Your complete Mississippi science program! · PDF fileYour complete Mississippi science...

Mississippi C

oach, S

cience, G

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15

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S Developed in Consultationwith Mississippi Educators

Your complete Mississippi science program!Coach is the leader in standards-based, state-customized instruction for grades K–12 in English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Our student texts deliver everything you need to meet your state standards and prepare your class for grade-level success!

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Table of Contents

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Table of Contents2010 Mississippi Science Framework Correlation Chart . . . . . . . 7

Objectives

Chapter 1 Physical Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Lesson 1 Compounds and Chemical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.a

Lesson 2 Conservation of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.c, 2.a, 2.b

Lesson 3 The Periodic Table of Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.b, 1.d, 1.g, 2.a, 2.b

Lesson 4 Acids, Bases, and Salts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.c, 2.b

Lesson 5 Describing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.b, 1.c, 2.c

Lesson 6 Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.f

Lesson 7 Electrical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.d

Lesson 8 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.e

Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Chapter 2 Life Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Lesson 9 Plant and Animal Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.b

Lesson 10 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.a, 3.b, 3.h

Lesson 11 Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and Parasites. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.c

Lesson 12 Genes and Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.d

Lesson 13 Using Punnett Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.d

Lesson 14 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.e

Lesson 15 Energy Flow in Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.e

Lesson 16 Adaptations and Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.a

Lesson 17 Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1.f, 3.f, 3.g

Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Chapter 3 Earth and Space Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Lesson 18 Earth’s Structure and Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 1.c, 4.a

Lesson 19 The Theory of Plate Tectonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 1.g, 1.h, 4.a, 4.b

Lesson 20 Plate Motion and Geologic Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.a, 4.b

Lesson 21 Heat Transfer, Weather, and Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.c

Lesson 22 Investigating and Forecasting Weather . . . . . . . . . . . 124 1.c, 1.d, 4.c, 4.h

Lesson 23 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources . . . . . . . . 130 4.d

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Objectives

Lesson 24 The Water, Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Cycles . . . 134 4.d

Lesson 25 Global Warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.d

Lesson 26 Developing Natural Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.g

Lesson 27 Earth’s Seasons and Climate Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.e

Lesson 28 The Structure of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 1.d, 4.f

Lesson 29 The Expanding Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 1.b, 1.d, 1.h, 4.f

Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Investigation 1 Testing Conservation of Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 2.a

Investigation 2 Tracking the Path of a Hurricane . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 4.h

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187


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80

Objective: 3.e

How would you describe your surroundings? If you are in a classroom, you might

describe desks, bulletin boards, and other students. You might also describe the

lighting, temperature, and sounds. If you were at a park, your descriptions would be

different because your surroundings would be different. Everything that surrounds

you makes up your environment. All organisms live in and depend on their

environments.

Biotic and Abiotic FactorsOn Earth, all organisms are found in a zone called the biosphere. The biosphere

includes Earth’s land and water and the lowest part of the atmosphere. Living things

can be found almost everywhere in the biosphere, including very hot and cold places

and deep in the ocean.

The biosphere is made up of smaller parts called ecosystems. An ecosystem

includes all the living and nonliving parts of an environment as well as the interactions

among them. Each ecosystem is an area where living and nonliving things interact.

The living parts of an ecosystem are called biotic factors. The remains and wastes

of organisms are also biotic factors. The nonliving parts of an ecosystem, such

as light, temperature, weather, soil, and water, are its abiotic factors. The abiotic

factors help determine which organisms can live in the ecosystem. Ecosystems can

be described by the type of environment, such as grassland, swamp, forest,

or desert.

Environment Abiotic factors Biotic factors

Chapter 2 • Lesson 14

Ecosystems

Getting the Idea

Key Words • environment • ecosystem • biotic factor • abiotic factor • habitat • niche • species • population • community • biome



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Each ecosystem contains different habitats. A habitat is the place where an organism lives.

Its habitat supplies all the biotic and abiotic factors the organism needs to survive. Different

organisms need different habitats. For example, a rotting log is a perfect habitat for insects,

fungi, and worms. A sea star finds food and comfortable temperatures in shallow ocean

water. Humans live in a wide variety of habitats. These habitats all supply the same basic

needs of air, warmth, water, and food.

Each organism is adapted, or suited, to life in its habitat. Organisms have different ways

of feeding, reproducing, and defending themselves. How the organism acts within its

ecosystem is called its niche. The niche can be thought of as the organism’s role. Some

animals eat other animals, and some eat only plants. Some plants grow in sunny spots,

while others need shade. Worms and bacteria break down dead organisms for energy and

recycle the nutrients into the ecosystem. Each of these roles in the ecosystem is part of an

organism’s niche.

Levels of OrganizationThe simplest level of organization in the living world is the organism. An organism is any

living thing. Each organism is a member of a species. A species is a group of organisms that

share most characteristics and can breed with one another. For example, all the whitetail

deer in North America belong to a species called Odoncoileus virginianus.

The second level of organization is the population. All the organisms of a species that live in

the same place at the same time make up a population. An example of a population would

be all the whitetail deer living in a forest.

Members of a population compete with each other for resources needed for survival. For

example, the magnolia trees of Mississippi are a population. These trees compete for

resources such as water, sunlight, and living space.

A community is made up of all the populations that live in an area at the same time. A forest

community in Mississippi may include the whitetail deer and magnolia trees living there.

It would also include all the ferns, mushrooms, mosses, dragonflies, mice, rabbits, and other

populations that share the forest.

Populations in a community interact in many ways. For example, some populations compete

with each other for water, space, or other resources. As you will read in the next lesson,

populations may also compete with or rely on each other for food.

The next level of organization is the ecosystem. An ecosystem is made up of one or more

communities and their nonliving environment. The parts of any environment can be classified

as either biotic factors or abiotic factors.


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A biome is a large group of ecosystems that have similar climates and organisms. Biomes

are largely determined by temperature and amount of precipitation. These abiotic factors

determine what kinds of plants can grow in an area. The different kinds of plant, in turn,

provide niches for different animals. The organisms living in a biome are adapted to that

environment. You will learn more about adaptations in Lesson 16.

Earth has several different biomes. For example, a coniferous forest is a biome that is

populated mostly by cone-bearing trees such as pines and spruces. These forests usually

have cold winters and cool summers and get a moderate amount of rainfall. A desert is a

very dry biome with limited plant life. Cacti are one kind of desert plant. Not all deserts have

cacti, but all deserts have plants that can live with little water. The table below describes

Earth’s major biomes.

Major Biomes

Biome Characteristics

Desert • Extremely dry, often very hot, large temperature variation• Plants that can store water or live with little water

Grassland • Temperate or tropical regions that get limited precipitation• Populated mostly by grasses and nonwoody plants

Tropical rain forest • Warm temperatures and wet weather year-round• Located near the equator• Lush plant life, large variety of animals

Temperate deciduous forest • Four distinct seasons, with wide range of temperatures; more rain than grasslands

• Populated mostly by trees that lose their leaves in fall

Coniferous forest • Cold winters and cool summers• Populated mostly by evergreen trees

Tundra • Cold, dry, and treeless• Plants that grow low to the ground

Marine • Salt water• Oceans, bays, estuaries, and some marshes and lakes• Large variety of plants and animals

Freshwater • Streams, rivers, springs, ponds, bayous, and most marshes and lakes

• Large variety of plants and animals

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Lesson 14: Ecosystems

Discussion QuestionPrecipitation and temperature are two factors that determine a biome. Why are these factors important in determining which organisms can live in an environment?

1. Which of the following is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

A. bacteria C. niche

B. air D. grass

2. Which land biome has the greatest variety of life?

A. tropical rain forest

B. desert

C. tundra

D. grassland

3. Which of the following is a biotic factor?

A. water C. a rotting log

B. sunlight D. temperature

4. What is a habitat?

A. all the members of a community

B. many different species living in the same place

C. the role of an organism in its environment

D. the place where an organism lives

Lesson Review


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