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EarthGeological Cycles

&

Bio and Chemical cycles

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BioGeologicChemical Cycles

In your notes: oDraw a picture of an earth section

showing the following:oEarth center (core)

oInner coreoOuter core

oMantleoCrust

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Biogeochemical cycles• How the elements/chemicals move through the four

major components of earth’s systems– Atmosphere: area above the earth’s surface– Hydrosphere: oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.– Lithosphere: rocks and soil– Biosphere: Plants and animals

• We are going to be studying how cycles and Earth systems work together to balance the Earth.

• Biogeochemical cycles– Bio – life– Geo – Earth– Chemical - elements

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Biogeochemical Cycles

• We are going to start at the beginning. Beginning of time that is.

• How the earth is formed and how the earth moves. Our Geo cycles.– Tectonic plate movements– Rock cycle– Water cycle

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Geological Cycle• Three types:

– Tectonic Cycle• Plate formation• Plate/continent movement• Natural occurring Disasters

– Hydrologic Cycle• Water movement through earth cycles

– Rock Cycle• Processes of rock formations and movement

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Plate tectonics• Pangaea Theory:

– Approx. 250 Million years ago the continents were one major land mass called Pangaea.

– This is proven through fossil record of plants and animals.

– Also proven through similar mountain ranges on different continents today.

– Plate movement caused the land mass to separate and form the oceans and lands we know today.

• Where do you think our land masses will be in 150,000ma?– Answer in your notes.

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Pangaea

Earth today

Earth 250ma

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Pangaea puzzle

• In your journal: Part A– Each person will get a puzzle– Try to put the puzzle together of how

you think the earth looked when the continents were together.

– Once you have succeeded, label all parts what each continent would be today and glue into your journal.

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Our Future?

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The plates

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Plate Tectonics

• Ring of Fire:– Most volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the

Earth's surface, but concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges.

– More than half of the world's active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean to form the "Ring of Fire."

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Pangaea Puzzle.

Part B: In Journal• Now think about how the plates are moving

today. What direction each plate is moving.– What will the earth look like in 150 million

years?• Draw a new earth in your journal on the next

page, – with how you think the plates will look then.

• Label all parts what the continents are today.

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Tectonic Plate Movement

Plate Movements

Convergent boundaries

Divergent boundaries

Sublimation

Slip-strike

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Plate Movement• Juan de Fuca Subduction,

Juan de Fuca Ridge, Cascade Range •

The boundary between the Pacific and Juan de Fuca Plates is marked by a broad submarine mountain chain about 500 kilometers long (300 miles), known as the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Young volcanoes, lava flows, and hot springs were discovered in a broad valley less than 8 kilometers wide (5 miles) along the crest of the ridge in the 1970s. The ocean floor is spreading apart and forming new ocean crust along this valley or "rift" as hot magma from the Earth's interior is injected into the ridge and erupted at its top. In the Pacific Northwest, the Juan de Fuca Plate plunges beneath the North American Plate. As the denser plate of oceanic crust is forced deep into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, a process known as "subduction", it encounters high temperatures and pressures that partially melt solid rock. Some of this newly formed magma rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes above the subduction zone.

-- Modified from Brantley, 1994, Volcanoes of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication 376-846. Graphic by Lyn Topinka, 1999.

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Plate Movement

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Plate tectonics• Playing with boundaries:

– Each team will need to cut out two yellow papers and one red paper for your boundaries.

– In your journal:• Write a question about plate tectonics• Write a hypothesis you can test using your paper

blocks.• Write a procedure to test your hypothesis.• Test your hypothesis.• Write down observational data.• Analyze data.• Draw your conclusion.

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Rock Cycle

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Rock Cycle

o Igneous Rock:oMagma (molten rock under earth’s crust) or

lava (molten rock on earth’s surface) that forms and solidifies is called igneous rock.

oTwo types:o Intrusive rock – forms beneath the earths

surface inside the crustoExtrusive rock – forms as lava cools on the

surface of earth.

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Rock Cycle

• Igneous rock:– Identifiable by texture, shape, density

and mineral composition and color.– Slower it cools (usually intrusive) = form

large crystals• ex: granite

– Faster it cools (usually extrusive) = form small crystals• ex: Obsidian (glassy), pumice (porous)

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Rock Cycle• Sedimentary Rock:

– Eroded and broken rock moved by wind, water, glacial movements form sediments. By:• Cementation – lithification of sediments by binding with

substances like iron oxide, silicates, or calcium carbonate.– Ex: sandstone, conglomerate

• Compression and compaction – weight and pressure force sediments for squish together and bond.

– Ex: Shale

– Two types of textures:• Clastic – composed of individual rock fragments bonded

together.• Crystalline – composed of crystals

– Fossils are found here.– Most form lines or strata with the rock sediments.

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Rock Cycle• Metamorphic Rocks:

– Form from rocks undergoing pressure and heat– Usually associated with mountains– Undergoes recrystalization – new arrangement

of atoms and molecules. Where sed. and ig. rocks reform to form new rocks.

– Foliated – form distinct layers in the rock.– Folding or curving – result of intense heat and

pressure.– Ex: gneiss, slate

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Hydrologic Cycle(aka: Water cycle)

• Where does water come from?

• What elements form water?• Why is the water cycle so

important to the survival of the earth?

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Hydrologic Cycle• Water makes up ~70% of the earth

– Break down:• Oceans – ~ 97%• Land – ~2.5 %• Atmosphere - <~1%

• Let’s take a quick look at the water cycle. (will spend more time when we talk about water resources later this year.

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Hydrologic Cycle

Diagram of the natural water cycle