Y)SYC · 2019. 8. 1. · Y)SYCI-]2E. TREATMENT PROCESSES AGAINST PHYLLOXERA VITIFOLIAE. BY WII.LIAM...

Y)SYCI-]2E.

TREATMENT PROCESSES AGAINST PHYLLOXERA VITIFOLIAE.

BY WII.LIAM STBBINS BARNARD, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The control or destruction of this noto-rious pest is one of the most prominentscientific problems of our day. It hasbaffled many experimenters even underthe stimulus of a standing prize of 3oo,ooo francs oflred by the French gov-ernment. The Phylloxera commissionhas not yet found a device worthy of theaward. In its reports (z) bisulphideof carbon, (2) sulphocyanide of potas-sium and (3) submersion by water,are recomme,ded as the best remediesit has ibund. The control of the phyl-loxera is becoming a serious questionwith the Viticultural association ofCalifornia and the pest occurs more orless through the eastern and middleparts of our country. On these ac-counts every new treatment against it isreceived with interest here and abroad.A treatment devised against the phyl-

loxera by the writer was reported uponlst year [14 Dec. 883] before theBiological society of Washington anda published notice of the discussion onremedies for the phylloxera at thatmeeting appeared in Psvc for Jan.-Feb. I884, V. 4’ P" I33- 34’ ill whichkerosene, applied by the nether-inser-tion process, was recommended as su-perior to naphthalin.Those remarks were in response to

communications by Prof. C. V. Rileyand Prof. T. Taylor setting forth the

value of naphthalin as a remedy for thcphylloxera. A partial description wasthere given of a nether inserter [withoutits handles and accessories-] which Ihad previously constructed for insertingkerosene, but which was equally adapt-ed for applying naphthalil. Omittingsome important details and applicationsof this instrument, it may be added thatin practice the device has operated withperfect satisfaction, as used by me illtreating infested vines near Washington.By the process of nether insertion

and upward or volatile diffusion of thatmost infallible of all insecticides, petro-leum, by its distillation and upwardcapillary dispersion in the ground, wehave a treatment not only against theactive insect but likewise against itssummer eggs, which are also on theroots. The insecticides used againstthe active insect have not killed the eggsin sufficient number, and the survivorshave hatched to restock the plants;hence to destroy both by one and thesame application makes the treatmentsimple and more complete.

But the phylloxera also presents it-self in a third phase for treatment, viz.,in its winter eggs, which are differentfrom the summer eggs and are deposi-ted above ground. This brings meanother method of difl’using petroleumwhich I devised and reduced to practice

144 IST’CH. [March 884.some years since, and which has provedof great value for fl’eeing the orangegroves of the scale insects. I allude toits emulsification with milk and water,whereby petroleum can be diluted toany suitable strength for insecticidepurposes. The emulsion applied by abrush upon the parts where winter eggsare deposited will destroy them. Whendiluted, a spray of it over the entireplant in the winter season will do noharm. The winter eggs should betreated not later than February. Themilk-kerosene process permits petro-leum to be applied by the ordinarymethods for insecticides. Emulsifica-tion with milk is also a recourse toslow and milden the intense action ofthe petroleum naphthas when placed illthe ground.

Petroleum should be sprayed overthe ground to destroy scattered eggs,and to reach the superficial larvae in thesoil, but not, when undiluted, so as toflow undiigused upon the roots. Whengradually dispersed above as spray andwhen inserted beneath the roots, theground itself practically dilutes anddiflhses the petroleum before it canreach the roots. The nether-upwardkerosene diffusion process is the onlyeconomically practical way, of course, inwhich the deep application of the un-diluted forms of petroleum can be at-tempted with safety to the plant. By itthe cheap crude article and ira lighterform, the naphthas, become availableas most valuable agents against the pests.The nether-kerosene process applies

likewise as a treatment against all otherroot insects or subterranean pests, as for

example, the American blight aphid[Nchizoeura la,ziera the hop rootgortyna 1- GorO/a inna,zis, root mag-gots of the cabbage, &c., the strawberryroot beetles, cicadas, cut-worms, whitegrubs, wire worms, nests of ants, &c.Thus it is seen to have a general appli-cation to a wide range of cases hereto-fore not satisfactorily treated.

Besides the combined application ofpetroleum and the nether-insertion pro-cess, the latter and the inserters apply incombination with many other insecti-cides which have more or less efficiencyin the cases cited, of which the follow-examples may be specially mentioned,viz." rhigolene, gasolene, naphtha, ben-zine, kerosene, crude petroleum, oil oftar, tar water, naphthalin, pyroligne-ous acid, soot, creosote, carbolic acid,cresylic acid sulphurous acid, sulpho-cyanide of potassium, bisulphide ofcarbon, cyanide of potassium, pyre-thrum preparations, lye solutions, to-bacco decoction, chips and sntfl’ water,gas water, liquid fertilizers, wpors,gases or fumes. The relative merits oradvantages or disadwntages of thesewould involve lengthy discussion whichmay now be postponed, each has itsspecial adaptation.The nether inserters apply any up-

ward acting insecticide against anyunderground enemies. Also I haveprovided certain accessories with whichthey in the same manner apply water orliquid manure to saturate the groundagainst y//oxera or the other pests,and to fertilize the ground, to stimulateand diet up the plant; but these topicswill be fully noticed at a later date.

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Y)SYC · 2019. 8. 1. · Y)SYCI-]2E. TREATMENT PROCESSES AGAINST PHYLLOXERA VITIFOLIAE. BY WII.LIAM...

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