YTTERBIUM SOURCES FOR BRACHYTHERAPY

Sergey Akulinichev and Vasily DerzhievInstitute for nuclear research of RAS (INR)

Moscow and Troitsk Russia

Preliminary schedule of the talk

1 Medical applications of ytterbium sources

2 Source production using laser technology

3 Conclusions

Medical applications of ytterbium sources

bull In HDR Brachytherapy only 1 source of 6-20 Ci is short-time inserted via several (or one) catheters

bull Usual isotopes Co-60 Ir-192 or Yb-169bull Main localizations prostate breast lung (possibly-

vascular system)

Why ytterbiumbull Soft spectrum compared to Co-60 and Ir-192 ( ~ 92 KeV )bull Reduced dose to normal tissue and easier shieldingbull High radioactivity - up to 6 Ci mg for pure Yb-169

(only 06 Ci mg for Ir-192)bull Half-life 32 days

easy shielding

2 Source production using laser technology

3 steps1) Enrichment of initial isotope Yb-168

(AVLIS Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation)

2) Production of inner and outer capsules

3) Activation by thermal neutrons Yb-168 rarr Yb-169

AVLIS production of initialisotope Yb-168

Design of AVLIS facilityais

|3gt = 4f13(2F72)6s26p(7232)2

|1gt = 4f136s2 1S0

|2gt = 4f136s6p3P1

λ = 555648 nm

λ = 581067 nm

λ = 58279 nm

copper vapor lasers 120W

3 Dye laser system

VacuumChamberWithextractor

ms

Control system

cooling system

3-step cascade of photo-ionization of Yb-168 (ais-auto ionization state)

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

Preliminary schedule of the talk

1 Medical applications of ytterbium sources

2 Source production using laser technology

3 Conclusions

Medical applications of ytterbium sources

bull In HDR Brachytherapy only 1 source of 6-20 Ci is short-time inserted via several (or one) catheters

bull Usual isotopes Co-60 Ir-192 or Yb-169bull Main localizations prostate breast lung (possibly-

vascular system)

Why ytterbiumbull Soft spectrum compared to Co-60 and Ir-192 ( ~ 92 KeV )bull Reduced dose to normal tissue and easier shieldingbull High radioactivity - up to 6 Ci mg for pure Yb-169

(only 06 Ci mg for Ir-192)bull Half-life 32 days

easy shielding

2 Source production using laser technology

3 steps1) Enrichment of initial isotope Yb-168

(AVLIS Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation)

2) Production of inner and outer capsules

3) Activation by thermal neutrons Yb-168 rarr Yb-169

AVLIS production of initialisotope Yb-168

Design of AVLIS facilityais

|3gt = 4f13(2F72)6s26p(7232)2

|1gt = 4f136s2 1S0

|2gt = 4f136s6p3P1

λ = 555648 nm

λ = 581067 nm

λ = 58279 nm

copper vapor lasers 120W

3 Dye laser system

VacuumChamberWithextractor

ms

Control system

cooling system

3-step cascade of photo-ionization of Yb-168 (ais-auto ionization state)

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

Medical applications of ytterbium sources

bull In HDR Brachytherapy only 1 source of 6-20 Ci is short-time inserted via several (or one) catheters

bull Usual isotopes Co-60 Ir-192 or Yb-169bull Main localizations prostate breast lung (possibly-

vascular system)

Why ytterbiumbull Soft spectrum compared to Co-60 and Ir-192 ( ~ 92 KeV )bull Reduced dose to normal tissue and easier shieldingbull High radioactivity - up to 6 Ci mg for pure Yb-169

(only 06 Ci mg for Ir-192)bull Half-life 32 days

easy shielding

2 Source production using laser technology

3 steps1) Enrichment of initial isotope Yb-168

(AVLIS Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation)

2) Production of inner and outer capsules

3) Activation by thermal neutrons Yb-168 rarr Yb-169

AVLIS production of initialisotope Yb-168

Design of AVLIS facilityais

|3gt = 4f13(2F72)6s26p(7232)2

|1gt = 4f136s2 1S0

|2gt = 4f136s6p3P1

λ = 555648 nm

λ = 581067 nm

λ = 58279 nm

copper vapor lasers 120W

3 Dye laser system

VacuumChamberWithextractor

ms

Control system

cooling system

3-step cascade of photo-ionization of Yb-168 (ais-auto ionization state)

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

Why ytterbiumbull Soft spectrum compared to Co-60 and Ir-192 ( ~ 92 KeV )bull Reduced dose to normal tissue and easier shieldingbull High radioactivity - up to 6 Ci mg for pure Yb-169

(only 06 Ci mg for Ir-192)bull Half-life 32 days

easy shielding

2 Source production using laser technology

3 steps1) Enrichment of initial isotope Yb-168

(AVLIS Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation)

2) Production of inner and outer capsules

3) Activation by thermal neutrons Yb-168 rarr Yb-169

AVLIS production of initialisotope Yb-168

Design of AVLIS facilityais

|3gt = 4f13(2F72)6s26p(7232)2

|1gt = 4f136s2 1S0

|2gt = 4f136s6p3P1

λ = 555648 nm

λ = 581067 nm

λ = 58279 nm

copper vapor lasers 120W

3 Dye laser system

VacuumChamberWithextractor

ms

Control system

cooling system

3-step cascade of photo-ionization of Yb-168 (ais-auto ionization state)

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

2 Source production using laser technology

3 steps1) Enrichment of initial isotope Yb-168

(AVLIS Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation)

2) Production of inner and outer capsules

3) Activation by thermal neutrons Yb-168 rarr Yb-169

AVLIS production of initialisotope Yb-168

Design of AVLIS facilityais

|3gt = 4f13(2F72)6s26p(7232)2

|1gt = 4f136s2 1S0

|2gt = 4f136s6p3P1

λ = 555648 nm

λ = 581067 nm

λ = 58279 nm

copper vapor lasers 120W

3 Dye laser system

VacuumChamberWithextractor

ms

Control system

cooling system

3-step cascade of photo-ionization of Yb-168 (ais-auto ionization state)

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

AVLIS production of initialisotope Yb-168

Design of AVLIS facilityais

|3gt = 4f13(2F72)6s26p(7232)2

|1gt = 4f136s2 1S0

|2gt = 4f136s6p3P1

λ = 555648 nm

λ = 581067 nm

λ = 58279 nm

copper vapor lasers 120W

3 Dye laser system

VacuumChamberWithextractor

ms

Control system

cooling system

3-step cascade of photo-ionization of Yb-168 (ais-auto ionization state)

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

The vacuum chamber with evaporator and extractor (the unique and most complicated part of the facility)

a

diaphragm

collector

Vapor source

Symmetry axis

Zone of selective ionization

gap

y

x

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

Some methods of isotope enrichmentlaser photo-ionization

AVLIS (the present technology)

centrifuges

3Li

H1

Na11

K19

Rb37

Cs55

Fr87

Mg12

20Ca

38Sr

56Ba

88Ra

Sc21

Y39

La57

Ac89

22Ti

40Zr

72Hf

104Rf

58

90

Ce

Th

23V

41Nb

73Ta

105

59Pr

91Pa

24Cr

42Mo

74W

106

60Nd

92U

25Mn

43Tc

75Re

107

61Pm

93Np

26Fe

44Ru

76Os

108

62Sm

94Pu

27Co

45Rh

77Ir

109

63Eu

95Am

Ni28

Pd46

Pt78

64Gd

96Cm

29Cu

47Ag

79Au

65Tb

97Bk

30Zn

48Cd

80Hg

66Dy

98Cf

31Ga

49In

81Tl

67Ho

99Es

32Ge

50Sn

82Pb

68Er

100Fm

33As

51Sb

83Bi

69Tm

101Md

34Se

52Te

84Po

70Yb

102No

35Br

53I

85At

71Lu

103Lr

2He

10Ne

18Ar

36Kr

54Xe

86Rn

9F

17Cl

8O

16S

7N

15P

6C

14Si

5B

13Al

I A

II A

III B IV B V B VI B VII B

III A IV A V A VI A VII A

I B II BVIII

VIII B

4Be

Lanthanide series

Actinide series

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

Pumping power 120 ndash 130W λ = 510nm f = 10kHz τ = 20ns

Output of the system 3 g yearFinal isotope content

bull Yb ndash 168 ndash 2021 (only 014 in natural Yb)bull Yb ndash 170 ndash 236bull Yb ndash 171 ndash 1838 bull Yb ndash 172 ndash 1545bull Yb ndash 173 ndash 121bull Yb ndash 175 ndash 2238bull Yb ndash 176 ndash 912

Channel Wavelength nm Dye Power W SpectrbandMHz

Pulse width ns

1 555 R110 5 500 152 581 R6G 5 500 153 582 R6G 20 3104 20

Parameters of 3Parameters of 3-- Channel Dye Channel Dye -- Laser SystemLaser System for AVLIS of Ytterbiumfor AVLIS of Ytterbium

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

Experimental source of Yb-169 produced on our facilitythe measured activity 7 Ci

(designed by Implant Sciences USA)

inner capsule

Nano-granules of ytterbium

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

The inner capsule irradiation by secondary neutrons on INR proton linac

Measured Ytterbium Spectrum

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

10 47 85 122 160 197 234 272 309 347 384

Energy keV

Num

ber o

f Pho

tons

Spectrum of inner capsule (our result)

Standard spectrum of Yb-169

Neutron irradiation facility RADEX1- protons2 ndash vacuum channel3 ndash tungsten target4 - moderator5 ndash irradiation channel6- loading channel7 ndash iron shielding

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia

3 Conclusions

bull Titanium inner shell is unimportant for the source spectrumbull Our laser technology can provide for HDRB low cost

ytterbium sources (electricity consumption is 8 times less compared to standard EM technology of Yb-168 extraction)

bull The sources with Yb-169 are less expensive than sources with Ir-192 and do not require a heavy shielding

bull The HDRB with ytterbium can be carried out in any hospitalbull The sources with ytterbium have additional clinical benefits

(reduced dose to neighbor organs and normal tissue ) bull Light mobile afterloaders designed for ytterbium sources are

going to appearbull 2-3 facilities (as the one described above) can cover the needs

of HDR brachytherapy in whole Russia