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![Page 1: Young-Hak Kim, MD, PhD on behalf of the PREVENT investigators Preventive Strategies of REnal Insufficiency in Patients with Diabetes Undergoing InterVENTion.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061306/5514677a5503462d4e8b5bec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Young-Hak Kim, MD, PhDon behalf of the PREVENT investigators
PPreventive Strategies of reventive Strategies of REREnal nal Insufficiency in Patients with Diabetes Insufficiency in Patients with Diabetes
Undergoing InterUndergoing InterVENTVENTion or Arteriography: ion or Arteriography:
The PREVENT trial The PREVENT trial
Department of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of MedicineAsan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest
Nothig to disclose
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• Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN): - Common cause of hospital acquired renal failure. - Occurs in less than 1% of general population. - Occurs in up to 50% of patients with chronic
renal insufficiency, especially if diabetes is present.
• Diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease are the most common risk factors for the development of CIN.
Background
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• Recent small scale studies suggested that hydration with sodium bicarbonate may be more protective than sodium chloride alone in the prevention of CIN.
• However, in the recent meta-analysis, the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate treatment remains uncertain due to the heterogeneity in outcomes across studies.
Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:631
• In particular, there are a few data about its effectiveness for patients with diabetes mellitus.
Background
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• To determine if sodium bicarbonate is superior to sodium chloride for preventing CIN in diabetic patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney dysfunction who are undergoing coronary and/or endovascular intervention or angiography.
Objective
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187 Included in primary contrast-induced nephropathy analysis
2 Excluded because did not have laboratory data after angiography
189 Included in 30-day clinical FU 188 Included in 6-month clinical FU
188 Included in primary contrast-induced nephropathy analysis
5 Excluded because did not have laboratory data after angiography
193 Included in 30-day clinical FU 192 Included in 6-month clinical FU
SubjectsSubjects
3569 Patients screened3569 Patients screened
189 Randomized to Saline 193 Randomized to Bicarbonate
3146 Excluded
423 Eligible423 Eligible
41 Denied
382 Randomized382 Randomized
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12 hrs
PreparationBefore After
48 hrs24 hrs
Contrast Media Exposure
1:1 randomization, open label design 9 cardiac centers in Korea Independent event committee and data management Sponsored by CardioVascular Research Foundation, Seoul, Korea
1:1 randomization, open label design 9 cardiac centers in Korea Independent event committee and data management Sponsored by CardioVascular Research Foundation, Seoul, Korea
Saline Creatinine, GFR
Electrolyte
Study ProtocolStudy Protocol
NAC12 hrs
NAC6 hrs
Bicarbonate
1 hr
Clinical FU to 6 months
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Study ProtocolStudy Protocol
• Bicarbonate group: Sodium bicarbonate 154mEq/L: 3 mL/kg for 1 hour prior, decreased to 1 mL/kg/hr during and 6 hours after the procedure.
• Saline group: Isotonic saline 0.9% NaCl: 1 mL/kg/hr for 12 hours before and 12 hours after.
• All patients received oral N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg twice daily for 2 days, prior to procedure.
• If ejection fraction < 45%, hydration rate was reduced to 0.5mL/kg/hr in both arms.
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Study ProtocolStudy Protocol
• Serum creatinine was measured on days 1 and 2 post angiography.
• For all patients, creatinine levesls were assessed until any increase of renal resolved or reached a new baseline of renal function.
• All patients who developed CIN were asked to return around 1 month for repeat measurement of creatinine.
• All study participants received idixanol (Visipaque, 320mg iodine/mL, Amersham), a non-ionic, dimeric iso-osmolar contrast medium.
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• Age>18 years, no upper limits,
• Diabetes treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents,
• Serum creatinine ≥ 1.1mg/dL, and
resting estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
< 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 by Modification of Diet in Renal
Disease formula (1.863 x serum creatinine level -1.154 x
age -0.203 x [0.742 if female])
Inclusion CriteriaInclusion Criteria
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• Serum creatinine ≥ 8 mg/dL
• Resting estimated GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m2
• End stage renal disease on hemodialysis
• Multiple myeloma
• Pulmonary edema
• Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP >160mmHg or diastolic BP>100mmHg)
• Acute STEMI undergoing primary PCI
• Emergent coronary angioplasty or angiography
• Recent use of contrast agent within 2 days
• Allergic reaction to contrast
• Pregnancy
• Allergic to following medication : theophylline, dopamine, mannitol, fenoldopam, N-acetylcysteine
Exclusion CriteriaExclusion Criteria
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Primary Study EndpointPrimary Study Endpoint
• Occurrence of CIN within 48 hours after contrast exposure.
• CIN was defined as an increase of serum creatinine >25% or absolute increase of serum creatinine 0.5mg/dL within 48 hours after coronary and/or endovascular intervention or angioplasty
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Secondary EndpointsSecondary Endpoints
• Secondary Endpoint : Death (all-cause) : Myocardial infarction : Stroke : Dialysis including hemofiltration
at 30 days, between 1 month and 6 months, and 6 months after contrast exposure.
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Sample Size EstimationSample Size Estimation
• Study sample size was calculated on the basis of a power analysis assuming that 10% of sodium chloride group and 2% of the sodium bicarbonate group would develop contrast induced nephropathy.
• With a power of 90% and 2-sided α of 0.05, 368 patients with complete data would be required to detect a statistically significant difference.
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Statistical AnalysisStatistical Analysis
• The categorical variables were presented as number (percentage) and were compared using chi-square or Fisher exact test.
• The continuous variables were presented as median (interquartile range) and were compared using Mann-Whitney U test.
• To identify independent predictors of CIN, multivariate logistic regression test was performed with fixed 7 covariates.
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ResultsResults
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Baseline CharacteristicsBaseline CharacteristicsPatients Saline
(n=189)Bicarbonate
(n=193)P
value
Age (yr) 67.5 (62-72) 68.5 (63-73) 0.30
Female gender 54 (28.6) 57 (29.5) 0.84
Diabetes mellitus, type 0.53
IDDM 9 (4.8) 12 (6.2)
NIDDM 180 (95.2) 181 (93.8)
Treatment modalities 0.56
OHA 121 (64.0) 129 (66.8)
Requiring insulin 68 (36.0) 64 (33.2)
Hypertension 151 (79.9) 149 (77.2) 0.49
Hyperlipidemia 63 (33.3) 72 (37.3) 0.42
Current smoker 29 (15.3) 36 (18.7) 0.56
IDDM, insulin dependent diabetes; NIDDM, non insulin dependent diabetes; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.
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Baseline CharacteristicsBaseline Characteristics
Patients Saline(n=189)
Bicarbonate(n=193) P
value
Peripheral Vascular disease 18 (9.5) 20 (10.4) 0.78
Height, cm 162 7.8 162 7.8 0.56
Weight, kg 67 9.7 66 9.1 0.16
BMI, kg/m2 25.4 3.3 25.1 3.0 0.31
Blood pressure, mmHg
Systolic BP 131 17 132 18 0.67
Diastolic BP 75 12 75 11 0.72
Heart rate, /min 74 13 76 12 0.07
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
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Patients Saline(n=189)
Bicarbonate(n=193)
P value
Baseline creatinine, mg/dL 1.5 (1.3-1.7) 1.5 (1.3-1.9) 0.49
Baseline estimated GFR 46 (37-53) 46 (34-53) 0.58
LVEF (%) 60 (50-65) 58 (48-64) 0.84
Clinical indication (%) 0.22
Silent ischemia 39 (20.6) 41 (21.2)
Stable angina 80 (42.3) 102 (52.8)
Unstable angina 58 (31.2) 41 (21.2)
AMI 11 (5.8) 9 (4.7)
Baseline CharacteristicsBaseline Characteristics
AMI, acute myocardial infarction
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ProceduresProcedures
Patients Saline(n=189)
Bicarbonate(n=193) P
value
Contrast volume, mL 120 (79-223) 113 (80-220) 0.89
High contrast load * 50 (26.5) 54 (28.0) 0.74
Procedures
Angiogram alone 96 (50.8) 97 (50.3)
PCI 89 (47.1) 86 (44.6)
Peripheral angioplasty 3 (1.6) 9 (4.7)
PCI & peripheral angioplasty 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5)
* High Contrast Load: >140 mL and > maximal contrast dose (5 X body weight/creatinine)
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Medications during HospitalizationMedications during Hospitalization
Patients Saline(n=189)
Bicarbonate(n=193) P
value
ACE inhibitor 43 (22.8) 32 (16.6) 0.25
Angiotensin receptor blocker 86 (45.5) 84 (43.5) 0.70
Calcium channel blocker 114 (60.3) 120 (62.2) 0.71
Beta blocker 103 (54.5) 103 (53.4) 0.92
Diuretics 69 (36.5) 60 (31.1) 0.26
Statin 125 (66.1) 138 (71.5) 0.63
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme
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Measures BeforeContrast
AfterContrast P value*
Sodium Chloride group
Serum Creatinine, mg/dL 1.61 0.47 1.61 0.76 <0.001
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m3 44.3 10.11 47.6 16.16 0.001
Sodium Bicarbonate group
Serum Creatinine, mg/dL 1.67 0.52 1.72 0.77 0.022
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73m3 43.2 11.7 45.9 17.5 0.014
Changes in Renal FunctionChanges in Renal Function
* Wilcoxon signed rank test
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Effect of BicarbonateEffect of Bicarbonate
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Primary End Point- Occurrence of CIN -Primary End Point- Occurrence of CIN -
5.3
9.0
0
5
10
15
20
Saline Group Bicarbonate Group
Saline Group Bicarbonate Group
%
10/187
P=0.17
17/188
%
%
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Difference in Serum CreatinineDifference in Serum Creatinine
mg/dL
P=0.49 P=0.18
† Mann-Whitney U test
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Difference in Estimated GFRDifference in Estimated GFR
mL/min/1.73 ㎡
P=0.18 P=0.48
† Mann-Whitney U test
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Rates of DialysisRates of Dialysis
1.12.1
0
5
10
15
20
Saline Group Bicarbonate Group
Saline Group Bicarbonate Group%
2/187
P=0.69
4/188
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Effect of BicarbonateAccording to the Contrast Volume
Effect of BicarbonateAccording to the Contrast Volume
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16.0%
1.5%
16.7%
6.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
HCL (+) HCL (-)
Saline (N=187) Bicarbonate (N=188)
P=0.93P=0.058
(8/50)
CIN according to Contrast VolumeCIN according to Contrast Volume
(9/54)
(2/137) (8/134)
* HCL, High Contrast Load: >140 mL and > maximal contrast dose (5Xbody weight/creatinine)
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2.0%0.7%
1.9% 2.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
HCL (+) HCL (-)
Saline (N=187) Bicarbonate (N=188)
P=1.00 P=0.37
(1/50)
Dialysis according to Contrast VolumeDialysis according to Contrast Volume
(1/54) (1/137) (3/134)
* HCL, High Contrast Load: >140 mL and > maximal contrast dose (5Xbody weight/creatinine)
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7.9%
3.6%
10.3%8.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
>150mL ≤150mL
Saline (N=187) Bicarbonate (N=188)
P=0.61 P=0.15
6/76
CIN according to Contrast VolumeCIN according to Contrast Volume
8/78 4/111 9/110
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1.3% 0.9%2.6% 1.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
>150mL ≤150mL
Saline (N=187) Bicarbonate (N=188)
P=1.00 P=1.00
(1/76)
Dialysis according to Contrast VolumeDialysis according to Contrast Volume
(2/78) (1/110) (2/110)
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Variables Odds ratio 95% CI P
value
Contrast amount (mL)
1.005 1.002, 1.009 0.003
LV ejection fraction (%)
0.961 0.929, 0.995 0.026
Multivariate Predictors of CINMultivariate Predictors of CIN
From 7 covariates including age, sex, contrast amount, procedural type, LV ejection fraction, randomization, and body mass index
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Clinical OutcomesClinical Outcomes
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P=1.00
1
* MAE: Cumulative major adverse events
Major Adverse Events at 1 MonthMajor Adverse Events at 1 Month
P=1.00
11
P=1.00
21
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5
* MAE: Cumulative major adverse events
8
P=0.45
Major Adverse Events between 1 to 6 monthsMajor Adverse Events between 1 to 6 months
2
P=0.11
23
P=0.25
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6
* MAE: Cumulative major adverse events
10
P=0.45
2
P=0.053
3
Major Adverse Events at 6 MonthsMajor Adverse Events at 6 Months
P=0.37
41
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• In patients with diabetic nephropathy who received coronary or endovascular angiography or intervention, hydration with sodium bicarbonate before or after contrast exposure was not superior to hydration with sodium chloride for the prevention of CIN.
Conclusion Conclusion
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