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    YUGOSLAVIA: BOSNIAN WARYUGOSLAVIA: BOSNIAN WAR

    (1992(1992-- 1995)1995)

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    CONTENTS

    Conflict background (SHAFIY)

    Bosnian War (92- 95): Timeline and the

    main events (Shazwan)

    Causes ofBosnian War (Aishah &Husniyah)

    Ethnic groups in Bosnia during war

    (Shafiq & Shahmil)

    International responses (Hazwan)

    Conclusion: Bosnia post- war (Jibril)

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    Conflict Background: Bosnian War was begin between April 1992 and ended in

    December 1995.

    Armed conflicts took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

    Bosnian War broke up following the collapse of Socialist

    Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, SFR Yugoslavia

    made up of six former socialist republics;

    1. Including , Bosnia- Herzegovina

    2. Croatia

    3. Macedonia4. Montenegro

    5. Serbia

    6. Slovenia

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    Yugoslavia under Titos Era. 1945- the South Slav lands under Communist

    Federation.

    Josip Broz Tito (Former President of SFR Yugoslavia,1958- 1980, the Yugoslavs unifying symbol) sets up aSocialist Federal Republics ofYugoslavia (made up of 6

    republics- including B&H). 1948- Yugoslavia was expelled from Communist Union,

    Tito refuses to submit to Soviet orders and he splitswith the Soviet but still remained an ardent

    Communist. Began receives economic and military aid from West,

    tourism flourished- further boosting the economy.

    1945 to 1980- Republics held together.

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    Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a multi- ethnic

    state; 44 % Muslims (Bosniaks), 31 % Serbs, 17 %

    Croats and 6 % Yugoslav.

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    After the death of Tito (May 1980), the new leadership faced

    great econ. problems and found it difficult to unite the

    republics; tension between rival ethnic group increased- thethe

    nationnation startedstarted toto turnturn intointo anarchyanarchy andand chaoschaos asas aa resultresult ofofeconomy,economy, politicalpolitical instabilityinstability andand multimulti-- ethnicethnic tensiontension..

    TheThe collapsecollapse ofof YugoslaviaYugoslavia federationfederation inin 19911991 (Slovenia(Slovenia andand

    CroatiaCroatia-- earlyearly nationsnations secessionsecession fromfrom thethe federation)federation)..

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    B&H held first election on Nov. 1990; threelargest nationalist party won (Party of Dem.

    Action, Serbian Dem. Party and Croatian Dem.Union)- Parties divided power.

    Coalition end- amid the ethnic tensions andthe establishment of different republics in

    Bosnia based on ethnic. Referendum Vote- 1992, Bosnia vote for

    independence. Muslim and Croats had backedthe call for recession, Serbs had staged aboycott.

    Serb and Bosnian Serb leaders wanted to seizeterritory in Bosnia- Herzegovina for the

    Greater SerbiaWAR begin.

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    Bosnian War (1992- 1995): Timeline and the

    Major Events

    A pril 1992- Bosnia claims to independence wasrecognized by the European Community.

    S pring 1992- Serb militias and Yugoslavs troops(JNA) immediately tried to seize power in

    Sarajevo.15 thousands armed Croats fought hard to

    protect their homes and at first co- operated withthe Bosnian army.

    1992- Serb forces advanced west and south fromthe Serbian border, capturing over 60% ofBosnia(the eastern towns- Serbrenica, Zepa andGorazde were attacked)

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    Oct. 1992- Vance- Owen peace plan proposed to

    create 10 semi- autonomous provinces within

    Bosnia (based on ethnics grouping). May 1993,

    plan FAIL.

    1993- Serbs held 70% ofBosnia; Sarajevo was

    surrounded by Serb forces. Early 1993- Croatian army invaded Herzegovina

    (South Bosnia) in an attempt to grab territory.

    1994- NATO used air strikes to force Serbs to halt

    the siege. June 1994- ceasefire achieved.

    21 Nov. 1995- Dayton Peace Agreement signed,

    the war end.

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    THE MAJOR EVENTS

    SiegeofSarajevo (5 Apr. 1992- 29 Feb. 1996)

    Bosnian Massacre (1995)

    MarkaleMassacre (1st- 5 Feb. 1994; 2nd 28August 1995)

    Srebenica Massacre(July 1995)

    Mainissues;

    1. Refugee Crisis in Bosnia

    2. Ethnic cleansing3. Mass Rape

    4. Detention Camps

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    CAUSES of Bosnian War

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    the Divided of Yugoslavia Slovenia andCroatia declared independence- Yugoslav

    army invadedS

    lovenia and later,

    seize Croatia (declaredas Serbian state called Krajina. Beginning 1992, UNsent large number of troops to Croatia- Ceasefire-Conflict in Croatia end- War spread to Bosnia.

    Bosnia break off from Yugoslavia- the Bosnian Serbs

    with support from Serbia attacked different part ofBosnia and Herzegovina.

    Bosnian Serbs forces supported by Slobodan Milosevic(Serbia leader) and Yugoslavs People Army attackedB&H in order to secure Serbian territory.

    Before Bosnian war broke up, Karadjordjevo meeting(spring of 1991); President Tudjman of Croatia andPresident Milosevic of Serbia held a meeting atKaradjordjevo (Vojvodina province ofSerbia).

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    Karadjordjevo agreement

    Agenda- the division of Bosnia into ethnicallypure mini- republics leaving just a little bit forthe Muslims.

    The redistribution of territories in the ex-Yugoslav Republic of BiH between Croatia and

    Serbia; territories with either Croatian or Serbianmajority would be annexed but it not include thelargest ethnic group in B&H, Bosniaks.

    The division of B&H led to more complicated

    situation- Bosnians demanding independence. WHY SEPARATE?- Serbia acted as the dominant

    power; Bosniaks believed that Serbia used itspowerful position to divert money and resources

    toS

    erbs area.

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    DIVISON OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

    (Karadjordjevo Agreement)

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    The GreaterSerbia

    Slobodan Milosevic;

    President ofSerbia (1989)

    Came to power at time of growing nationalfeeling amongst Serbs.

    1989, he annexed the province of Kosovo. Insisted on a centralized system- Serbs

    domination.

    Try to create a greaterSerbia- annexing

    territoriesinrepublicswith Serbminorities.

    Rodovan Karadzic(Bosnian Serbs leader) wantedSerb forces to seize territory in Bosnia for agreater Serbia.

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    Serbs leader and Bosnian Serbsfugitive.

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    Multi- ethnic division by the establishment

    of different republics in Bosnia

    24 Oct. 1991, Serb Democratic Party membersformed the Assembly of the Serb People in

    B&H, end tri- ethnic coalition that governed

    after the elections in 1991; The SerbianRepublic ofB&H formed on April 1992, which

    became RepublicSrpskaon August 1992.

    On 18 Nov. 1991,

    Croatian Dem. Unionproclaimed the existence ofCroatian Republic

    of Herzeg- Bosnia as separation in Bosnia

    territory.

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    The Failure ofCarrington- Cutileiro Plan

    Also known as Lisbon Agreement.

    Resulted from EEC- hosted conference held in

    Sept. 1991; main objectives:

    1. TopreventwarinB&H

    2. Proposeethicpower- sharing

    Signed on 18 March 1992 by three sides

    figures;

    Alija Izetbegovic (Bosniaks)

    Rodovan Karadzic (Serbs)

    Mate Boban (Croats)

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    Lisbon agreement or Carrington- Cutileiro Plan

    FAIL; on 28 March 1992, Izetbegovic

    withdrew from plan, he opposed any typeethnic division in BiH.

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    ThreemajorethnicsinBosnia-

    Herzegovina.

    Three

    majorethnics

    Bosniaks

    CroatsSerbs

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    Serbs The Serbian people predominated in Montenegro

    and in Serbia itself- there were also large numbersofSerbs living in Bosnia and Serbia.

    Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991)- Serbs wanted tobe united with Serbia itself.

    Serbia was once part of the Byzantine empire-most Serbs belonged to the Christian Orthodoxfaith.

    SFR Yugoslavia collapsed (1990)- large Serbcommunities in Bosnia attempted to remain

    within Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serbs formed Republic ofSrpska in Bosnia-

    Herzegovina in 1992- subsequently expelling andkilling the Croats and Muslims who lived within

    the self-declared borders.

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    Croats Most Croats were Roman Catholics.

    Predominated some parts ofBosnia. Prior Bosnian war- Croats made up of17.3% of

    population.

    Ethnic tensions emerged in the post- Tito era, the

    Republic of Croatia declared independence in 1991,followed by war with its Serb minority, backed up bySerbia-controlled Yugoslav People's Army.

    In the first years of the Bosnian war, over 200,000

    Croats were displaced from their homes as a result ofthe military actions.

    In the peak of the fighting, around 550,000 ethnicCroats were displaced altogether during the Yugoslavwars.

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    Internationalresponse UN- UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection

    Force) troops in Sarajevo at the outset of war

    because it was their base of operation for the

    UN mission in Croatia.

    UN hoped that their presence woulddiscourage the spread of the conflict from

    Croatia to Bosnia.

    UN eventually took seriously its obligation toinvestigate war crimes, genocide, and crimes

    against humanity in the former Yugoslavia and

    established InternationalCriminalTribunal.

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    International Criminal Tribunal for the formerYugoslavia (ICTY):

    1. Established on 25 May1993.2. Toprosecuteseriouscrimescommittedduring

    thewarsinformerYugoslavia.

    3. Established by Resolution827(UN Security

    Council).4. Located in The Hague, Netherlands.

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    CONCLUSION Reconstruction (post- Bosnian War); Bosnia's

    immediate needs are a repaired infrastructure,jobs, and the safe return of people to theirhomes.

    The World Bank estimates a need for $5 billionfor the first three years of reconstruction. It hasthus far only raised a small portion of that. ButBosnians are determined to rebuild their countryand to build a future for their children.

    2009- 2011; Bosnian War criminal suspects(Radovan Karadzic,Ratko Mladic and GoranHadzic- were arrested.

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    Bosnia- Herzegovinaafterwar