Welcome back, WHAP! Here’s what you need to know. ● Your Ch. 12 Skills Activity is due TODAY. Have this on your desk.

● Your Period 3 Review is due THURSDAY. This will count as two daily grades. Give

specific examples. Pick this up on the side table if you didn’t get it on Friday 11/17.

● The Period 3 Exam is on THURSDAY. This will consist of 30 stimulus-based multiple

choice questions and one SAQ. Content will be from Chapters 7-12.

● You will have a Period 3 LEQ on FRIDAY. You will be expected to complete some

brief planning prior to writing your LEQ in class.

● The Period 3 Maps are due NEXT MONDAY (December 4th). Note: This is a change

from the original date. Instructions are on the website. Pick this up on the side table if

you didn’t get it on Friday 11/17.

*We will be reading through Ch. 13 next week. This will be the last chapter we will finish before Christmas break (we’ll start with Ch. 14 when we return)

Today’s Agenda:

● Australia ● Oceania● North American native societies● Compare Aztec and Inca empires

Australia● Native groups (Aborigines)

continued hunting and gathering lifestyle

● Native groups traded amongst each other

● Firestick farming- set fires to make hunting easier, encourage the growth of certain plants

● Dreamtime- oral tradition of storytelling

Austronesian Migrations

Polynesian Migrations

● Last major wave of human colonization of new areas

● Used outrigger canoes● Used understanding of

the stars and ocean currents to navigate (wayfinding)

● Established chiefdoms● Brought crops and

domesticated animals (including pigs, chickens, taro, and sweet potato)

Outrigger canoe for oceanic voyaging

Polynesian migrations sometimes resulted in deforestation and the extinction of large flightless birds, such as the moa of New Zealand (Aotearoa)

Western North American native societies● Unlike Mesoamerica and S. America- no empires● Societies formed in response to their environments:

○ Pacific NW: Rich in resources (sea, forests)= settled villages. Social classes formed. Sometimes hunted whales in canoes. Used totems to identify

○ Southwest: Influence from Mesoamerica- used pottery instead of baskets; used irrigation to plant corn, squash, and beans. Anasazi had cliff dwellings- lived in pueblos (villages of apartment-style housing). Had partially underground ceremonial chambers called kivas.

○ Plains: Nomadic; hunted bison. Tribes included Kiowa, Comanche, Apache.

Totems were used to identify tribes or groups.

An Anasazi pueblo- Mesa Verde, Colorado

An Anasazi kiva- underground ceremonial chamber

Eastern North American native societies● Unlike Mesoamerica and S. America- no empires● Societies formed in response to their environments:

○ Eastern Woodlands (East of the Mississippi River): Mound building cultures- the latest of which was the Mississippian culture. Mounds were used for burials or other religious purposes. Created villages based on farming and trade. Cahokia was the most important city and center of trade. Rivers enabled long-distance trade.

○ Northeast: Woodland tribes clashed over land. Sometimes formed alliances, such as the Iroquois Confederation, to protect native lands. Iroquois were matrilineal, and women controlled the food supply.

Cahokia: Then and now

With your group, share what you found for the Aztec and Inca. How were they similar? How were they different?

AZTEC INCA

AZTEC AND INCA: SIMILARITIES● Both were powerful empires● Both were inspired by civilizations that came before them ● Both were polytheistic (gods mainly based on nature)● Both had priests perform rituals● Both made offerings (including sacrifices) to their gods● Both had monumental architecture, public works, and infrastructure● Both had absolute rulers (centralized government) and a way to consolidate the empire● Both had a calendar system that was largely based on religion● Both engaged in trade● Both modified their environments ● Both were based on agriculture (including maize)● Both had a magnificent capital city that housed the central government● Both let local rulers maintain control of their local areas as long as they were loyal to the emperor● Both had armies that helped expand territory● Both took over other societies (conquered people)● Both demanded tribute from conquered peoples● Both had similar social structures (rulers/priests, then merchants/skilled workers, then peasants)● Both were invaded and conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century when they were weakened

AZTECS● Mesoamerica- Valley of Mexico● Preceded by Olmec, Zapotec,

Teotihuacan, and Toltecs● Toltecs were very warlike, worshipped a

war god who demanded blood and human sacrifice. Later a Toltec ruler (Topiltzin) tried to convince people to stop human sacrifice- worship the feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl instead. Worshippers of the war god rebelled- forced Topiltzin and his followers to the Yucatan Peninsula, where they influenced the late Mayan culture. Quetzalcoatl

Fun FactAccording to Aztec legend, the god of war and of the sun, Huitzilopochtli, said to establish a city where an eagle is found perched on a cactus holding a snake in its mouth.

The Aztecs established their capital at Tenochtitlan. This is Mexico City today.

AZTECS● Started by the Mexica people, who entered the Valley of Mexico from the

north around 1200● Allied with two other states- Texcoco and Tlacopan to form the Triple

Alliance- established control over the Valley of Mexico● Much more aggressive in conquest than the Inca- why?● Performed human sacrifices at a much higher rate than Maya or Inca● The Aztec state had looser control of the empire- allowed a private merchant

class (pochteca)● Very harsh treatment of conquered peoples● Official language was Nahuatl- had a system of writing (glyphs)● Interaction w/ the environment: Tenochtitlan built on an island in Lake

Texcoco- built causeways (raised roads) over water and marshland; also had chinampas (floating gardens) used as farm plots

Aztec chinampas

Tenochtitlan (showing causeways and canoe transport)

The Aztec performed human sacrifices on a massive scale.

Why?

INCA● South America- Andes● Capital was Cuzco● Preceded by Chavin, Moche, Nazca, Huari, Tiahuanaco, and Chimu● Ruler was seen as being descended from the sun god Inti● 1438- Pachacuti began extending the empire throughout the Andes● Used force only when necessary- allowed an “honorable surrender” before

attacking; even if force was used, were careful to earn loyalty● Much less human sacrifice than the Aztecs, though rituals still important● Empire was highly centralized and consolidated- divided into 80 provinces

reporting back to Cuzco● Road network established with guest houses and chasquis (runners who

would deliver messages)● Modified the environment by creating terraces in the hillsides and also waru

waru agriculture

Cuzco- the capital of the Inca Empire

Machu Picchu- the “lost city” of the Incas

Inca roads

Terracing

Waru waru agriculture

INCA● The state had tight control over the economy- controlled the production and

distribution of goods● Incan society organized into a form of community cooperation called ayllu

(extended family group)- did tasks too big for a family such as building irrigation canals and digging terraces- families organized into groups of 100, 1000, and 10,000- each had a chief that reported back to Cuzco

● Mit’a system- forced labor- every able-bodied citizen had to contribute a certain number of days of labor for the state. Did not have slavery, unlike the Aztec. In return, the state provided for the people in old age and provided food during shortages

● Unlike the Aztec, no system of writing- used the quipu (series of knotted cords primarily used for accounting).

● Official language was Quechua- established schools to teach Incan ways

quipu

INCA● Full-time religious assistants

called mamakuna (“Virgins of the Sun”)- women; yamacuna- young men- worked for the state and participated in religious activities.

● Practiced mummification to preserve the body in the afterlife- mummies were seen as sacred and were put on public display.

Incan mummy

Closing ActivityHow were the Aztecs and Inca similar to the Maya?

How were they different from the Maya?