid of a standard interview form.

F STS, UN IMAS & Synopsis Sarawak Forestry Department


ASPEK-ASPEK GENDER DALAM PERUNTUKAN PERBURUHAN DAN MEMBUAT KEPUTUSAN DALAM

PENGELUARAN PERTANIAN: KAJIAN KES KAUM KELABIT DI BARIO, SARAWAK

Hew Cheng Sim & Sharifah Mariam AI-Idrus

Kaum Kelabit yang kini berjumlah seramai lebih kurang 5,000 kebanyakannya menduduki kawasan tinggi di daerah Baram di mana Bario merupakan kawasan pendudukan yang terbesar. Aktiviti ekonomi kaum ini berkisar kepada bidang pertanian. Pembangunan telah mengubah taburan penduduk Kelabit. Penghijrahan keluar sebilangan besar kaum ini dan pengaliran masuk pekerja- pekerja asing dad Indonesia meletakkan kaum ini pada persimpangan perubahan. Kajian ini bertujuan meninjau impak perubahan-perubahan ini terhadap hubungan gender dalam konteks pengeluaran pertanian, di samping memahami peranan penghijrahan ke luar dan pengaliran masuk buruh asing terhadap pengeluaran pertanian. Persoalan siapa yang membuat keputusan berkait dengan pertanian dalam masyarakat Kelabit, beserta dengan pengagihan hasil pertanian akan juga diselidiki. Pendekatan penyelidikan membabitkan survei di kalangan sejumlah responden terpilih dengan menggunakan soal selidik berstruktur, temuramah intensif dengan pemberi maklumat terpenting dan permerhatian sendiri di rumah panjang. Kajian ini mempunyai implikasi penting terhadap dasar dan projek pembangunan di kawasan Bario memandangkan pentingnya perspektif gender dalam perancangan pembangunan.

GENDER ASPECTS OF LABOUR ALLOCATION AND DECISION-MAKING IN AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF THE KELABITS IN BARIO

The Kelabits, numbering approximately 5,000, mostly occupy the highlands of the Baram District with Bario constituting the largest settlement. Much of their economic activity revolves around agricultural production. The advent of development has altered the distribution of the Kelabit population. Due to the emigration of its own people and the migration of workers across the Indonesian border, the Kelabits are now at the crossroads of change. This project aims to study the impact of those changes on gender relations in the context of agricultural production as well as to understand the role outward migration and immigration of foreign labour play in agricultural production. Also of interest is who decides what concerning agriculture within the Kelabit household given that agricultural production is the mainstay of the economy. The distribution of resources from proceeds of agricultural products will also be investigated. This study would have significant implications for development policies and projects in the Bario highlands as the gender perspective is crucial to development planning.

FSTS, UNIMAS & Synopsis Sarawak Forestry Department


SAYUR-SAYURAN HUTAN SUKU KAUM KELABIT DI BARIO

Othman Bojo & A. Rashid Abdullah

Suku kaum di Sarawak terutamanya yang tinggal di kawasan pendalaman menggunakan berbagai-bagai spesies tumbuhan hutan sebagai sumber makanan (sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan dan sumber kanji) dan ubatan. Penggunaan tumbuhan tersebut telahpun diwarisi secara turun temurun dari generasi sebelumnya. Bagi suku kaum Kelabit di Bario, penggunaan tumbuhan hutan sebagai sumber sayur-sayuran harian adalah tidak asing. Walau bagaimanapun jumlah spesies yang digunakan agak terhad. Sungguhpun demikian tidak terdapat sebarang data dan makiumat yang Iengkap mengenai spesies yang digunakan sebagai sumber sayuran serta nilai pemakanannya secara sistematik dan terperinci. Menyedari akan kepentingan tumbuhan hutan sebagai sumber makanan maka penelitian ini amat bererti di samping meningkatkan usaha untuk mencari sumber sayuran tempatan yang baru yang mempunyai nilai pemakanan yang tinggi. Usaha awal yang telah dijalankan oleh Jabatan Pertanian dan Perhutanan Sarawak untuk mendokumentasikan sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan hutan di Sarawak boleh dijadikan sebagai panduan untuk penyelidikan yang seterusnya.

NOTES ON WILD VEGETABLES OF THE KELABIT COMMUNITY OF BARIO

The indigenous people, particularly those dwell the remote interior parts of Sarawak utilised various wild plants for sources of food (vegetables, fruits and starch) and primary healthcare. The utilisation of those selected species are inherited from the older generations. Like other indigenous communities of Sarawak, the Kelabit have their own selection of species for vegetables though some are commonly utilised by others. Despite the very low percentage of wild plant species utilised as vegetables by the people, there is none systematic and comprehensive report that has been produce to date. However, an initial effort that has been taken by the State Agriculture and Forestry Department to produce a check-list of wild vegetables and fruits of Sarawak in general could be used as a guideline to further this research.



BARIO DALAM PROFIL

Ahmad Khiri Zain, Zulkalnain Zainal Abidin, Sharkawi Che Din & Fatimah Hj. Boihassan

Ketenangan dan kekayaan flora dan fauna, pemandangan semulajadi yang menghijau bersulamkan keunikan budaya, nilai-nilai estetika yang tinggi adalah sebagai hadiah kepada pencinta alam semulajadi yang perlu dikongsi dan diterokai sebagai bahan rujuk generasi masa depan.

Kepesatan perkembangan kajian dalam bidang seperti sains, teknologi dan rekabentuk komunikasi mendorong individu berminat untuk meneroka kehidupan dan gaya hidup masyarakat di dalamnya. Arus kemodenan ini memberikan kesan yang besar dari segi ekonomi, budaya, kesenian, nilai dan gaya hidup terutamanya daripada kaum Kelabit yang menjurus kepada kepupusan.

Pengkaji, ahii akademik dan ahli komunikasi memainkan peranan yang penting untuk sama-sama memelihara kebudayaan semulajadi untuk generasi akan datang. Antara Iangkah-Iangkah yang perlu diambil adalah, (1) untuk memelihara aspek-aspek kebudayaan dan kesenian kaum Kelabit sebagai sebahagian daripada kebudayaan nasional, (2) Mengkaji rekabentuk tradisi, kesenian dan kebudayaan serta bagaimana karya terhasil, dan (3) menganalisis dari aspek "Kandungan " dan "Bentuk" rekabentuk kaum Kelabit.

BARIO IN PROFILE

Bario serene tranquil beauty with its rich flora and fauna, the vast open landscapes, the unique cultural heritage, the aesthetic beauty of its artforms is our prized possession that should be shared and treasured for our future generations.

The rapid pace of development especially in the areas of science, technology and communications has somehow caused a lot of uncertainty among the indigenous people of Borneo. Development in social and economic changes taking place in the Kelabit community has affected their cultures, artforms rituals, values and way of life. Traditional artforms such as crafts, beadworks, weaving, carvings, paintings and cultural practices, such as dances, songs, music and epics are slowly disappearing.

Researches, academicians and visual communicators have a vital role to play in preserving our national culture for the benefit of the future generations. Steps that needs to be taken include (1) to preserve the Kelabit cultures and artforms as part of the National Culture, (2) research on the traditional Kelabit designs, artforms and cultures as well as to investigate the design process of the Kelabit artforms and (3) To analyze the "Content" and "Form" of the Kelabit designs.


... ý

Ir e* .f.


MUZIK ETNIK KAUM KELABIT DI BARIO

Mohd Noor Yusof & Mohd Hafiz Askiak

Kajian muzik etnik kaum Kelabit di Sarawak adalah satu kajian yang meliputi unsur-unsur dan bentuk muzik yang terdapat di Bario. Kajian ini ada hubungan dengan budaya sosial masyarakat tempatan dan juga suatu kesenian warisan turun temurun. Penyelidikan ini merupakan titik permulaan di dalam koleksi muzik etnik dari pelbagai kaum di Sarawak, Sabah dan seterusnya di Semenanjung Malaysia.

Hasil penyelidikan clan kajian yang terperinci akan dapat merumuskan satu bentuk gabungan seni muzik darf kaum etnik dan muzik tradisional Malaysia. Melalui cara ini, konsep integrasi antara kaum dapat dipupuk clan disemai ke arah mencapai matlamat muzik untuk semua lapisan massyarakat, "Musik of the people and for the people".

Hasil muzik yang bercorak integrasi antara kaum ini juga membolehkan mereka berinteraksi antara satu sama lain melalui bahasa muzik yang universal.

ETHNOMUSICOLOGY: ETHNIC GROUP OF KELABIT AT BARIO

This is an ethnomusicology study on the Kelabit, an ethnic group in Sarawak. It will look into the historical factors which contribute to the musical forms, instruments and music performances of this community. This study adopts the research framework that purposes a relationship between the contemporary and heritage arts and the social - cultural environment of the community.

This research is preliminary in nature and will form the basis for a more extensive project that aims to study the ethnomusicology of the ethnic groups in Sarawak, Sabah and West of Malaysia.

The expected outcome of the research will enable the researches to derive at a concept of a universal music language contributed by and to be shared among the various ethnic groups "Music of the people and for the people".

F STS, UN IMAS & Synopsis Sarawak Forestry Department

.. U!. ".


KAJIAN KUALITI AIR SUNGAI DI KAWASAN TADAHAN BARIO

Lau Seng, Murtedza Mohamed & Zani B. Assim

Sungai Dappur dan Sungai Kelapang merupakan dua sungai utama yang mengalir di kawasan tadahan Bario. Kawasan tadahan ini masih lagi dalam keadaan semulajadi, di mana aktiviti manusia belum lagi mencemarinya. Dalam ekspedisi saintifik yang akan dijalankan nanti, air sungai dan sedimen di kawasan tadahan ini akan dikaji dad segi parameter fisiko-kimia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpul data fisiko-kimia air dan sedimen di kawasan yang tak tercemar untuk dijadikan nilai dasar. Wujud beberapa kejadian semulajadi yang unik di Bario seperti telaga garam berdekatan Pa Umor dan Pa Main. Kajian kandungan spesies kimia di dalam air telaga ini akan dilakukan dengan terperinci. Kajian ini diharap dapat menjelaskan keunikan garam Bario. Korelasi antara data fisiko- kimia air dan habitat akuatik akan dilakukan. Korelasi ini diharap dapat menghasilkan penemuan spesies penunjuk alam sekitar.

STUDY ON THE WATER QUALITY OF RIVERS IN THE BARIO WATERSHED

Dappur and Kelapang Rivers are the two main tributaries of Baram River that drain the Bario Watershed. This water shed is still considered to be unpolluted by human activities. In the Bario Scientific Expedition, the river water and sediments will be analysed for their physico-chemical parameters. The analyses will produce the base -line data on water quality for the Bario watershed. There are two salt licks found near Pa Umor and Pa Main. Their existance is unique and the study will attempt to carry out the chemical composition analyses on the water and the salt from these two areas. It is hope that the uniqueness of Bario salt will be revealed from this study. A correlation between the physico-chemical parameters and the aquatic habitats will be attempted with the intention of discovering some environmental indicator species.



TABURAN ASID ORGANIK DAN HIDROKARBON DI KAWASAN TADAHAN AIR BARIO

Zani B. Assim, Lally B. Din, Murtedza Mohamed & Lau Seng

Taburan hidrokarbon dan asid organik boleh digunakan sebagai penunjuk biologi buangan biogenik dan antropogenik dalam ekosistem sungai. Pergerakan asid organik dan hidrokarbon di kawasan tadahan air Bario akan digunakan untuk mengkaji proses biogeokimia dalam ekosistem akuatik. Penyelidikan ini akan melibatkan pengenalpastian dan analisis kuantitatif komponen organik dan bukan organik dalam air, enapan dan sampel biologi di sepanjang sungai Dappur, Menalio and Kelapang. Peranan asid organik terhadap keasidan air sungai dan juga pengaruh input ekosistem hutan terhadap pola taburan asid organik dan hidrokarbon akan juga dikaji. Data garis dasar yang diperolehi adalah berguna sebagai data perbandingan dengan sistem sungai lain di Sarawak.

DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND HYDROCARBONS IN BARIO WATERSHED

Distribution of hydrocarbons and organic acids can be used as biomarkers for biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes into river ecosystems. The fluxes of organic acids and hydrocarbons in Bario watershed can be used to investigate the biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystem. The investigation involves identification and quantification of organic and inorganic components in water, sediment and biota along the Dappur, Menalio and Kelapang rivers. The role of organic acids as a source of acidity and also the effect of input from forest ecosystem on the organic acids and hydrocarbon distribution patterns in the river system will also be investigated. The base line data collected is essential for comparative data with other river systems in Sarawak.



PENYIASATAN GEOLOGI BARIO

Harwant Singh

Penyiasatan geologi bertujuan untuk mengkaji Iitologi batuan, pola struktur yang terbentuk bersama, semasa atau selepas Iitologi dan mengesan sebarang fosil yang mungkin wujud. Penyiasatan akan dijalankan terhadap singkapan dan sebarang dedahan yang dapat dilihat. Kesemua penyiasatan ini akan dibuat di sepanjang lintasan di mana pola geologi dapat dicerap.

Walau bagaimanapun, dua kawasan penyiasatan akan diberi perhatian khusus kerana kawasan ini amat menarik perhatian. Pertama, pola geomarfologi Batu Lawi yang menonjol ke atas berbanding persekitarannya. Kedua, penelitian litologi mata air masin akan dilakukan.

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN BARIO

The geological investigations are aimed at stydying the lithology of the rocks present, the structural features that are contemporaneous with or later than the lithology found in the area and detect any fossils that may be present. The investigations will be made from outcrops and other exposures that may be seen. The above mentiones investigations will be made along traverses where the geological features may be exposed.

Two areas, however, will be the focus of this investigation due to their outstanding features of this area. The first is a geomorphological feature that dramatically registers its presence by towering above its surroundings. This feature is locally called 'Batu Lawi'. The other important feature of this area is the salt spring that occur here. The investigations will examine the lithology in which these springs occur.

The objectives of the above are thus an attempt to learn to learn about the lithology and structure present in the area. The other objective is to seek the source of the salty water.



KAJIAN CUACA MIKRO, BUNYI DAN KUALITI UDARA DI KAWASAN BARIO

Awangku Abdul Rahman, Murtedza Mohamed & Laily B. Din

Pengambilan data cuaca, bunyi dan kualiti udara akan dijalankan di beberapa kawasan di Bario semasa ekspedisi saintifik Bario. Data seperti hujan, suhu, penyejatan, kelembapan relatif, halaju dan arah angin, tahap bunyi dan kandungan debu di udara akan menjadi suatu set data besar. Dengan adanya data garis kasar ini, ianya boleh digunakan oleh pihak yang berminat untuk mengetahui mengenai profil cuaca, bunyi dan kualiti udara di kawasan Bario. Penyelidik clan para saintis dalam disiplin lain juga boleh menjadikan data ini sebagai bahan rujukan mereka.

STUDY ON THE MICRO-CLIMATE, NOISE AND AIR QUALITY OF BARIO

The collection of climatic, noise and air quality data will be carried out at some selected locations in Bario during the Bario scientific expedition. The data to be collected are rainfall, temperature, evaporation, relative humidity, wind velocity and direction, noise level and dust content of the air. This will form a baseline data for those who are interested to know the profile of the climate, noise and air quality in Bario. Researchers and scientists in other disciplines may use this data as a source of reference.



PENGASINGAN KULAT CELLULOTtK

Jalil Kader & Othman Omar

Selulosa merupakan salah satu daripada bahan yang terbanyak dihasilkan oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan. Selulosa mempunyai potensi sebagai sumber gula untuk penghasilan bahan kimia, tenaga atau makanan. Walau bagaimana pun bagi kebanyakan proses penghasilan enzim selulase kosnya sangat tinggi. Peningkatan penghasilan enzim boleh tercapai dengan menabir organisma baru yang berpotensi menghasilkan enzim selulase untuk menghasilkan strain yang lebih cekap melalui manipulasi genetik. Tujuan mengambil bahagian dalam ekspedisi ini ialah untuk menabir dan memilih kulat-kulat yang berpotensi menghasilkan enzim selulase.

ISOLATION OF CELLULOLYTIC FUNGI

Cellulose is a major component in the primary and secondary cell wall of plants. Cellulose has considerable potential as a source of fermentable sugar for chemicals, fuel or food. However for many large scale bioconversion processes, the costs of enzymes is still a major factor influencing the economics of production cost. Enhancement of enzyme for nation can be achieved by screening for new organisms for use in the development of efficient strains by genetic manipulation. The scientific expedition will help us to isolate and screen for cellulolytic fungi for further studies.



FLORA ALGA AIR TAWAR DI KAWASAN TADAHAN BARIO

Norhadi Ismail

Walaupun terdapat kajian tentang komuniti alga air tawar yang dilakukan di beberapa tempat di Sarawak, namun tidak terdapat sebarang rekod daripada sungai di kawasan tadahan Bario. Oleh yang demikian suatu kajian terhadap komuniti dan taburan alga di kawasan tersebut akan dilakukan semasa ekspedisi saintifik nanti. Flora akuatik seperti makro dan mikroalga bentik yang hidup dipermukaan substrat keras seperti batu serta tumbuhan akuatik akan dikumpulkan. Persampelan terhadap alga planktonik yang terdapat di air tenang seperti kolam dan lubuk juga akan dilakukan menggunakan pukat plankton. Beberapa faktor fiziko-kimia seperti ketelusan air, suhu, pH dan oksigen terlarut juga turut diukur semasa persampelan alga ini. Diharapkan, hasil kajian nanti akan dapat menyediakan suatu makiumat tentang flora alga air tawar di kawasan Bario.

THE FRESHWATER ALGAL FLORA IN THE BARIO WATERSHED

While there are few studies on the freshwater algal communities in other parts of Sarawak, no information is available regarding local records of algae occuring along the rivers in the watershed of Bario. In view of the present lack of knowledge, a study to describe the algal communities and its distribution will be carried out during the Bario Scientific Expedition. Macro and microscopic benthic algae found on hard surfaces including stones and rocks and aquatic plants will be collected. Planktonic algae in still-water babitats such as pools and ponds will also be sampled using plankton net. The following physical and chemical variables will be measured: transparencyof water, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. It is hope that the results of the present study will be able to provide a floristic information of the algae in the area.



KOMUNITI INVERTABRATA BENTIK DALAM BEBERAPA SUNGAI DI BARIO

Shabdin Mohd. Long & Fatimah Abang

Kajian komuniti invertebrata bentik sungai-sungai tanah tinggi di Malaysia khususnya Sarawak, masih ketinggalan daripada perhatian penyelidikan saintifik. Justeru itu kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data asas seperti kepadatan dan komposisi taksa komuniti meiofauna dan makrofauna akuatik yang terdapat di sungai-sungai tanah tinggi tersebut. Pendekatan kuantitatif yang akan diambil di dalam kajian ini ialah dengan melakukan pensampelan sedimen di tepi dan tengah dasar sungai dengan menggunakan kuadrat dan Ösmall type - gravity core samplerÖ. Fauna invertebrata akuatik juga akan disampel dengan menggunakan jaring yang ditinggalkan semalaman di dalam anak-anak sungai. Pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan dengan mengumpul fauna invertebrata akuatik yang terdapat di atas/celah batu dan di dalam longgokan detritus dengan menggunakan tangan. Fauna yang dikumpul akan diawet di lapangan dengan formalin 4% dan etanol 11 W. Adalah diharapkan hasil kajian ini akan dapat menambah pengetahuan yang sedia ada mengenai komuniti invertebrata bentik di kawasan tropik, khususnya di Malaysia.

THE BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY OF VARIOUS RIVERS IN THE BARIO

The benthic invertebrate community of the highland rivers in Malaysia received very little attention before. The primary purpose of this study is to highlight basic qualitative and quantitative data on this fauna such as the taxa composition and density at various selected study sites in the Bario Highlands. Sediment sampling will be carried out using quadrats and a small type gravity core sampler. The aquatic invertebrates will be sampled using aquatic nets or/and handpicked. The specimens collected will be preserved in 4% formalin and 11 % ethanol. It is hoped that the data collected from this study will contribute to the existing knowledge on the benthic invertebrate community in the tropics, particularly Malaysia.



TABURAN SERTA PREVALENS NYAMUK DI BARIO DENGAN RUJUKAN KHUSUS KEPADA VEKTOR-VEKTOR PENYAKIT MANUSIA

Chang Moh Seng

Kajian terdahulu oleh beberapa penyelidik telah mendokumentasi Anopheles leucosphyrus sebagai vektor penyakit malaria dan bancroftian filariasis di hulu Baram. Namun demikian tiada sebarang dokumen mengenai data biologi dan ekologi nyamuk di dataran Bario walaupun beberapa kejadian falciparum malaria telah berlaku di kawasan berhampiran. Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk mengenalpasti fauna nyamuk yang terdapat di Bario dengan tumpuan khas kepada vektor penyakit. Kajian ini termasuk juga akan penilaian secara kunatitatif ke atas larva termasuk hubungannya dengan organisma lain yang terdapat di dalam takungan air yang sama. Hail kajian bertujuan untuk mewujudkan senarai komprehensif spesies nyamuk di Bario termasuk prevalen spesies, biologi pembiakan berkait dengan habitatnya, tempat persembunyian nyamuk dewasa dan tabiat gigitan.

THE DISTRIBUTION AND PREVALENCE OF MOSQUITOES IN BARIO WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VECTORS

OF HUMAN DISEASES

Earlier studies by various workers has documented that Anopheles leucosphyrus is responsible for the transmission of both human malaria and bancroftian filariasis in upper Baram District. However no published data is available regarding the biology and ecology of mosquitoes species in Bario highland though a few sporadic outbreak of flaciparum malaria has occurred in its vicinity. The aim of this study is to identify the common mosquito fauna found in Bario highland with particular emphasis on disease vector species. The study is to include quantitative sampling of mosquito larva including its relationship with other organisms coexist in a small water body. The outcome from this study is to produce a comphrhensive list of mosquito species in Bario including species prevalence, breeding biology in relation to habitat, adult resting and biting habit.



FAUNA TRICHOPTERA (INSECTA) DI TANAH TINGGI BARIO

Fatimah Abang & Sulaiman Hanapi

Borneo terkenal dengan kekayaan spesies Trichoptera (Huisman, 1989). Walau bagaimanapun, sehingga kini tidak banyak terdapat kajian Trichoptera Borneo, khususnya dari Sarawak. Kebanyakan fauna Trichoptera yang diketahui dari Borneo adalah berasaskan kajian di Sabah (Weaver & Huisman, 1992). Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan komposisi taksa dan kelimpahan Trichoptera di Bario. Trichoptera dewasa akan dikumpul melalui perangkap cahaya dan jaring sapuan manakala peringkat larva yang bersifat akuatik akan dikumpul secara manual. Spesimen-spesimen ini seterusnya akan diawet dalam alkohol 70%. Komposisi taksa dan kelimpahan famili Trichoptera yang dikumpul seterusnya akan ditentukan dan hasil ini akan dibandingkan dengan kajian Huisman (1989).

TRICHOPTERA (INSECTA) FROM BARIO

Borneo is noted for its richness in the caddisfly species (Trichoptera (Huisman, 1989). However, little research has been done on the Trichoptera of Borneo, particularly Sarawak. ' The majority of the Trichoptera known from Borneo have been collected from Sabah (Weaver & Huisman, 1992). The objective of this study is to determine the taxa composition and abundance of the Trichoptera of Bario. The adults of the Trichoptera will be collected via light traps as well as sweeping nets and the aquatic immatures will be handpicked. These specimens will then be preserved in 70% alcohol. The taxa composition and abundance of the trichopteran families will be determined and compared with that of Huisman (1989).



DOKUMENTASI LALAT BUAH (DIPT., TRYPETIDAE) DI BARIO

Sulaiman Hanapi, Fatimah Abang, Lim Chan Koon & Wahab Marni

Lalat buah (Dipt., Trypetidae) adalah merupakan serangga perosak tanaman. Serangga betina bertelur dalam buah dan kadang kala pada pucuk tanaman. Larva yang menetas dad telur akan memakan dan menebuk tisu buah-buahan dan pucuk tanaman. Bahagian-bahagian ini akan menjadi busuk. Kumpulan perosak ini menyerang tanaman pertanian dan hutan termasuklah buah-buahan dan sayuran. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengumpul, mengenalpasti dan menginventori jenis-jenis lalat buah dewasa dan larva tanaman dan bahagian tanaman yang diserang. Komposisi spesies, penyebaran, kedominan, hubungan dengan tanaman perumah dan taksonomi akan diutamakan.

Pengumpulan spesimen akan menggunakan dua kaedah yang biasa digunakan bagi lalat buah, iaitu (i) menggunakan perangkap feromon, clan (ii) mengutip larva hidup kemudian memeliharanya sehinggan menjadi dewasa. Kerja-kerja taksonomi akan dilakukan di UNIMAS. Spesies lalat buah akan dikenalpasti dengan menggunakan kekunci bagi lalat buah dewasa.

DOCUMENTATION OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPT., TRYPETIDAE) IN BARIO

Fruit flies (Dipt., Trypetidae) are among the most destructive pests of vegetation. Females lay their eggs in fruits (and sometime shoots) of plants. Larvae, on hatching from their eggs, feed and bore into plant tissue causing the part (fruit and shoot) to decay. Fruit flies attack both agricultural and forest vegetation, including vegetables. The objective of this research project is to collect, identify and inventorise fruit fly adults and larvae, plants and plant parts attacked, from Bario. Species composition, distribution, dominance and relationship with host plants, and taxonomy would be emphasised.

Specimen collection will employ two methods commonly used for fruit flies, that is, (i) by using pheromone traps, and (ii) by collecting larvae and then rearing them to adulthood. Taxonomic work will be carried out at UNIMAS. Identification to species level will be based on taxonomic keys for adults.



DOKUMENTASI KUPU-KUPU (LEPIDOPTERA) DI BARIO

Sulaiman Hanapi, Fatimah Abang, Lim Chan Koon & Wahab Marni

Dianggarkan terdapat lebih kurang 15,000 spesies kupu-kupu di Borneo (Holloway, 1976). Kebänyakan rekod yang ada kini adalah dari Sabah. Maklumat mengenai kupu-kupu di Sarawak masih amat berkurangan.

Bario adalah satu kawasan pendalaman yang masih belum banyak terganggu persekitarannya. Ini memberi peluang yang baik untuk mendapatkan berbagai spesies kupu-kupu dad Hutan Hujan Tropika yang kaya dengan sumber kehidupan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji komposisi, penyebaran kedominan spesies kupu-kupu di Bario. Kerja-kerja yang akan d'ry'alankan adalah menggumpul, mengawet, mengenalpasti dan menginventori kupu-kupu dari Bario. Penyampelan spesimen akan dibuat dengan menggunakan skrin putih yang disinari lampu "wap raksa" berkuasa 160 watt. Kupu-kupu yang datang kepada skrin akan dikutip dengan tangan, dibunuh dan dipin di lapangan. Spesimen yang diperolehi akan disimpan dalam bekas khas untuk mengelakkan kerosakan spesimen semasa di lapangan dan semasa dalam perjalanan. Kerja-kerja "setting" dan taksonomi akan dilakukan di UNIMAS. Spesies kupu-kupu akan dikenalpasti dengan menggunakan kekunci pengecaman dan gambar bagi kupu- kupu dewasa dari rekod spesimen Borneo yang sedia ada.

DOCUMENTATION OF MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA) IN BARIO

It is estimated that about 15,000 species of months find their home in the island of Borneo (Holloway, 1976). Most of the records available now are from Sabah. Infrormation on moths of Sarawak are still lacking. Bario is situated in the interior of Sarawak, surrounded by landscapes which are still very much intact. This provides a good opportunity to collect varieties of moth species from the Tropical Rain Forest, rich in life-supporting resources and with very little disturbance, from the surrounding areas. The objective of this research undertaking is to study species composition, distribution and dominance of moths in Bario. The following activities would be carried out; collection, preservation, identification and inventory of moths from Bario. Specimens will be collected by using white screen lighted with 160 watts mercury-vapour lamp. Moths attracted to the screen would be hand picked, killed and pinned in the field. The specimens will be kept in special containers to provide protection while in the field and during transportation. Setting of specimens and taxonomic work would be carried out at UNIMAS. Identification of moths to species would be based on taxonomic keys and pictures of moths from available Bornean record.



TINJAUAN RAMA-RAMA (LEPIDOPTERA) DI BARIO

Fatimah Abang, Sulaiman Hanapi & Lim Chan Koon

Pemerhatian dan koleksi rama-rama dad beberapa lokaliti di Bario akan dilakukan dalam kajian ini. Daripada pemerhatian dan koleksi ini, maklumat tentang taburan setempat fauna rama-rama ini akan dihasilkan selain daripada penyediaan suatu senarai spesies yang ditemui dan dikumpul.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA) OF BARIO

Observations and collections of the butterfly fauna from various localities in Bario will be carried out in this study. The local distribution of these butterflies will be accounted and a checklist of the species observed and collected will be presented.



KOLEKSI AMFIBIA DAN REPTILIA DI BARIO DAN SEKITARAN

Ramlah Zainudin, Isa Sait & Besar Ketol

Borneo merupakan kawasan yang terkenal dengan kepelbagaian biologinya. Ini termasuk kawasan tanah tinggi Kelabit, yang terletak jauh ke utara Sarawak. Hutan hujan tropika yang belum diganggu di kawasan ini menyediakan mikro habitat yang luas untuk haiwan-haiwan amfibia dan reptilia. Kawasan sawah padi dan pertanian lain di sekeliling penempatan penduduk tempatan juga menyediakan satu habitat yang sesuai untuk haiwan-haiwan ini. Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk mengumpul, merekod dan menyimpan spesimen bagi tujuan koleksi muzium dan kajian saintifik masa hadapan. Kaedah yang digunakan ialah mengumpul spesimen mengikut transek sungai pada waktu slang dan malam. Bagi kawasan Iantai hutan pula, kuadrat akan dibentuk pada siang hari dan kajian akan dijalankan pada masa yang sama, serentak dengan pengumpulan berudu di kolam yang berdekatan. Corong perangkap akan dipasang di kawasan sawah padi dan sekitar jalan sisi untuk memerangkap ular dan haiwan lain. Teknik VES dan AST seperti dalam Heyer et aL, (1994) akan digunakan. Hasil daripada kajian ini, spesimen akan diletakkan sebagai koleksi di Muzium UNIMAS. Laporan kepelbagaian amfibia dan reptilia serta senarai spesies akan diterbitkan.

COLLECTION OF HERPETOFAUNA IN BARIO AND VICINITY

Borneo is widely known as an area of extremely high biodiversity. This includes tha Kelabit Highlands, situated at the upper north of Sarawak. Their undisturbed tropical rain forests offer a wide range of microhabitat for the herpetofauna. The flooded paddy field and other types of cultivation that surrounding the native's settlement, also provide a suitable habitat for the herpetofauna. The purpose of the study is to collect, record and preserve specimen for museum collections and other tuture scientific studies. A line transect will be established during the day and frogging at night along the stream transect. Forest floor quadrats will be done during the day together with tadpole's collection along the rain pools. Funnel traps will be placed at various sites of paddy field and roadside ditches to collect snakes. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and Audio Strip Transect (AST) methods will be used as in Heyer et. at, (1994). The specimen will be deposited as vouchers for UNIMAS museum collections. A checklist and report on diversity of the herpetofauna will be produced.

C

w CAý4 FSTS, UNIMAS & Synopsis

ý Sarawak Forestry Department


IKAN AIR TAWAR DARIPADA HULU SISTEM SUNGAI BARAM

Lee Nyanti

Sungai Baram adalah sistem saliran utama di bahagian timur negeri Sarawak. lanya mengalir ke arah utara daripada Banjaran Gunung Tama Abu yang menjadi sempadan di antara Kalimantan Indonesia dengan Sarawak. Sungai ini mengalir ke Laut China Selatan clan muaranya terletak kira-kira 22 km di utara bandar Miri. Walaupun fauna ikan air tawar di bahagian bawah Sungai Baram telahpun di rekodkan oleh Watson & Balon (1984) namun tidak banyak yang diketahui mengenai fauna ikan di bahagian hulu Sungai Baram. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan tinjauan clan merekodkan spesies ikan yang terdapat di hulu sistem sungai tersebut.

Persampelan fauna ikan akan dilakukan di Sungai Dappur, Bario yang menjadi sebahagian daripada sistem saliran di kawasan tersebut serta anak sungai yang berhubung dengannya. Stesen-stesen akan dipilih berpandukan kepada keadaan perhubungan dan keupayaan mewakili habitat di kawasan tersebut. Beberapa teknik persampelan termasuk pukat insang, jala, pancing, alat kejutan elektrik di mana sesuai, akan digunakan untuk mengumpul seberapa banyak spesies yang boleh daripada berbagai jenis mikro-habitat (kolam, kawasan cetek, sungai utama, dll. ). Spesimen akan diawet menggunakan formalin 10% dan kemudian disimpan menggunakan etanol 70%. Semua spesimen akan di simpan di Muzium Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.

FRESHWATER FISHES FROM THE HEADWATERS OF BARAM RIVER SYSTEM

The Baram River is the major drainage system for eastern part of Sarawak. It flows north from Tama Abu Mountain Range which separates Sarawak from Kalimantan Indonesia and empties into the South China Sea at approximately 22 km north of Mid. The freshwater fish fauna of the lower Baram River system has been recorded by Watson & Balon (1984) but little information is available for the headwaters of the river. This study intends to survey and catalogue the species of fish present in the headwaters of Baram River system.

Sampling of the fish fauna will be carried out at Dappur River and its associated tributaries located at Bario area and forms part of the drainage system of the area. Sampling stations will be selected based on accessibility and habitat representation of the whole area. Several sampling techniques (gill netting, cast netting, seining, dip-netting, electofishing, and hand-lining) where appropriate will be utilized to collect as many species as possible from different available micro- habitats (e. g. pools, riffles, main river, etc. ). Specimens will be fixed in 10% formalin and will later be preserved in 70% ethanol. All specimens collected will be deposited in the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Museum, Kota Samarahan.



KEPELBAGAIAN BURUNG DI TANAH TINGGI KELABIT

Richard Gregory-Smith & isa Sait

Tanah Tinggi Kelabit menawarkan kepelbagaian burung yang bukan sahaja spesies submontane dan montane terdapat di kawasan ini, malah spesies tanah rendah juga dijumpai pada ketinggian 1100 meter. Mengikut perancangan survei spesies burung akan dijalankan mengikut altitud bermula daripada paras sawah padi Bario menuju ke lereng Gunung Murud. Bermula daripada 8 April 1995, survei visual burung-burung akan dilakukan dari Bario ke Gunung Murud melalui Pa' Lungan dan sebaliknya, sehingga kembali ke Bario pada 13 April 1995. Berbagai habitat termasuk Hutan Dipterokap Campuran, Hutan Kerangas dan Hutan Submontane akan ditinjau. Semasa ekspedisi, sebanyak 20 jaring akan dipasang di tempat-tempat yang sesuai di Dataran Kelabit dan spesies burung yang ditangkap akan digelang dan direkodkan. Kaedah ini amat berkesan untuk pengenalpastian spesies yang menggunakan kawasan tanah dan kanopi rendah. Survei burung ini akan menambah pengetahuan kita mengenai kewujudan dan kelimpahan spesies di Tanah Tinggi Kelabit ini. la juga akan memberi petunjuk kepada spesies yang tidak lazim dijumpai yang mungkin memerlukan kawalan.

AVIAN DIVERSITY OF THE KELABIT HIGHLANDS

The Kelabit Highlands offer a wide diversity of birdlife. Not only are sub-montane and montane species found in the area, but it is anomalous that normally lowland species are also found there at over 1100 metres. It is planned to effect an altitudinal survey of avian species from the level of the Bario padi fields to the upper slopes of Gunung Murud. Leaving Bario on 8 april 1995, visual survey of birds will be carried out on the route to Gunung Murud via Pa' Lungan and return, arriving back in Bario on 13 April 95. Various habitats including mixed dipterocarp forest, kerangas and sub-montane forest will be explored. During the expedition up to 20 mist-mets will be erected in suitable areas on the Kelabit plateau and species trapped will be banded and recorded. This method will be particularly effective in identifying ground and lower-storey species. The avian survey should widen our knowledge of occurrence and abundance of species in the Kelabit Highlands. It should also give an indication of what species are uncommon and may require protection.



MAMALIA KECIL DI BARIO

Mustafa Abdul Rahman, Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah & Besar Ketol

Tanah tinggi Bareo adalah suatu kawasan yang unik dimana terdapat beberapa spesies haiwan yang menarik. Sebanyak 50 buah perangkap tikus akan digunakan menangkap rodent di kawasan seluas 0.5 hektar. Perangkap lubang dan pagar pula akan digunakan bagi spesies cencurut. Haiwan yang dapat ditangkap akan dikenalpasti, diukur dan diawet sebagai spesimen muzium. Bagi spesies kelawar pula "jaringsamar" akan dipasangkan ditempat yang strategik dikawasan kajian. Haiwan malam akan dibanci secara pertahan dan senyap di sepanjang transek yang telah dikenalpasti. Para penyelidik akan menggunakan lampu suluh 12 volt 100-200 watt untuk melihat binatang di alas tanah dan pokok. Bagi pengamatan secara spontan dan secara tidak langsung di kawasan kajian akan direkodkan didalam borang inventori. Data kajian ini akan menyediakan senarai, taburan dan kelimpahan mamalia kecil dikawasan Bareo.

SMALL MAMMAL OF BARIO

Mustafa Abdul Rahman, Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah & Besar Ketol

The Bario Highland is a unique area which would provide interesting species found in high altitude. Shrew, rodents and bats will be studied. Fifty collapsible wire mesh rat traps will be used in a four-hectare study plot. Pitfall and drift fence traps will be used to capture shrews. Captured animals will be identified, measured, skinned and preserved for scientific collection. As for flying mammals such as bats, mist nets will be placed at strategic locations in the study area. Nocturnal mammals will be surveyed used by cruising a transect slowly and quietly. The investigators will used 12 volts, 100-120 watt flashlights or bright headlights to spot animals on the ground and on the tree. For chance direct and indirect observations of small mammals anywhere in the study area it will be recorded by any investigators in the standard inventory form. The survey data will provide a checklist, distribution and abundance of small mammals in the Bario area.



MAMALIA BESAR DI BARIO

Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah, Mustafa Abdul Rahman & Wahab Marni

Di bahagian utara Bareo, ada laporan yamg mengatakan terdapat populasi terakhir badak sumatera di Sarawak. Banteng juga telah dikatakan masih terdapat dikawasan tersebut. Untuk membanci binatang, penyelidik akan berjalan melalui transect di kawasan kajian. Apabila binatang dilihat, spesies akan dikenalpasti, anggaran jarak cerapan dan jarak sudut tepat akan dicatitkan, jumlah individu dan habitat akan dicatatkan. Cerapan tidak langsung melalui kesan tapak and bukti- bukti yang lain (najis bangkai, kubang dan kesan makanan) akan direkodkan didalam borang inventori. Bancian ini akan menyediakan senarai spesies, taburan dan anggaran populasi haiwan; status terkini binatang terancam seperti banteng dan badak di kawasan Bario; dan juga sebagai data perbandingan dengan kajian yang lalu oleh Tom Harrison.

LARGE MAMMAL IN BARIO

It was reported that the last remaining Sumatran rhinoceros population in Sarawak occurred in the upper reaches of Limbang, north of Bario. The endangered Banteng has also been speculated to exist in the area. Investigators will transverse meandering transects to survey the large animals in the study area. When an animal is sighted, the species is identified, estimates at sighting (in meters) and perpendicular distances to the transect, sighting angle, number of individuals and habitat will be recorded. Indirect observation of tracks or other evidences (feces, carcass, wallow and feeding signs) of animals anywhere in the study area it will be recorded in an inventory form. This survey will provide a species checklist, distribution and population estimation of animals in the Bario; update on the present status of the endangered banteng and rhinoceros; and also provide comparative data with previous studies by Tom Harrison.



PROFIL DNA DAN KRIOAWETAN TUMBUHAN UBATAN

Mohd Azib Salleh, Petrus Bulan, Hamsawi Sani Noraini Busri & Mohd Fariddudin

Kawasan dataran tinggi di sekeliling Bario merupakan hutan tropika yang sebahagian besamya belum diganggu, unik dan kaya dengan kepelbagaian tumbuhan. Bario dan kawasan sekitaran Gunung Murud dan Batu Lawi dipilih sebagai lokasi bagi mengumpul sampel tumbuhan yang biasa digunakan sebagai sumber ubat-ubatan oleh penduduk tempatan. Data kuantitatif dan kualitatif mengenai tumbuhan tersebut akan dikumpulkan. Penduduk tempatan di kawasan Bario akan ditemuduga untuk mendapatkan makiumat mengenai kegunaan tumbuhan ini dalam amalan perubatan tradisional mereka. Sampel daun akan digunakan untuk pemencilan dan analisis isoenzim serta DNA bagi menentukan variasi genetik dikalangan spesies-spesies tumbuhan tersebut. Data yang diperolehi boleh digunakan untuk verifikasi pengkelasan tumbuhan berkenaan. Selain dari itu bahan-bahan seperti bijibenih, debunga, mata tunas dan hujung akar juga akan diambil untuk simpanan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang melalui kaedah krioawetan. Kesesuaian kaedah ini dalam pemuliharaan genotip tumbuhan. ubatan akan dikaji. Hasil daripada kajian ini diharap akan membantu dalam pengurusan, pengawetan dan pemuliharaan spesies-spesies tumbuhan yang mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan dalam sains perubatan dan farmasi.

DNA PROFILE AND CRYOPRESERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

The predominantly virgin tropical forest of the sub-montane and montane areas of the Bario highlands and its vicinity is unique and rich in plant diversity. Bario and the areas around Gunung Murud and Batu Lawi are selected as sites for collecting specimen of plants used by the local people in traditional medicine. Basic qualitative and quantitative data about these plants will be collected. Local residents will be interviewed for information on the utilisation of such plants for medicinal purposes. Leaf samples will be collected for isolation and analysis of isoenzymes and DNA to determine the genetic variation among these plant spesies. This data can be used for verification of their taxonomic classification. Additional plant materials such as seeds, pollens, buds and root tips will also be collected for short and long-term storage through cryopreservation. The suitability of this technique for genotypic conservation of these plants will be investigated. The results of this work will be useful for the management, protection and conservation of plant species that have potential uses in medicinal and phamaceutical science.



PENABIRAN KIMIA DAN BIOLOGI TUMBUHAN DI BARIO

Ikram M. Said, Nik Idris Yusoff & Mohd Wahid Samsudin

Sampel tumbuhan dari kawasan Bario akan diuji untuk kehadiran alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, triterpena dan steroid. Ekstrak sampel tumbuhan tersebut akan diuji untuk aktiviti bioioginya meialui beberapa bioasei seperti antibakteria, ujian sitotoksisiti terhadap sel kanser, dan aktiviti PAF. Tumpuan akan diberi kepada tumbuhan dalam famili Annonaceae clan juga liken tetapi apa jua perlanjutan projek ini akan ditentukan selepas keputusan diperolehi.

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF PLANTS IN THE BARIO

Samples of plant parts in the Bario area will be collected and screened for various groups of compounds especially alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes and steroids. The plant extracts will aslo be subjected to various bioassays available in UKM viz. Anti-bacterial, cytotoxicity tests against cancer cell lines, and PAF activity. A preference for plants in the Annonaceae family and lichens will be given but any extension of the project will only be decided after the chemical and biological screening results are known.



EKOLOGI DAN SIFAT AGATHIS SP. DI BARIO

I. B. Ipor, J. Beaman, C. S. Tawan, I. Jusoh & O. Bojo

Agathis sp. (Damar Minyak) adalah di antara spesies kayu tropika yang bermutu tinggi. Spesies ini biasanya terdapat di kawasan hutan pergunungan. Di Bario ianya di gunakan oleh suku kaum Kelabit sebagai bahan binaan. Untuk memahami spesies tersebut dengan lebih mendalam serta penggunaannya secara berterusan dan optimum, maka makiumat terperinci mengenai ekologi, taburan, adaptasi serta sifat-sifat kayunya amatlah penting. Populasi serta taburan Agathis sp. di kawasan Bario dapat dikaji dengan menubuhkan beberapa plot 20 x 20 m di setiap selang ketinggian 200 m. Kajian ke atas taburan anak benih dan anak pokok spesies tersebut serta kandungan tanah persekitarannya juga akan dilakukan di samping penelitian ke atas sifat-sifat anatomi kayunya. Maklumat-maklumat sedemikian amatlah penting diperolehi memandangkan eksploitasi yang berlebihan di kawasan tersebut.

ECOLOGY AND WOOD PROPERTIES OF AGATHIS SP. IN BARIO

Agathis sp. (Damar Minyak) is one of the highly valued tropical softwood species, localised to the high altitude montane forest. It is exclusively ulitilized by the local Kelabits of Bario for building constructions. Specific information on wood properpties, distribution, ecology and adaptation of Agathis sp. is very important for optimum ultilization and better understanding of the species. The distribution, density and population of Agathis sp. will be assessed at every 200 m altitude increment. The dbh and height of every trees (dbh 5 cm) with in 20 x 20 m plots will be measured. Seedlings and saplings survey or autoecology, soil samplings, specific gravity, anatomical structure and tracheid characteristics will be carried out. This information is considered essential because continous indiscriminate harvesting may cause serious depletion of the timber source in the near future.



LIKEN DI BARIO

Lally B. Din & Ghazally Ismail

Salah satu daripada koleksi awal liken di Sarawak telah dilaporkan oleh Beccari pada tahun 1904. Selepas itu tidak ada sebarang laporan sehingga 1980 apabila Sammy menerbitkan dua nota ringkas mengenai liken dari Taman Negara Mulu. Minat kami terhadap liken di Sarawak bermula semasa lawatan singkat ke Bario pada 12 - 16 Februari 1995. Semasa lawatan itu, 52 spesimen liken telah dikutip dad hutan Kerangas Bario, dan satu daripadanya telah dicamkan sebagai Cladonia siamea. Ini adalah rekod baru liken di Borneo. Dalam ekspedisi ini, lebih banyak liken dijangka dapat dikutip dan kajian ke atas genera, morfologi dan metabolit sekunder akan diberi perhatian khusus. Penabiran aktiviti biologi metabolit sekunder akan ditangani secara berasingan.

LICHENS OF BARIO

One of the earliest collections of lichens in Sarawak was reported by Beccari in 1904. Since then, there is no report on it until 1980 when Sammy published two short notes on lichens from Mulu National Park. Our interest in lichens of Sarawak started during a short visit to Bario from 12 - 16 February 1995. During that visit, 52 lichen specimens were collected from Kerangas Forest Bario and one is identified as Cladonia siamea. It is identified as a new record of lichen of Borneo. In this expedition, more lichens are expected to be collected and studies on their genera, morphology and secondary metabolites will be given a special attention. Biclogical activity screening of the secondary metabolites will be dealt separately.



PENYELIDIKAN TUMBUHAN UBATAN DI BARIO

Fasihuddin B Ahmad, Lally B. Din & Isa Ipor

Lebih separuh daripada 250,000 spesies tumbuhan berbunga di muka bumi terdapat di hutan hujan tropika dan tumbuhan yang telah dikaji adalah amat terbatas. Kajian-kajian terperinci terhadap tumbuh-tumbuhan ini amat berpotensi dalam penemuan ubatan baru bagi merawat berbagai penyakit yang melanda manusia sejagat. Kajian yang akan dijalankan ini akan cuba mengenalpasti tumbuhan ubatan di sekitar Bario dan merekodkan kegunaan tumbuhan tersebut dengan bantuan penduduk tempatan. Seterusnya bahagian tumbuhan yang digunakan akan diambil bagi penyaringan fitokimia dan asei biologi. Bahagian tumbuhan akan juga diambil bagi tujuan taksonomi. Beberapa tumbuhan yang telah dikenalpasti seperti jerangau merah akan diambil untuk kajian fitokimia lanjut. Adalah diharapkan kegunaan tumbuhan ubatan dapat direkodkan dan kandungan fitokimia dapat ditentukan bagi memastikan kegunaan tumbuhan berkenaan. Di samping tumbuhan ubatan, kajian terhadap tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai sumber makanan dan pewama akan juga dijalankan.

STUDIES ON MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BARIO

More than half of the 250,000 species of flowering plants of the world are found in the tropical rain forest and only a tiny fraction of this has been studied for their medicinal potential. More detailed studies are required in order to find more useful drugs. In this study, medicinal plants around Bario will be collected and recorded. Plants parts that being used will be collected for phytochemical screening and bioassay. Some of the plants that have been identified such as jerangau merah will be collected for phytochemical studies. Beside medicinal plants, plants that are being used for food and dye will also be given a special attention in this studied.



STRUKTUR, BIOMAS DARATAN DAN KOMPOSISI FLORA HUTAN BARIO

I. B. Ipor, J. Beaman, C. S Tawan, I. Jusoh & O. Bojo

Bario merupakan sebuah kawasan tanah tinggi yang indah terletak di kawasan pendalaman Sarawak. lanya diliputi oleh berbagai jenis formasi hutan hujan asli yang kaya dengan kepelbagaian tumbuhan. Keindahan kawasan persekitaran, keunikan komuniti tumbuhan serta kekayaan biologi di kawasan tersebut adalah faktor yang utama yang boleh menjadi daya penarik untuk eko-pelancungan. Oleh yang demikian, objektif utama kajian ini ialah untuk mendapatkan data secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif mengenai struktur, fisiognomi dan formasi hutan asli di kawasan tersebut serta komposisi spesiesnya. Untuk penganalisisan biojisim, plot-plot 20 x 20 m akan dibuat di beberapa kawasan termasuk di Batu Lawi dan Gunung Murud (mengikut ketinggian) dan semua tumbuhan yang bergarispusat (dbh) 5 cm ke atas yang terdapat dalam plot akan diambilkira. Di samping itu penelitian ke atas tumbuhan paku-pakis, orkid, palma, buluh, rhododendron, tumbuhan parasit, tumbuhan semut serta tumbuhan kamivor yuga dilakukan.

STRUCTURE, ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS AND FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF FOREST FORMATIONS AT BARIO

Bario, one of the remote highlands of Sarawak, has a remarkable diversity land- forms of outstanding beauty. It has predominantly virgin forest inland forest formations. The field work conducted during the Bario Scientific Expedition is mainly to highlight its richness on plant diversity and uniqueness and fascinating spots of plant community which probably enhance attraction for ecotourism. Batu Lawi and Gunung Murud are chosen as study sites for providing basic qualitative and quantitative data on structure, physiognomy, floristic composition and forest formations. All plants of more than 5 cm dbh within 20 x 20 m plot will be enumerated. Voucher specimens will be collected for identification. Both Batu Lawi and Gunung Murud will be zoned according to their altitude. Ferns, orchids, palms, bamboos, rhododendrons, parasitic plants, ant plants, and carnivorous plants are also collected and enumerated.



ARKIB DNA DAN PROFIL GENETIK MAMALIA KECIL YANG TERDAPAT DI KAWASAN BARIO.

Edmund Sim Ui Hang, Tajuddin Abdullah, Andrew Alex Tuen, Mohd. Fariddudin Mohd. Yusof & Mohd. Azib Salleh

Hutan hujan tropika di kawasan pergunungan Barb adalah satu tempat yang sesuai bagi penyelidikan kepelbagaian biologi, terutamanya mengenai mamalia kecil seperti kelawar dan tikus. Tumpuan kebanyakan penyelidikan sebelum ini tentang populasi haiwan-haiwan ini terhad kepada kajian taburan spesies, kawasan sumber pemakanan, kajian lakuan (etologi) dan ekologi. Kumpulan penyelidikan kami akan mengkaji variasi genetik melalui kajian sitogenetik (analisis kariotip) serta analisis profil genetik berasaskan corak RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) DNA genomik atau mitokondria. Dalam kajian ini DNA akan diekstrak daripada sampel-sampel darah dan tisu mamalia kecil yang ditangkap di beberapa lokasi. Data yang diperolehi akan digunakan untuk mengkaji variasi intra dan interspesies dan pemeriksaan genotip bagi mengesan kewujudan penanda-penanda polimorfik yang boleh digunakan dalam kajian taksonomi dan penentuan pertalian antara spesies. Data asas genetik mengenai haiwan-haiwan ini dijangka dapat dihasilkan untuk kajian perbandingan variasi genetik dengan populasi di kawasan lain dan seterusnya untuk merumuskan strategi pemuliharaan mamalia kecil tropika. Bahan genetik yang dipencilkan akan disimpan dalam arkib atau bank gen untuk dijadikan bahan kajian di masa hadapan dan kegunaan dalam bioteknologi haiwan.

DNA ARCHIVING AND GENETIC PROFILING OF SMALL MAMMALS FOUND AT THE BARIO AREA.

The tropical rainforest of the Bario highlands is a suitable site for biodiversity studies, especially on small mammals, e. g. bats and rodents. Research on such animals in the past was mainly targeted on aspects such as species distribution, feeding range, behavioral studies and ecology. Our research group will be focusing on genetic studies that include cytogenetic analysis (karyotyping), and genetic profiling through RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) patterns of either genomic or mitochondrial DNA. DNA will be extracted from whole blood and tissue samples of animals trapped at several locations. The data obtained will be used to determine intra and interspecies variations and the occurrence of polymorphic markers that could be used for taxonomic classification and determination of species relationship. A preliminary genetic database for these animals could be established for comparative studies with populations in other areas and thus to formulate strategies for conservation of tropical small mammals. The genetic materials collected will be archived in a DNA bank for future studies and possible applications in animal biotechnology.



ORKID DI BARIO

Robert V. Yong, Remi Repin, John H. Beaman, Teofila E. Beaman & Christiane Anderson

Usaha sedang dijalankan bagi membangunkan koleksi orkid hidup darf Borneo untukTaman Orkid UNIMAS, Taman Orkid Gunung dan Taman Orkid Poring di Taman Kinabalu. Setengah daripada orkid di Bario mungkin susah untuk hidup di UNIMAS atau Gunung Kinabalu sebab cuacanya berlainan. Walau bagaimanapun Kota Samarahan, Poring dan Taman Kinabalu mempunyai Liga cuaca yang berlainan dan salah satu tempat mungkin sesuai.

Koleksi orkid hidup adalah tambahan kepada koleksi yang sedia ada di Taman Orkid UNIMAS, Taman Gunung Kinabalu dan Taman Orkid Poring. Bahan ini akhimya akan digunakan untuk kajian evolusi yang menggunakan kaedah analisis DNA atau teknik-teknik lain. la juga boleh digunakan untuk eksperimen penghibridan dengan spesies orkid yang lain. Koleksi orkid di Taman Orkid UNIMAS dan Taman Kinabalu akan menjadi sumber germplasma bagi orkid di Borneo. Koleksi-koleksi in akan membuka peluang kepada pemuliharaan jangka panjang bagi Borneo yang kaya dengan orkid.

ORCHIDACEAE OF THE BARIO AREA

Attempts are being made to develop living collection of Bornean orchids for the UNIMAS Orchid Garden, Mountain Garden and Poring Orchid Garden of Kinabalu Park. Various of the Bario orchid species may be difficult to grow at UNIMAS or on Mount Kinabalu because of different climatic requirements. However, the three kinds of conditions available at Kota Samarahan, at Poring, and at Kinabalu Park Headquarters, will give three different conditions, one or more of which may be suitable for the Bario orchids. Using this three-parted approach, it should be possible to determine rather precisely the habitat requirements of each species.

The living orchid collection from Bario will be an addition to extensive documented collections of orchids, already being cultured for the UNIMAS Orchid Garden, the Kinabalu Mountain Garden, and the Poring Orchid Garden. This materials can ultimately be used for research on evolutionary relationships involving DNA analysis or other techniques. It will also be available for hybridization experiments involving different orchid species. The UNIMAS Orchid Garden, together with the living orchid collections of Kinabalu Park will represent the pre-eminent resource for documented germplasm of Bomean orchids. These collections will provide the opportunity for long-term conservation of the rich orchid flora of Borneo.

F STS, UNI MAS & Synopsis Sarawak Forestry Department


LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Abdul Jalil Abdul Kadir (Dr. ) Abdul Latiff Mohamad (Prof. ) Ahmed Zainudin Ibrahim Ikram Mohd. Said (Prof. ) Ismail Salleh Kamarudin Mat Salleh (Dr. ) Mohd. Salleh Said (Dr)

Page 31

Mohd. Wahid Samsudin (Dr. ) Nik Idris Yusoff (Dr. ) Othman Omar (Dr. ) Razali Jaman Rusian Mohd. Yusof Zaidi Mohd. isa (Dr. ) Zainal Abidin Abu Hassan (Dr. )

JABATAN PERHUTANAN

Abang Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman Buni Pungga David Labang Het Kaliang Jimbat ak Galan Melvin Terry Gumal Mohd. Shahbudin Sabri Mohiden Morni

Mons Taip Oswald Braken Tisen Ricky Bana Sapuan Haji Ahmad Sazali Majid Simon Sandi Tan Marduka Ubau Baning Wan Khata

KUCHING

Robert Valentine Yong

TAMAN-TAMAN SABAH

Gunik Gunsalam Harry Lohok Maklarin Bin Lakim Rimi Repin

FSTS, UNIMAS & Sarawak Forestry Department

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Christiane Anderson

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

Abu Hassan Ahmad (Dr. ) Adenan Jaafar Ganesan Muthaiya Mashhor Mansor ( Dr. ) Wahab Rahman (Dr. )

List of Participants


UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Abdul Rashid Abdullah (Dr. ) Ahmad Khiri Mohd. Zain (Prof. Madya) Amin Mangi Awang Iskanderdzulkamein (Dr. ) Awangku Abdul Rahman Besar Ketol Bibi Aminah Abdul Ghani Chang Moh Seng (Prof. Madya Dr. ) Cheksum Tawan (Dr. ) Daud Sulaiman Edmund Sim Ui Hang Fasihuddin Badruddin Ahmad Fatimah Hj. Abang (Dr. ) Fatimah Hj. Bolhassan Ghazally Ismail (Prof. ) Harwant Singh Hew Cheng Sim Hidir Marzuki Isa Ipor (Dr. ) Isa Sait Ismail Jusoh John H. Beaman (Prof. ) Kami Taha Khairul Adha Abdul Rahim Laily B. Din (Prof. ) Lau Seng (Dr. ) Lee Nyanti Lim Chan Koon Mohd. Azib Salleh (Prof. Madya Dr. ) Mohd. Noor Yusof Mohd. Rizan Abdullah

FSTS, UNIMAS & Sarawak Forestry Department

Page 32

Mohd. Tajuddin Abdullah Mohd. Hafiz Askiak Murtedza Mohamed (Prof. ) Mustafa Abdul Rahman Norhadi Ismail Othman Bojo Othman Yatim (Prof. Madya Dr. ) Paul Prociv (Dr. ) Petrus Bulan (Dr. ) Rajuna Tahir Ramlah Zainudin Raymond Patrick Atet Richard Gregory Smith Rosli Ismail Sahrol Hamzah Samuel Ng Thow Meng Saniah Mohd. Hussain Segalang Sekudan Tedong Shabdin Mohd. Long Sharifah Mariam Syed Mansor (Prof. Datin) Sharkawi Che Din Spencer Empading (Dr. ) Tan Poh Tin (Prof. Madya Dr. ) Teofila E. Beaman (Dr. ) Wahap Mami Zaidi Haji Ibrahim Zani Assim (Dr. ) Zulkalnain Zainal Abidin

List of Participants

1 .. i

ýýt/ ýýý

In BBC books are arranged according to classifications to make your shopping convenient and interesting. Our selections are very wide ranging from pre-school books for children up to books for higher learning.

CONTACT U'

lkkt-t

Pasara 4Aýº,

m °

1 st Floor. Wisma AnIA1 !: 7- `1; / F --- , ti . Telephone: 082-416W

_4 , ýý

1 U. ämý

7>

iä -1

r>F `

7, sF ry ,

"ý1VIMps" (IMMpýS Zý ý ý" "ý

---

ý

�4

ri

.. C- uNIMP' ýf 1A

. OP lz SI a1-° _ "4

-

is ....

VE IN STORE FOR YOU I

x 2371,93748 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. °" 70 Telex: MA 70487 Fax: 082-429208

c

.1 so_ LPLAys,

CATS a, nau

/VI

III

SITT TRAVEL SDN. BHD.

We provide comprehensive and fully computerised services:

Hotel Reservations Air ticketing - Domestic

& International World Tours

Auto Ticketing Visa Application

LREG NO: 1218 " KDN REG NO: KDN. R. 505/6/KIt. 5, STATE & FEDERAL GOVT. APPOINTED AGENT Lot 348, Section 10, Jalan Rubber, P. O. Box 2394,93748 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

Tel: 082-416131,417131,418131 Fax: 082-241646

Airr. y0

14 yd (eo

/M

SELSARA SDN. BHD.

-#4

LOCSI R. pý. antsthrs

Supplier:

Microscopes, Medical & Laboratory Equipment, Chemicals, Sealants, Computer peripherals and office equipment

No. 5L, Lot 490,2nd Floor, Jalan Rubber, 93400 Kuching, P. 0. Box 2371,93748 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Tel: 082-238486,245971 Fax: 082-238496

'ýý - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Journey Through Borneo... · Kajian ini mempunyai implikasi...

Documents

Transcript of 'ýý - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Journey Through Borneo... · Kajian ini mempunyai implikasi...