Yvonne Tasporte

7/30/2019 Yvonne Tasporte

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PRESENTED BY; YVONNE R.TRASPORTE


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A monitor or a display is an electronic visual displayfor computers. The monitor comprises the displaydevice, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device

in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistorliquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while oldermonitors use a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deepas the screen size.

Originally, computer monitors were used for dataprocessing while television receivers were used forentertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers(and their monitors) have been used for both dataprocessing and entertainment, while televisions haveimplemented some computer functionality. Thecommon aspect ratio of televisions, and then computermonitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9 (and16:10).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_transistor_liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_transistor_liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_transistor_liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_transistor_liquid_crystal_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_display


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Contents

1 Technologies

2 Measurements of performance

3 Additional features

4 Manufacturers5 See also

6 References7 External links
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Technologies

Further information: Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and

OLED and History of display technology Multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors.

Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but theyhave largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Cathode ray tube

The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRT). Untilthe early 1980s, they were known as video display terminals andwere physically attached to the computer and keyboard. Themonitors were monochrome, flickered and the image quality waspoor.[citation needed] In 1981, IBM introduced the Color GraphicsAdapter, which could display four colors with a resolution of 320

by 200 pixels. In 1984 IBM introduced the Enhanced GraphicsAdapterwhich was capable of producing 16 colors and had aresolution of 640 by 350.[1]

CRT technology remained dominant in the PC monitor marketinto the new millennium partly because it was cheaper toproduce and offered viewing angles close to 180 degrees.[2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_Plasma,_and_OLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_Plasma,_and_OLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_monitorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_monitorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_display_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_Plasma,_and_OLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_Plasma,_and_OLED


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Liquid crystal

Main articles: Liquid crystal display and TFT LCD

There are multiple technologies that have been

used to implement liquid crystal displays (LCD).Throughout the 1990s, the primary use of LCDtechnology as computer monitors was in laptopswhere the lower power consumption, lighter

weight, and smaller physical size of LCDs justifiedthe higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, thesam id-1990s selling for high prices. As pricesdeclined over a period of years they became morepopular, and by 1997 were competing with CRTmonitors. Among the first desktop LCD computermonitors was the Eizo L66 in the mid-1990s, the

Apple Studio Display in 1998, and the AppleCinema Display in 1999. In 2003, TFT-LCDs

outsold CRTs for the first time, becoming the2
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id-1990s selling for high prices. As prices declinedover a period of years they became more popular,and by 1997 were competing with CRT monitors.

Among the first desktop LCD computer monitors wasthe Eizo L66 in the mid-1990s, the Apple Studio

Display in 1998, and the Apple Cinema Display in1999. In 2003, TFT-LCDs outsold CRTs for the firsttime, becoming the primary technology used forcomputer monitors.[2] The main advantages of LCDsover CRT displays are that LCDs consume less

power, take up much less space, and areconsiderably lighter. The now common active matrixTFT-LCD technology also has less flickering thanCRTs, which reduces eye strain.[4] On the other hand,CRT monitors have superior contrast, have superiorresponse time, are able to use multiple screen

resolutions natively, and there is no discernible flickerif the refresh rate is set to a sufficiently high value.LCD monitors have now very high temporal accuracyand can be used for vision research.[
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Organic light-emitting diode

Organic light-emitting diode(OLED) monitors provide highercontrast and better viewing angles

than LCDs, and are predicted toreplace them. In 2011, a 25-inch

OLED monitor cost $7500, but theprices are expected to drop.[6]
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Size

Main article: Display size

For any rectangular section on a round tube, the diagonal measurement isalso the diameter of the tube.

The area, height and width of displays with identical diagonalmeasurements vary dependent on aspect ratio.

On two-dimensional display devices such as computer monitors thedisplay size or viewable image size is the actual amount of screen spacethat is available to display a picture, video or working space, withoutobstruction from the case or other aspects of the unit's design. The mainmeasurements for display devices are: width, height, total area and thediagonal.

The size of a display is usually by monitor manufacturers given by thediagonal, i.e. the distance between two opposite screen corners. This

method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the firstgeneration of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces werein common use. Being circular, only their diameter was needed to describetheir size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangularimages, the diagonal measurement of the rectangle was equivalent to thediameter of the tube's face. This method continued even when cathoderay tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles; it had the advantageof being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when

the aspect ratio was universally 4:3. The estimation of the monitor size by the distance between opposite

corners does not take into account the display aspect ratio, so that forexample a 16:9 21 in (53 cm) widescreen display has less area, than a21 in (53 cm) 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.8 in 12.6 in (43 cm 32 cm) and area 211 sq in (1,360 cm2), while thewidescreen is 18.3 in 10.3 in (46 cm 26 cm), 188 sq in (1,210 cm2).

f f it i d b th f ll i t
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performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters:

Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also called a Nit).

Aspect ratio is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. Monitors usuallyhave the aspect ratio 4:3, 5:4, 16:10 or16:9.

Viewable image size is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths andheights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in thesame way. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube

itself. Measurements of performance The

Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can bedisplayed. Maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch.

Dot pitch is the distance between subpixels of the same color in millimeters. Ingeneral, the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the picture will appear.

Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is illuminated.Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time.

Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active (white) toinactive (black) and back to active (white) again, measured in milliseconds. Lowernumbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts.

Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of thedarkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing.

Power consumption is measured in watts.

Delta-E: Color accuracy is measured in delta-E; the lower the delta-E, the moreaccurate the color representation. A delta-E of below 1 is imperceptible to the humaneye. Delta-Es of 2 to 4 are considered good and require a sensitive eye to spot thedifference.

Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed,without excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontallyand vertically
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewable_image_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_pitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_time_(technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewing_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewing_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_time_(technology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_pitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewable_image_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance


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Aspect ratio

Main article: Display aspect ratio

Until aboAut 2003, most computer monitors had a 4:3aspectratio and some had 5:4. Between 2003 and 2006, monitors

with 16:9 and mostly 16:10 (8:5) aspect ratios becamecommonly available, first in laptops and later also instandalone monitors. Reasons for this transition wasproductive uses for such monitors, i.e. besides widescreencomputer game play and movie viewing, are the wordprocessor display of two standard letter pages side by side, aswell as CAD displays of large-size drawings and CAD

application menus at the same time.[7][8]

In 2008 16:10 becamethe most common sold aspect ratio forLCD monitors and thesame year 16:10 was the mainstream standard forlaptops andnotebooks.[9]

In 2010 the computer industry started to move over from 16:10to 16:9.

In 2011 non-widescreen displays with 4:3 aspect ratios wereonly being manufactured in small quantities. According toSamsung this was because the "Demand for the old 'Squaremonitors' has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years,"and "I predict that by the end of 2011, production on all 4:3 orsimilar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_aspect_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view_in_video_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view_in_video_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view_in_video_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_view_in_video_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio


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Resolution

Main article: Display resolution

The resolution for computer monitors has

increased over time. From 320200 duringthe early '80s, to 800600 during the late'90s. Since 2009, the most commonly soldresolution for computer monitors is19201080.[11] Top-end consumer productsare limited to 25601600 at 30 inches.[12]

Apple introduced 28801800 with Retina

MacBook Pro at 15 inches on June 12, 2012.Additional features
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Power saving

Most modern monitors will switch to apower-saving mode if no video-input signalis received. This allows modern operatingsystems to turn off a monitor after aspecified period of inactivity. This also

extends the monitor's service life.Some monitors will also switch themselves

off after a time period on standby.

Most modern laptops provide a method of

screen dimming after periods of inactivity orwhen the battery is in use. This extendsbattery life and reduces wear


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Integrated accessories

Many monitors have other

accessories (or connections for them)integrated. This places standard portswithin easy reach and eliminates the

need for another separate hub,camera, microphone, or set ofspeakers. These monitors haveadvanced microprocessors which

contain codec information, WindowsInterface drivers and other smallsoftware which help in proper

functioning of these functions.
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Glossy screen

Main article: Glossy display

Some displays, especially newer LCDmonitors, replace the traditional anti-glare matte finish with a glossy one.

This increases color saturation andsharpness but reflections from lightsand windows are very visible. Anti-reflective coatings are sometimes

applied to help reduce reflections,although this only mitigates the effect.

Di ti l
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Directional screen

Narrow viewing angle screens are used insome security conscious applications.

3D

Main article: Stereo display

Newer monitors are able to display a differentimage for each eye, often with the help ofspecial glasses, giving the perception ofdepth.

Active shutter Main article: Active shutter 3Dsystem

Polarized Main article: Polarized 3D system

Autostereoscopic Main article:Autostereoscopy

A directional screen which generates 3Dimages without headgear.
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Tablet screens

Main article: Graphics tablet/screen hybrid

A combinationT of a monitor with a graphicstablet. Such devices are typicallyunresponsive to touch without the use of oneor more special tools' pressure. Newermodels however are now able to detect touchfrom any pressure and often have the abilityto detect tilt and rotation as well.

Touch and tablet screens are used on LCDdisplays as a substitute for the light pen,which can only work on CRTs.
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