YOUTH SEEN AS

SATAN1600s

ORIGINAL SINThe Puritans believe that children are born close to the Devil, and the role of society and family is to wrestle Satan from within the child.

FIRST PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Massachusetts’ Old Satan Deluder Act of 1647 establishes first public school system. Since, Puritans believed that children were born with the “original sin,” they had to be raised in an atmosphere of fear, strict discipline, hard work, and a strong knowledge of the Bible to delude Satan.

YOUTH SEEN AS

SAVAGES1800/1900s

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONAs the Nation’s first well-known State Secretary of Education, Horace Mann argued in 1837 that public education’s goals are to create an “industrious class of women and men” who obey the law and are diligent in their work.” For factory and mining work, only basic literacy was required. By 1860, there were no more than 300 high schools in the United States, less than 100 of them free. The public education system designed by Franklin and promoted by Mann is still the standard public school curriculum today.

ClassroomManagement

With strict discipline, “one who studies educational theory can see in the mechanical routine of the classroom, the educative forces that are slowly transforming the child from a little savage into a creature fit for law and order, fit for the life of civilized society.” - 1907

William Chandler Bagley

YOUTH SEEN AS

REBELS

RADICALS &

REVOLUTIONARIES

1960s - EARLY 70s

IN L.A. :

1. OUT OF L.A. CAME THE BUILDERS OF SCHOOL DE-FUNDING AND MASS INCARCERATION

U.S. POLICIES THAT COME OUT OF L.A.:Nixon’s Law and Order backlash after 60s movements leads to mass incarceration of poor people and people of color. The prison population increases 300% in 20 years. Cali and L.A. lead the world in incarceration and harsh sentencing, including creation of JLWOP, Three Strikes, Prop 21 and Prop 9 - all are written and financed from L.A.. Reaganomics including anti-tax movement and Prop 13., the “war on drugs” and war on welfare, and mental health de-institutionalization without community services, all lead to massive increase in homelessness. L.A. creates “planned Skid Row” to force homeless into downtown isolation. U.S. fuels wars against rebellions in Central America. In the 1980s, LAPD and Sheriffs work with U.S. military to teach counter-guerilla tactics, interrogation and torture against civilians. In the 90s and 00s, they return to teach gang suppression when people are deported - (the greatest number from L.A.) Chief Parker introduces military-style policing and brings National Guard into Watts in ‘65. Gates takes militarization further by creating SWAT and CRASH (first gang units).’92 Uprising once again reflects L.A.’s anger over entrenched police brutality. Gates also created DARE.2007 - Jordan Downs is first community in the U.S. to get GPS surveillance system. L.A. and Riverside first to use GPS monitoring to track people with gang convictions returning home from prison.

2. L.A.’S “WAR ON GANGS”

1848 California and the Southwest is annexed into U.S. through illegal war against Mexico. The Thirteenth Amendment to Constitution outlaws slavery except “as a punishment for crime.” So-called “Indian Wars” force remaining sovereign nations onto reservations.

L.A. : Is the only region west of Texas to side with the Confederacy. Gains reputation as nation’s most violent city with one murder per day by 1870. The homicide rate between 1847 and 1870 averaged 158 per 100,000, which was 10 to 20 times the annual murder rates for New York City during the same period. If we had the same homicide rate today, we’d have 600,000 murders a year. French send troops to protect their citizens.By 1871, half of businesses are gambling halls, saloons or houses of prostitution, most with political or law enforcement ownership or involvement. Corruption is the norm in L.A.’s police force until the Parker administration of the 1960s. The Marshall’s Office is funded by enslavement of indigenous population.L.A.’s first jail is established (chain and a log.)

L.A.’S WAR ON GANGSSTARTS IN 1848:

L.A. has the highest lynching rate of any region in the country. the victims are largely Californios - now seen since the war as Mexicans struggling to reclaim land and livestock taken through the war. First use of gang profiling – “bandido/bandit” – to criminalize groups. Los Angeles had several active Vigilance Committees during that era. Between 1850 and 1870, mobs carried out approximately 35 lynchings of Mexicans—more

than four times the number that occurred in San Francisco. Los Angeles was described as "undoubtedly thetoughest town of the entire nation.

1871 – Chinese Massacre is L.A.’s first of many “riots,” all of which are led by law enforcement or happen in response to police brutality. A shootout between Tong factions leads to the death of a popular white

chicken rancher. A mob of 200-500 Whites and Latinos led by local government and law enforcement leads to the lynching of 19 Chinese men and the burning down of Chinatown. Vigilante mobs and state sanctioned

murder typifies L.A.’s “justice” system throughout 1800s and early 1900s.

1881 - The L.A. Times is founded by Otis Harrison, and both he and the paper are a leading voice in L.A..’spower structure which establishes L.A. as nearly all-white and union free by 1900.

YOUTH SEEN AS

SUPER

PREDATORS

1980s - 1990s

Los Angeles County built the nation’s first comprehensive gang suppression policies:

[1] Gang injunctions - first in 1983, the ability to lock down a neighborhood and arrest people if they are on the street with another alleged gang member, out past a curfew, or carrying a cell phone.

[2] Gang databases in 1987 - computerized lists that label people as “gang members” without their knowledge, without any chance to appeal, and without a clear way to get off. (3) The statewide STEP Act in 1988 that provided the nation’s first law targeting street gangs, first gang definition, first language referring to gang members as “terrorists,” first gang enhancements in court, and took database statewide [Cal Gangs Database].

[4] In 1985, L.A. established CLEAR I[Community Law Enforcement and Recovery].

3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SCHOOL-TO-JAIL TRACK

PRESIDENT REAGAN APPOINTS WILLIAM

BENNET AS U.S. SECRETARY OF

EDUCATION.

Zero Tolerance

policies include requirements for suspension, expulsion and

arrests; the takeover of school discipline by police

departments; and relationships in schools replaced by metal

detectors, locker searches, drug-sniffing dogs, and security

gates.

1. Police Departments take over school security

2. More Probation Officers than Counselors

3. Schools look and run like prisons; some have the same architects

4. Searches, metal detectors, gang profiling

5. Leads to massive push-out and arrest

The largest numbers of youth contacts with the police and Probation are for: (1) Tickets that can turn into arrest warrants or holds on Drivers’ licenses when families can’t afford to pay them. The #1 “crime” fare evasion - riding train or bus without paying.(2) Curfew Violations(3) Routine stop and frisks, gang database adds on the street.(4) Graffiti related tickets and arrests including minor acts such as posting slap tags, tiny throw ups, carrying a marker, or having a graffiti-covered back pack,(5) Small possession of weed or alcohol for individual use.(6) Minor Probation violations - such as missing school or arguing with family - can get youth lock-down placement or camp time.

Explain How

Everyone is Impacted

4. L.A. / CALIFORNIA’S AND THE NATION’S ADDICTION TO INCARCERATION

IN THE EARLY 80s, CALIFORNIA STARTS TO RAPIDLY EXPAND THE BUILDING OF PRISONS AND CUT THE BUDGET TO EVERYTHING ELSE. AT THE TIME, WE ALREADY HAVE 12 PRISONS.

DURING THE SAME TIME, CALIFORNIA BUILDS ONE UC AND TWO CAL STATE UNIVERSITIES.

Build for a

Movement

OUR OPPOSITION

US MOST OF THE TIME

US ON A GOOD DAY

LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

LITIGATION

LITIGATION

ACTIVIST ARTS

POPULAR EDUCATION

COMMUNITY SERVICE

ELECTORAL AND GOTV

PUBLIC POLICY

ADVOCACY

MEDIA IMPACTMAINSTREAM

MEDIACREATION

MOVEMENT

ORGANIZATION BUILDING

DIRECT ACTION

RESEARCH

BASE BUILDING

Downsize and

Defund

The YJC investigated the budgets for all 57 law enforcement departments within LA County, interviewed youth on their experiences with the police, and surveyed 500 residents on a 50 mile march across LA County.

Intervention Savings: Each Murder Costs $1 Million to Investigate and 17 Million More in Jail, Court and Incarceration costs. With drastic decreases in homicide, shouldn’t the saved money be reinvestment in our schools and communities?

Just

1%

of L.A.’s Courts, Police, Sheriffs’ District Attorney’s, Probation’s and City Attorney’s Budgets would pay for: 500 full-time gang intervention workers; 50 youth centers open from 3pm - midnight, 365 days a year; and 25,000 youth jobs!

Tell the Truth About Youth Crime

Drug Use/Abuse

School Shootings

Mass Shootings

Domestic Terrorism

Hate Groups

Drug Manufacturing

Gun Manufacturing

By 2,000, all teens had

the lowest violent crime rate since the

mid-60s.

Reframe the issue.

L.A. LOCKDOWN

#1 worldwide: Incarceration (Prison Spending and Prison Population); Pornography Production/Export; Gangs Creation/Export; Meth Production/Export; Import/Export of 5 Illegal Drugs; Hand Guns; White Supremacy Gangs and Orgs

#1 nationwide: Gap between rich and poor, Homelessness, Youth in Foster Care - the majority were “orphaned” by the prison system, “Riots,” Children and People Living in Poverty, Immigration and Deportation

Don’t Get Trapped

intoBuilding a

Better Cage

In the 1700s, poverty was severely punished. The death penalty, prisons , asylums, poorhouses and work farms were established to isolate anyone who didn’t fit into the economy, who engaged in the underground economy or who rebelled. Children are kept in the same institutions and courts as adults.

In 1787, the Quakers create the nation’s first

penitentiary - believing that solitude was

needed to enable people to do penance for their sins. But the isolation and sensory deprivation soon proved to cause severe mental illness and the Quakers abandoned the practice. The government, however, picked it up and make it the norm for U.S. prison system.

You see this today in... The misuse of institutional models for populations that shouldn’t be locked up. Missouri talks about this often: “Make it small, make it safe, make it humane and make sure no one is there who doesn’t need to be there.”

Creation of juvenile court systems that erase due process for youth - jury trial, bail, longer sentences than adults, hearings to determine adult court transfers.

Divide and conquer, such as the play of felony murder vs. “trigger person,” exclusion of various groups such as “cop killers,” “good immigrant” vs. “bad” immigrant, “sex offenders,” etc.

Ensure that people most impacted are fully involved in making the decision.

Think Outside

the Cage

FOR THE YJC, TRANSFORMATIVE JUSTICE (TJ) HAS SOME OF THE SAME

GOALS AS RJ, BUT ADDS COMMUNITY AND SYSTEM ACCOUNTABILITY:

Criminal and Juvenile Court:

1. What law was broken?2. Who broke it?3. What punishment is warranted?4. Competition between lawyers - assumes two opposing sides.5. Assumes guilty and innocent parties - victim and perpetrator.6. Not responsible for determining or addressing root causes of conflict.

Transformative Justice:1. Who was harmed?2. What are the needs and

responsibilities of those involved?

3. How do all affected parties together address needs and repair harm?

4. Is non-adversarial. Seeks an outcome all parties can agree to.

4. What are the root causes of the conflict?

5. What community and/orsocietal change is needed to change relationships, conditions and power?

Job and Cost Comparisons Between Law Enforcement and Intervention

Erase Inhuman

e Languag

e

FROM VICTIM, OFFENDER, PREDATOR, JUVENILE, MINOR, DELINQUENT, WARD, PROBATIONER,

ILLEGAL ALIEN/IMMIGRANT, CONVICT, MINORITY,HIGH RISK YOUTH, INMATE, PRISONER…

TO HUMAN BEING: (PEOPLE/YOUTH IN PRISON, CONVICTED PEOPLE, YOUTH/PEOPLE IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW, UNDOCUMENTED PEOPLE.)

FROM GANG MEMBERS

TO CHILD SOLDIERS

FROM YOUTH ARE MONSTERS

TO THE SYSTEM IS MONSTROUS

FROM PUNISHMENT WORKS

TO TRANSFORMATIVE JUSTICE,INCLUDING TAKING REPONSIBILITY AND REPAIRING HARM

FROM “DO ADULT CRIME, DO ADULT TIME.”

TO NO YOUTH IN ADULT COURTS, JAILS OR PRISONS. AND FAIR AND HUMANE TREATMENT FOR BOTH

YOUTH AND ADULTS.

THIS INCLUDES ENDING OUR USE OF DEROGATORY TERMS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT